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Li J, Xu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Guo H, Wei D, Wu C, Hai T, Sun HX, Zhao Y. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals transcriptional and cell subpopulation differences between human and pig immune cells. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:303-322. [PMID: 37979077 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pig is a promising donor candidate for xenotransplantation. Understanding the differences between human and swine immune systems is critical for addressing xenotransplant rejection and hematopoietic reconstitution. The gene transcriptional profile differences between human and pig immune cell subpopulations have not been studied. To assess the similarities and differences between pigs and humans at the levels of gene transcriptional profiles or cell subpopulations are important for better understanding the cross-species similarity of humans and pigs, and it would help establish the fundamental principles necessary to genetically engineer donor pigs and improve xenotransplantation. OBJECTIVE To assess the gene transcriptional similarities and differences between pigs and humans. METHODS Two pigs and two healthy humans' PBMCs were sorted for 10 × genomics single-cell sequence. We generated integrated human-pig scRNA-seq data from human and pig PBMCs and defined the overall gene expression landscape of pig peripheral blood immune cell subpopulations by updating the set of human-porcine homologous genes. The subsets of immune cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS There were significantly less T cells, NK cells and monocytes but more B cells in pig peripheral blood than those in human peripheral blood. High oxidative phosphorylation, HIF-1, glycolysis, and lysosome-related gene expressions in pig CD14+ monocytes were observed, whereas pig CD14+ monocytes exhibited lower levels of cytokine receptors and JAK-STAT-related genes. Pig activated CD4+T cells decreased cell adhesion and inflammation, while enriched for migration and activation processes. Porcine GNLY+CD8+T cells reduced cytotoxicity and increased proliferation compared with human GNLY+CD8+T cells. Pig CD2+CD8+γδT cells were functionally homologous to human CD2+CD4+ γδT cells. Pig CD2-CD8-γδT cells expressed genes with quiescent and precursor characteristics, while CD2-CD8+γδT cells expressed migration and memory-related molecules. Pig CD24+ and CD5+B cells are associated with inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION Our research with integrated scRNA-seq assays identified the different distribution of pig immune cell subpopulations and the different transcriptional profiles of human and pig immune cells. This study enables a deeper understanding of the development and function of porcine immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing, 102601, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tang Hai
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hai-Xi Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- BGI-Beijing, Beijing, 102601, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1-5, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Stepanova K, Toman M, Sinkorova J, Sinkora S, Pfeiferova S, Kupcova Skalnikova H, Abuhajiar S, Moutelikova R, Salat J, Stepanova H, Nechvatalova K, Leva L, Hermanova P, Kratochvilova M, Dusankova B, Sinkora M, Horak V, Hudcovic T, Butler JE, Sinkora M. Modified live vaccine strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus cause immune system dysregulation similar to wild strains. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1292381. [PMID: 38283357 PMCID: PMC10811158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerged about 30 years ago and continues to cause major economic losses in the pork industry. The lack of effective modified live vaccines (MLV) allows the pandemic to continue. Background and objective We have previously shown that wild strains of PRRSV affect the nascent T cell repertoire in the thymus, deplete T cell clones recognizing viral epitopes essential for neutralization, while triggering a chronic, robust, but ineffective antibody response. Therefore, we hypothesized that the current MLV are inappropriate because they cause similar damage and fail to prevent viral-induced dysregulation of adaptive immunity. Methods We tested three MLV strains to demonstrate that all have a comparable negative effect on thymocytes in vitro. Further in vivo studies compared the development of T cells in the thymus, peripheral lymphocytes, and antibody production in young piglets. These three MLV strains were used in a mixture to determine whether at least some of them behave similarly to the wild virus type 1 or type 2. Results Both the wild and MLV strains cause the same immune dysregulations. These include depletion of T-cell precursors, alteration of the TCR repertoire, necrobiosis at corticomedullary junctions, low body weight gain, decreased thymic cellularity, lack of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and production of non-neutralizing anti-PRRSV antibodies of different isotypes. Discussion and conclusion The results may explain why the use of current MLV in young animals may be ineffective and why their use may be potentially dangerous. Therefore, alternative vaccines, such as subunit or mRNA vaccines or improved MLV, are needed to control the PRRSV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Toman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Sarka Pfeiferova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Salim Abuhajiar
