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Sun M, Liu M, Shan H, Li K, Wang P, Guo H, Zhao Y, Wang R, Tao Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Su X, Liu Y, Li C, Lin J, Chen XL, Zhang YZ, Shen QT. Ring-stacked capsids of white spot syndrome virus and structural transitions with genome ejection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2796. [PMID: 36812312 PMCID: PMC9946344 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the largest DNA viruses and the major pathogen responsible for white spot syndrome in crustaceans. The WSSV capsid is critical for genome encapsulation and ejection and exhibits the rod-shaped and oval-shaped structures during the viral life cycle. However, the detailed architecture of the capsid and the structural transition mechanism remain unclear. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we obtained a cryo-EM model of the rod-shaped WSSV capsid and were able to characterize its ring-stacked assembly mechanism. Furthermore, we identified an oval-shaped WSSV capsid from intact WSSV virions and analyzed the structural transition mechanism from the oval-shaped to rod-shaped capsids induced by high salinity. These transitions, which decrease internal capsid pressure, always accompany DNA release and mostly eliminate the infection of the host cells. Our results demonstrate an unusual assembly mechanism of the WSSV capsid and offer structural insights into the pressure-driven genome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mingdong Liu
- School of Life Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hong Shan
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kang Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huarong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rui Wang
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoming Su
- High Performance Computing Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- School of Life Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - James Lin
- High Performance Computing Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System & College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Corresponding author. (Q.-T.S.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Qing-Tao Shen
- School of Life Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Corresponding author. (Q.-T.S.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
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Yan M, Liu Z, Xu K, Wang W, Fan L, Gong H. WSV152 induces apoptosis and promotes viral replication in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:255-261. [PMID: 31945486 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection induces apoptosis in many shrimp organs. However, the mechanism by which WSSV causes host apoptosis remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the function of wsv152, the first mitochondrial protein identified as encoded by WSSV. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that wsv152 interacts with the shrimp mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase 5a (COX5a), a subunit of the COX complex. We also found that wsv152 expression significantly increased the rate of apoptosis, suggesting a role of wsv152 in WSSV-induced apoptosis in shrimp. Knockdown of wsv152 in vivo led to downregulation of several apoptosis-related shrimp genes, including cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor and caspase-3. Suppression of wsv152 also resulted in significant reductions in the number of WSSV genome copies in tissues and in the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. Together, these results suggest that wsv152 targets host COX5a and is associated with the expression profiles of apoptosis-related shrimp genes. Wsv152 is likely also involved in WSSV-induced apoptosis, thereby facilitating virus infection and playing a complex role in WSSV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muting Yan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kaihang Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lanfen Fan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Han Gong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Jaree P, Kawai T, Lo CF, Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K. Genome organization and definition of the Penaeus monodon viral responsive protein 15 (PmVRP15) promoter. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:997-1006. [PMID: 31412281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The viral responsive protein 15 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (PmVRP15) is a highly responsive gene upon white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. It is identified from hemocyte and important for WSSV trafficking and assembly. However, the knowledge of PmVRP15 gene regulation is limited. In the present study, the genome organization and 5'upstream promoter sequences of PmVRP15 gene were investigated. The PmVRP15 gene was found to contain 4 exons interrupted by 3 introns and the start codon was located in the exon 2. The transcription start site and TATA box were also determined from the 5' upstream sequence. By using the narrow down experiment, the 5' upstream promoter active region was determined to be at the nucleotide positions -525 to +612. Mutagenesis of the putative transcription factor (TF) binding sites revealed that the binding site of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) (-495/-479) was a repressor-binding site whereas those of the octamer transcription factor 1 (Oct-1) (-275/-268) and the nuclear factor of activated T-cells transcription factor (NFAT) (-228/-223) were activator-binding sites. This is the first report on the transcription factors that might play essential roles in modulating the PmVRP15 gene expression. Nevertheless, the underlying regulation mechanism of PmVRP15 gene expression needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattarunda Jaree
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, Thailand.