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Romana Moutelikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katerina Nechvatalova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Mirka Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Blanka Dusankova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Vratislav Horak
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - John E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
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Blanc F, Bertho N, Piton G, Leplat JJ, Egidy G, Bourneuf E, Vincent-Naulleau S, Prévost-Blondel A. Deciphering the immune reaction leading to spontaneous melanoma regression: initial role of MHCII + CD163 - macrophages. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3507-3521. [PMID: 37526660 PMCID: PMC10576715 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The human cutaneous metastatic melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. Partial, or less frequently complete spontaneous regressions could be observed, mainly mediated by T cells. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms are not fully unraveled. We investigated the first events of the immune response related to cancer regression in Melanoma-bearing Libechov Minipigs (MeLiM), a unique swine model of cutaneous melanoma that regresses spontaneously. Using a multiparameter flow cytometry strategy and integrating new clinical and histological criteria of the regression, we show that T cells and B cells are present only in the late stages, arguing against their role in the initial destruction of malignant cells. NK cells infiltrate the tumors before T cells and therefore might be involved in the induction of the regression process. Myeloid cells represent the main immune population within the tumor microenvironment regardless of the regression stage. Among those, MHCII+ CD163- macrophages that differ phenotypically and functionally compared to other tumor-associated macrophages, increase in number together with the first signs of regression suggesting their crucial contribution to initiating the regression process. Our study supports the importance of macrophage reprogramming in humans to improve current immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Blanc
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Piton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Leplat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Giorgia Egidy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bourneuf
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, 92265, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Vincent-Naulleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Plateforme animalerie, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, 92265, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
- Bureau des Etudes Biomédicales chez l'Animal, CEA/DRF/BEBA, 92265, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Armelle Prévost-Blondel
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.
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Sinkora M, Toman M, Stepanova K, Stepanova H, Leva L, Sinkorova J, Moutelikova R, Salat J, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Sinkora S, Skalnikova HK, Nechvatalova K, Hudcovic T, Hermanova P, Pfeiferova S, Kratochvilova M, Kavanova L, Dusankova B, Sinkora MJ. The mechanism of immune dysregulation caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105146. [PMID: 37142116 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRSV is capable of evading the effective immune response, thus persisting in piglets and throughout the swine herd. We show here that PRRSV invades the thymus and causes depletion of T-cell precursors and alteration of the TCR repertoire. Developing thymocytes are affected during negative selection when they transit from the triple-negative to triple-positive stages at the corticomedullary junction just before entering the medulla. The restriction of repertoire diversification occurs in both helper and cytotoxic αβ-T cells. As a result, critical viral epitopes are tolerated, and infection becomes chronic. However, not all viral epitopes are tolerated. Infected piglets develop antibodies capable of recognizing PRRSV, but these are not virus neutralizing. Further analysis showed that the lack of an effective immune response against the critical viral structures results in the absence of a germinal center response, overactivation of T and B cells in the periphery, robust production of useless antibodies of all isotypes, and the inability to eliminate the virus. Overall, the results show how a respiratory virus that primarily infects and destroys myelomonocytic cells has evolved strategies to disrupt the immune system. These mechanisms may be a prototype for how other viruses can similarly modulate the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Toman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Moutelikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Nechvatalova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pfeiferova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Mirka Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kavanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Dusankova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Jr Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
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5
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Pinto C, Aluai-Cunha C, Santos A. The human and animals' malignant melanoma: comparative tumor models and the role of microbiome in dogs and humans. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:87-103. [PMID: 36662668 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the most progressively occurring incident cancer is melanoma. The mouse is the most popular model in human melanoma research given its various benefits as a laboratory animal. Nevertheless, unlike humans, mice do not develop melanoma spontaneously, so they need to be genetically manipulated. In opposition, there are several reports of other animals, ranging from wild to domesticated animals, that spontaneously develop melanoma and that have cancer pathways that are similar to those of humans. The influence of the gut microbiome on health and disease is being the aim of many recent studies. It has been proven that the microbiome is a determinant of the host's immune status and disease prevention. In human medicine, there is increasing evidence that changes in the microbiome influences malignant melanoma progression and response to therapy. There are several similarities between some animals and human melanoma, especially between canine and human oral malignant melanoma as well as between the gut microbiome of both species. However, microbiome studies are scarce in veterinary medicine, especially in the oncology field. Future studies need to address the relevance of gut and tissue microbiome for canine malignant melanoma development, which results will certainly benefit both species in the context of translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar of the University of Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Catarina Aluai-Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar of the University of Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Andreia Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar of the University of Porto (ICBAS-UP)
- Animal Science and Study Centre (CECA), Food and Agragrian Sciences and Technologies Institute (ICETA), Apartado, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Stepanova K, Sinkorova J, Srutkova D, Sinkora M, Sinkora S, Splichal I, Splichalova A, Butler JE, Sinkora M. The order of immunoglobulin light chain κ and λ usage in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues of germ-free and conventional piglets. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:104392. [PMID: 35271860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In pigs (Sus scrofa), the initial immunoglobulin rearrangement of the κ light chain is replaced by λ before the heavy chains rearrange, and the light chains may rearrange even later. This study investigates whether these developmental differences are reflected in the usage of IGK and IGL genes. We found large differences between peripheral B cells and those developing in the bone marrow, and between B cells in germ-free piglets and conventional pigs. During early B cell development in the bone marrow, more 3' V and 5' J gene segments for both light chains are used. However, in the peripheral naive repertoire, more 5' IGLV and 3' IGLJ genes are used. A similar shift toward the use of more 5' IGKV and 3' IGKJ genes is observed later after antigen exposure in conventional pigs. The expression profile showed that most λ+ B cells are generated earlier, while κ+ B cells develop from late precursors that already contain the λ rearrangement. The initial λ rearrangement is retained in both λ+ and κ+ B lymphocytes, and multiple λ transcripts can be found in individual cells. The overall pool of the IGLV repertoire is therefore much larger and more diversified than for IGKV. The κ repertoire is further restricted to the preferential use of only two major IGKV genes, reflecting the limitation for only two consecutive rearrangements. Tracing of silenced λ transcripts in κ+ B cells further confirmed the unconventional mechanism of differential rearrangements in pigs. Our results underline the diversity of the immune system among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - John E Butler
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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7