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Thipwong J, Saelim H, Panrat T, Phongdara A. Penaeus monodon GILT enzyme restricts WSSV infectivity by reducing disulfide bonds in WSSV proteins. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:59-70. [PMID: 31244485 DOI: 10.3354/dao03377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is involved in the adaptive immune response via its effects on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted antigen presentation. In addition to antigen presentation, GILT exerts its antiviral activity by reducing disulfide bonds in proteins involved in viral infection and assembly, thereby inhibiting viral envelope-mediated infection and viral progeny production. In black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon GILT (PmGILT) was cloned and characterized, and found to be involved in the shrimp innate immune response and to exert neutralizing activity against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. However, the anti-WSSV mechanism of PmGILT in the shrimp innate immune response has not been defined. To explore the anti-WSSV activity of PmGILT, a yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) assay was performed to identify WSSV proteins targeted by PmGILT. The assay revealed 4 potential PmGILT-interacting WSSV proteins: WSSV002, WSSV164, WSSV189, and WSSV471. Three of these 4 WSSV proteins (WSSV002, WSSV164 and WSSV189) were successfully produced and confirmed to interact with PmGILT in in vitro pull-down assays. WSSV189 and WSSV471 were previously identified as structural proteins, whereas WSSV164 is an immediate-early protein which has anti-melanization activity, and WSSV002 is an unknown. Because of the thiol reductase activity of PmGILT, WSSV164 and WSSV189, both of which are cysteine-containing WSSV proteins, were chosen for disulfide bond reduction assays. PmGILT reduced intrachain disulfide bonds in both WSSV proteins, suggesting that PmGILT exerts its anti-WSSV activity via its thiol reductase activity to disrupt the WSSV protein complex and restore the melanization activity of PmproPO1 and PmproPO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaturon Thipwong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
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Tummamunkong P, Jaree P, Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K. WSSV-responsive gene expression under the influence of PmVRP15 suppression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:86-94. [PMID: 29017938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The viral responsive protein 15 from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (PmVRP15), is highly up-regulated and produced in the hemocytes of shrimp with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. To investigate the differential expression of genes from P. monodon hemocytes that are involved in WSSV infection under the influence of PmVRP15 expression, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) of PmVRP15-silenced shrimp infected with WSSV was performed. The 189 cDNA clones of the forward library were generated by subtracting the cDNAs from WSSV-infected and PmVRP15 knockdown shrimp with cDNAs from WSSV-infected and GFP knockdown shrimp. For the opposite subtraction, the 176 cDNA clones in the reverse library was an alternative set of genes in WSSV-infected shrimp hemocytes in the presence of PmVRP15 expression. The abundant genes in forward SSH library had a defense/homeostasis of 26%, energy/metabolism of 23% and in the reverse SSH library a hypothetical protein with unknown function was found (30%). The differential expressed immune-related genes from each library were selected for expression analysis using qRT-PCR. All selected genes from the forward library showed high up-regulation in the WSSV-challenged PmVRP15 knockdown group as expected. Interestingly, PmHHAP, a hemocyte homeostasis associated protein, and granulin-like protein, a conserved growth factor, are extremely up-regulated in the absence of PmVRP15 expression in WSSV-infected shrimp. Only transcript level of transglutaminase II, that functions in regulating hematopoietic tissue differentiation and inhibits mature hemocyte production in shrimp, was obviously down-regulated as observed from SSH results. Taken together, our results suggest that PmVRP15 might have a function relevant to hemocyte homeostasis during WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phawida Tummamunkong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phattarunda Jaree
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Elbahnaswy S, Koiwai K, Zaki VH, Shaheen AA, Kondo H, Hirono I. A novel viral responsive protein (MjVRP) from Marsupenaeus japonicus haemocytes is involved in white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:638-647. [PMID: 28935599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A viral responsive protein (MjVRP) was characterized from Marsupenaeus japonicus haemocytes. In amino acid homology and phylogenetic tree analyses, MjVRP clustered in the same group with the viral responsive protein of Penaeus monodon (PmVRP15), showing 34% identity. MjVRP transcripts were mainly expressed in haemocytes and the lymphoid organ. Western blotting likewise showed that MjVRP was strongly expressed in haemocytes and the lymphoid organ. Immunostaining detected MjVRP within the cytosol next to the perinuclear region in some haemocytes. Experimental challenge with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) significantly up-regulated the mRNA level of MjVRP in the M. japonicus haemocytes at 6 and 48 h. Flow cytometry and indirect immunofluorescence assays revealed that the ratio of MjVRP+ haemocytes significantly increased 24 and 48 h post-WSSV infection. These results suggest that MjVRP+ haemocytes have a supporting role in the pathogenesis of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Elbahnaswy