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Boettcher AN, Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Tuggle CK. Swine models for translational oncological research: an evolving landscape and regulatory considerations. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:230-240. [PMID: 34476572 PMCID: PMC8888764 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Swine biomedical models have been gaining in popularity over the last decade, particularly for applications in oncology research. Swine models for cancer research include pigs that have severe combined immunodeficiency for xenotransplantation studies, genetically modified swine models which are capable of developing tumors in vivo, as well as normal immunocompetent pigs. In recent years, there has been a low success rate for the approval of new oncological therapeutics in clinical trials. The two leading reasons for these failures are either due to toxicity and safety issues or lack of efficacy. As all therapeutics must be tested within animal models prior to clinical testing, there are opportunities to expand the ability to assess efficacy and toxicity profiles within the preclinical testing phases of new therapeutics. Most preclinical in vivo testing is performed in mice, canines, and non-human primates. However, swine models are an alternative large animal model for cancer research with similarity to human size, genetics, and physiology. Additionally, tumorigenesis pathways are similar between human and pigs in that similar driver mutations are required for transformation. Due to their larger size, the development of orthotopic tumors is easier than in smaller rodent models; additionally, porcine models can be harnessed for testing of new interventional devices and radiological/surgical approaches as well. Taken together, swine are a feasible option for preclinical therapeutic and device testing. The goals of this resource are to provide a broad overview on regulatory processes required for new therapeutics and devices for use in the clinic, cross-species differences in oncological therapeutic responses, as well as to provide an overview of swine oncology models that have been developed that could be used for preclinical testing to fulfill regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Animal Sciences, Illinois, United States
| | - Christopher K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, 806 Stange Road, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Käser T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research-Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:95-115. [PMID: 33873098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swine is biologically one of the most relevant large animal models for biomedical research. With its use as food animal that can be exploited as a free cell and tissue source for research and its high susceptibility to human diseases, swine additionally represent an excellent option for both the 3R principle and One Health research. One of the previously most limiting factors of the pig model was its arguably limited immunological toolbox. Yet, in the last decade, this toolbox has vastly improved including the ability to study porcine T-cells. This review summarizes the swine model for biomedical research with focus on T cells. It first contrasts the swine model to the more commonly used mouse and non-human primate model before describing the current capabilities to characterize and extend our knowledge on porcine T cells. Thereafter, it not only reflects on previous biomedical T-cell research but also extends into areas in which more in-depth T-cell analyses could strongly benefit biomedical research. While the former should inform on the successes of biomedical T-cell research in swine, the latter shall inspire swine T-cell researchers to find collaborations with researchers working in other areas - such as nutrition, allergy, cancer, transplantation, infectious diseases, or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA.
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9
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Yasumaru CC, Xavier JG, Strefezzi RDF, Salles-Gomes COM. Intratumoral T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Canine Oral Melanoma and Their Association With Clinical and Histopathological Parameters. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:491-502. [PMID: 33764216 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma is a common, aggressive tumor with limited treatment options. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are important in antitumor immunity. This study used histopathology and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to evaluate the presence and distribution of TILs in canine oral melanoma, including the frequency of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells. Fifty samples of oral melanoma from 45 dogs that did not receive treatment prior to surgery were included in the study. The distribution of TILs in the tissue (brisk, nonbrisk, and absent) was evaluated in 48 samples. Twenty-eight (58%) samples had a brisk distribution pattern, 10 (21%) samples had a nonbrisk pattern, and 10 (21%) samples had an absent TIL pattern. Comparing the histological evaluation and the immunophenotyping data, it was observed that samples with a brisk TIL pattern had a higher frequency of CD8+ T lymphocytes (P = .05) and a lower frequency of CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ Tregs (P = .03), compared to the samples with nonbrisk and absent infiltrate patterns. Patients with a higher survival rate had higher TIL scores (P = .002), a brisk or nonbrisk TIL pattern (P = .001), and an increased frequency of CD8+ T lymphocytes infiltrating the tumor (P = .003). Our analysis suggests that the evaluation of TILs in canine oral melanoma is relevant to predict tumor aggressiveness and patient prognosis.
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10
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Patil V, Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Han Y, Ramesh A, Schrock J, Dhakal S, HogenEsch H, Renukaradhya GJ. Intranasal Delivery of Inactivated Influenza Virus and Poly(I:C) Adsorbed Corn-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Elicited Robust Antigen-Specific Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Maternal Antibody Positive Nursery Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596964. [PMID: 33391267 PMCID: PMC7772411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed the killed swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) H1N2 antigen (KAg) with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [(Poly(I:C)] adsorbed corn-derived Nano-11 particle based nanovaccine called Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C), and evaluated its immune correlates in maternally derived antibody (MDA)-positive pigs against a heterologous H1N1 SwIAV infection. Immunologically, in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) detected enhanced H1N2-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, and in commercial vaccinates detected CTLs with mainly IL-17A+ and early effector phenotypes specific to both H1N2 and H1N1 SwAIV. In commercial vaccinates, activated H1N2- and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+, IL-17A+ and central memory T-helper/Memory cells, and in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates H1N2-specific central memory, IFNγ+ and IFNγ+&TNFα+, and H1N1-specific IL-17A+ T-helper/Memory cells were observed. Systemically, Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine augmented H1N2-specific IFNγ+ CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+ T-helper/Memory cells, and commercial vaccine boosted H1N2- specific early effector CTLs and H1N1-specific IFNγ+&TNFα+ CTLs, as well as H1N2- and H1N1-specific T-helper/Memory cells with central memory, IFNγ+&TNFα+, and IL-17A+ phenotypes. Remarkably, commercial vaccine induced an increase in H1N1-specific T-helper cells in TBLN and naive T-helper cells in both TBLN and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while H1N1- and H1N2-specific only T-helper cells were augmented in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates in both TBLN and PBMCs. Furthermore, the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine stimulated robust cross-reactive IgG and secretory IgA (SIgA) responses in lungs, while the commercial vaccine elicited high levels of serum and lung IgG and serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. In conclusion, despite vast genetic difference (77% in HA gene identity) between the vaccine H1N2 and H1N1 challenge viruses in Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccinates, compared to over 95% identity between H1N1 of commercial vaccine and challenge viruses, the virus load and macroscopic lesions in the lungs of both types of vaccinates were comparable, but the Nano-11-KAg+Poly(I:C) vaccine cleared the virus from the nasal passage better. These data suggested the important role played by Nano-11 and Poly(I:C) in the induction of polyfunctional, cross-protective cell-mediated immunity against SwIAV in MDA-positive pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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11
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Sinkora M, Stepanova K, Sinkorova J. Immunoglobulin light chain κ precedes λ rearrangement in swine but a majority of λ + B cells are generated earlier. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 111:103751. [PMID: 32454063 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developmental pathways for B cell lymphogenesis are sufficiently known only in mice and humans. However, both of these species rearrange immunoglobulin heavy chains (IgH) before light chains (IgL) while IgL precedes IgH rearrangement in swine. We demonstrate here that this reversed order of rearrangements have some concealed consequences: (1) we confirmed that although IgLκ rearrangement is initial, most IgLλ+ B cells are generated earlier and before IgH rearrangements, while most IgLκ+ B cells later and after IgH rearrangements, (2) the second IgLκ rearrangement can occur after IgLλ rearrangement, (3) early formed B cells bear only single in-frame IgH rearrangements, (4) many IgLκ+ B cells carry IgLλ rearrangements that can be productive and occurring on both alleles in one cell, and (5) although VpreB and λ5 genes are present in swine, they are preferentially expressed in non-B cells. In summary, our findings reveal that swine use an alternative B cell developmental pathway as compared to mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
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12
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van der Weyden L, Brenn T, Patton EE, Wood GA, Adams DJ. Spontaneously occurring melanoma in animals and their relevance to human melanoma. J Pathol 2020; 252:4-21. [PMID: 32652526 PMCID: PMC7497193 DOI: 10.1002/path.5505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to other cancer types, melanoma incidence has been increasing over the last 50 years, and while it still represents less than 5% of all cutaneous malignancies, melanoma accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths, due to its propensity to metastasise. Whilst melanoma most commonly affects the skin, it can also arise in mucosal surfaces, the eye, and the brain. For new therapies to be developed, a better understanding of the genetic landscape, signalling pathways, and tumour–microenvironmental interactions is needed. This is where animal models are of critical importance. The mouse is the foremost used model of human melanoma. Arguably this is due to its plethora of benefits as a laboratory animal; however, it is important to note that unlike humans, melanocytes are not present at the dermal–epidermal junction in mice and mice do not develop melanoma without genetic manipulation. In contrast, there are numerous reports of animals that spontaneously develop melanoma, ranging from sharks and parrots to hippos and monkeys. In addition, several domesticated and laboratory‐bred animals spontaneously develop melanoma or UV‐induced melanoma, specifically, fish, opossums, pigs, horses, cats, and dogs. In this review, we look at spontaneously occurring animal ‘models’ of melanoma and discuss their relevance to the different types of melanoma found in humans. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland..