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Keiichiro Koiwai
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Viola H Zaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adel A Shaheen
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Jaturontakul K, Jatuyosporn T, Laohawutthichai P, Kim SY, Mori T, Supungul P, Hakoshima T, Tassanakajon A, Krusong K. Molecular Characterization of Viral Responsive Protein 15 and Its Possible Role in Nuclear Export of Virus in Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6523. [PMID: 28747797 PMCID: PMC5529560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A viral responsive protein 15 from Penaeus monodon (PmVRP15) has been reported to be important for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in vivo. This work aims to characterize PmVRP15 and investigate its possible role in nuclear import/export of the virus. Circular dichroism spectra showed that PmVRP15 contains high helical contents (82%). Analytical ultracentrifugation suggested that PmVRP15 could possibly form oligomers in solution. A subcellular fractionation study showed that PmVRP15 was found in heavy and light membrane fractions, indicating that PmVRP15 may be associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Double-stranded RNAi-mediated knockdown of PmVRP15 gene expression in vitro showed no effect on WSSV copy number in whole hemocyte cells. However, PmVRP15 silencing resulted in an accumulation of WSSV DNA in the nucleus of PmVRP15-silenced hemocytes. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that PmVRP15 knockdown hemocytes had a much lower level of VP28 (WSSV envelope protein), in comparison to that in the control. It is likely that PmVRP15 may play a role in viral nuclear egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisadaporn Jaturontakul
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thapanan Jatuyosporn
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasunee Laohawutthichai
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sun-Yong Kim
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Mori
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Premruethai Supungul
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Toshio Hakoshima
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kuakarun Krusong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Methatham T, Boonchuen P, Jaree P, Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K. Antiviral action of the antimicrobial peptide ALFPm3 from Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:23-32. [PMID: 27919648 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The anti-lipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 (ALFPm3), the antimicrobial peptide from Penaeus monodon, possesses antibacterial and antiviral activities. Although the mechanism of action of ALFPm3 against bacteria has been revealed but its antiviral mechanism is still unclear. To further study how the ALFPm3 exhibits antiviral activity against the enveloped virus, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the ALFPm3-interacting proteins from WSSV were sought and identified five ALFPm3-interacting proteins, WSSV186, WSSV189, WSSV395, WSSV458, and WSSV471. Only the interaction between ALFPm3 and WSSV189, however, has been confirmed to be involved in anti-WSSV activity of ALFPm3. Herein, the interactions between ALFPm3 and rWSSV186, rWSSV395, rWSSV458, or rWSSV471 were further analyzed and confirmed by in vitro pull-down assay. Western blot analysis and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the uncharacterized proteins, WSSV186 and WSSV471, were nucleocapsid and envelope proteins, respectively. The decrease of shrimp survival after injection the shrimp with mixtures of each rWSSV protein, rALFPm3 and WSSV as compared to those injected with rALFPm3-neutralizing WSSV was clearly observed indicating that all rWSSV proteins could interfere with the neutralization effect of rALFPm3 on WSSV similar to that reported previously for WSSV189. Morphological change on WSSV after incubation with rALFPm3 was observed by TEM. The lysed WSSV virions were clearly observed where both viral envelope and nucleocapsid were dismantled. The results lead to the conclusion that the ALFPm3 displays direct effect on the viral structural proteins resulting in destabilization and breaking up of WSSV virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanachai Methatham
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Boonchuen
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phattarunda Jaree
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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