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Brenn
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AL, Canada
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Blanc F, Prévost-Blondel A, Piton G, Bouguyon E, Leplat JJ, Andréoletti F, Egidy G, Bourneuf E, Bertho N, Vincent-Naulleau S. The Composition of Circulating Leukocytes Varies With Age and Melanoma Onset in the MeLiM Pig Biomedical Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:291. [PMID: 32180771 PMCID: PMC7059855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological research in pigs benefits from many improvements with a direct impact on the veterinary control of pig husbandry and on biomedical models. We compiled the available knowledge to develop gating strategies to monitor simultaneously all blood immune cell types by multicolor flow cytometry in Melanoblastoma-bearing Libechov Minipigs (MeLiM). The MeLiM pig spontaneously develops cutaneous melanomas that regress few months later. We monitored lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets in 3 to 21 weeks old pigs. Interestingly, neutrophils, type III monocytes (CD163+ CD14+ MHC II-) and CD4- CD8α- T cells are less abundant in oldest animals in contrast to eosinophils, type II monocytes (CD163- CD14low MHC II+), B cells, γδ T cells, CD4+ CD8α+ and CD4- CD8α+ T cells. Melanoma occurrence led to changes in the blood cell composition. Higher proportions of NK cells, CD4+ and CD4+ CD8α+ T cells, and CD21- B cells among B cells are found in young melanoma-bearing piglets, consistent with the immune-mediated spontaneous regression in the MeLiM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany Blanc
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Armelle Prévost-Blondel
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Piton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Leplat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabrice Andréoletti
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Giorgia Egidy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bourneuf
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LCE, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,BIOEPAR, INRAE, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Silvia Vincent-Naulleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,CEA, DSV/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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14
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Horak V, Palanova A, Cizkova J, Miltrova V, Vodicka P, Kupcova Skalnikova H. Melanoma-Bearing Libechov Minipig (MeLiM): The Unique Swine Model of Hereditary Metastatic Melanoma. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E915. [PMID: 31717496 PMCID: PMC6895830 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
National cancer databases document that melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly cutaneous malignancy with worldwide increasing incidence in the Caucasian population. Around 10% of melanomas occur in families. Several germline mutations were identified that might help to indicate individuals at risk for preventive interventions and early disease detection. More than 50% of sporadic melanomas carry mutations in Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MEK) pathway, which may represent aims of novel targeted therapies. Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the outcomes in metastatic tumor are still unsatisfactory. Here, we review animal models that help our understanding of melanoma development and treatment, including non-vertebrate, mouse, swine, and other mammal models, with an emphasis on those with spontaneously developing melanoma. Special attention is paid to the melanoma-bearing Libechov minipig (MeLiM). This original swine model of hereditary metastatic melanoma enables studying biological processes underlying melanoma progression, as well as spontaneous regression. Current histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, genetic, hematological, immunological, and skin microbiome findings in the MeLiM model are summarized, together with development of new therapeutic approaches based on tumor devitalization. The ongoing study of molecular and immunological base of spontaneous regression in MeLiM model has potential to bring new knowledge of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (A.P.); (J.C.); (V.M.); (P.V.)
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15
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Sinkorova J, Stepanova K, Butler JE, Sinkora M. T cells in swine completely rearrange immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103396. [PMID: 31125574 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine thymus contains three independent populations of cells that have rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJH genes. The first population can be found exclusively in medulla and it consists of existing mature B cells and plasma cells. The second consists of developing B cells characterized by the presence of selected VDJH rearrangement, similar to B cell lymphogenesis in the bone marrow. The third population is entirely unaffected by selection mechanism for productive VDJH rearrangement and represents T lineage cells that rearrange immunoglobulin genes. Transcription of unselected VDJH repertoire is not allowed in T cells. Sequence analysis of unselected VDJH repertoire from T cells also revealed important consequences for B cell lymphogenesis and selection of B cell repertoire. As far as we know, this is the first evidence that some species completely rearrange VDJH genes in T cells. Our results also support the finding that B cells actively develop in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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