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Drago L, Pennati A, Rothbächer U, Ashita R, Hashimoto S, Saito R, Fujiwara S, Ballarin L. Stress granule-related genes during embryogenesis of an invertebrate chordate. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1414759. [PMID: 39149517 PMCID: PMC11324471 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1414759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling global protein synthesis through the assembly of stress granules represents a strategy adopted by eukaryotic cells to face various stress conditions. TIA 1-related nucleolysin (TIAR), tristetraprolin (TTP), and Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3-domain-binding protein (G3BP) are key components of stress granules, allowing the regulation of mRNA stability, and thus controlling not only stress responses but also cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we aimed at investigating the roles of tiar, ttp, and g3bp during embryogenesis of the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta under both physiological and stress conditions. We carried out CRISPR/Cas9 to evaluate the effects of gene knockout on normal embryonic development, and gene reporter assay to study the time and tissue specificity of gene transcription, together with whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative real time PCR. To induce acute stress conditions, we used iron and cadmium as "essential" and "non-essential" metals, respectively. Our results highlight, for the first time, the importance of tiar, ttp, and g3bp in controlling the development of mesendodermal tissue derivatives during embryogenesis of an invertebrate chordate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ute Rothbächer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ryuji Ashita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kochi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Seika Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kochi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Ryota Saito
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kochi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Kochi, Kochi, Japan
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2
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Clarke RM, Meier M, Wilson MJ. Genome-wide analysis of early vascular tunic repair and regeneration for Botrylloides digenesis reveals striking similarities to human wound healing. Dev Biol 2024; 509:28-42. [PMID: 38342399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The early stages of regeneration after injury are similar to those of wound healing. The ascidian Botrylloides diegensis can regenerate an entire adult from a small fragment of vascular tunic following the removal of all zooids in an injury-induced regeneration model. We investigated the molecular and cellular changes following injury to determine the differences between the healing process and the initiation of whole-body regeneration (WBR). We conducted transcriptome analysis at specific time points during regeneration and wound healing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the unique biological processes associated with each state. Our findings revealed 296 DEGs at 10 h post-injury (hpi), with 71 highly expressed in healed tissue and 225 expressed during the WBR process. These DEGs were predicted to play roles in tissue reorganization, integrin signaling, extracellular matrix organization, and the innate immune system. Pathway analysis of the upregulated genes in the healed tunic indicated functional enrichment related to tissue repair, as has been observed in other species. Additionally, we examined the cell types in the tunic and ampullae in both tissue states using histology and in situ hybridization for six genes identified by transcriptome analysis. We observed strong mRNA expression in cells within the WBR tunic, and in small RNA-positive granules near the tunic edge. We hypothesized that many of these genes function in the compaction of the ampullae tunic, which is a pivotal process for WBR and dormancy in B. diegensis, and in an immune response. These findings establish surprising similarities between ascidian regeneration and human wound healing, emphasizing the potential for future investigations into human regenerative and repair mechanisms. This study provides valuable insights into the gene sets specifically activated during regeneration compared to wound healing, shedding light on the divergent activities of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Clarke
- Developmental Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael Meier
- Developmental Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Megan J Wilson
- Developmental Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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3
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Drago L, Perin G, Santovito G, Ballarin L. The stress granule component TIAR during the non-embryonic development of the colonial ascidian Botryllusschlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:108999. [PMID: 37604264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
TIAR, is a nucleic acid binding protein involved in the formation of cytoplasmic foci known as stress granules, in which mRNA translation is temporarily blocked in response to stressful conditions. TIAR is used as stress granules molecular marker in vertebrates, but it is not so deeply investigated in invertebrates, especially in marine organisms. In the present work, we investigated the role of TIAR in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri during its non-embryonic development, featured by the cyclical renewal of the colony. We studied the extent of transcription during the colonial blastogenetic cycle and the location of the transcripts in Botryllus tissues. Using an anti-TIAR antibody specific for ascidians, by immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry assays, we studied the expression of the protein in haemolymph cells and body tissues and by transmission electron microscopy we identified its subcellular localisation. The anti-TIAR antibody was also microinjected in the circulatory system of B. schlosseri to study its effect on non-embryonic development and immune responses. Results indicate a delay in the progression of the blastogenetic cycle in injected colonies. In addition, degranulation of circulating cytotoxic cells and phagocytosis by professional, circulating phagocytes, two fundamental processes of innate immunity, were also negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Perin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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4
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Anselmi C, Caicci F, Bocci T, Guidetti M, Priori A, Giusti V, Levy T, Raveh T, Voskoboynik A, Weissman IL, Manni L. Multiple Forms of Neural Cell Death in the Cyclical Brain Degeneration of A Colonial Chordate. Cells 2023; 12:1041. [PMID: 37048113 PMCID: PMC10093557 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuronal loss occurs through different cellular mechanisms, mainly studied in vitro. Here, we characterized neuronal death in B. schlosseri, a marine colonial tunicate that shares substantial genomic homology with mammals and has a life history in which controlled neurodegeneration happens simultaneously in the brains of adult zooids during a cyclical phase named takeover. Using an ultrastructural and transcriptomic approach, we described neuronal death forms in adult zooids before and during the takeover phase while comparing adult zooids in takeover with their buds where brains are refining their structure. At takeover, we found in neurons clear morphologic signs of apoptosis (i.e., chromatin condensation, lobed nuclei), necrosis (swollen cytoplasm) and autophagy (autophagosomes, autolysosomes and degradative multilamellar bodies). These results were confirmed by transcriptomic analyses that highlighted the specific genes involved in these cell death pathways. Moreover, the presence of tubulovesicular structures in the brain medulla alongside the over-expression of prion disease genes in late cycle suggested a cell-to-cell, prion-like propagation recalling the conformational disorders typical of some human neurodegenerative diseases. We suggest that improved understanding of how neuronal alterations are regulated in the repeated degeneration-regeneration program of B. schlosseri may yield mechanistic insights relevant to the study of human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Anselmi
- Hopkins Marine Station, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Federico Caicci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tom Levy
- Hopkins Marine Station, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Hopkins Marine Station, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lucia Manni
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Botryllin, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020074. [PMID: 36827115 PMCID: PMC9966394 DOI: 10.3390/md21020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
By mining the transcriptome of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we identified a transcript for a novel styelin-like antimicrobial peptide, which we named botryllin. The gene is constitutively transcribed by circulating cytotoxic morula cells (MCs) as a pre-propeptide that is then cleaved to mature peptide. The synthetic peptide, obtained from in silico translation of the transcript, shows robust killing activity of bacterial and unicellular yeast cells, causing breakages of both the plasma membrane and the cell wall. Specific monoclonal antibodies were raised against the epitopes of the putative amino acid sequence of the propeptide and the mature peptide; in both cases, they label the MC granular content. Upon MC degranulation induced by the presence of nonself, the antibodies recognise the extracellular nets with entrapped bacteria nearby MC remains. The obtained results suggest that the botryllin gene carries the information for the synthesis of an AMP involved in the protection of B. schlosseri from invading foreign cells.
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Anselmi C, Kowarsky M, Gasparini F, Caicci F, Ishizuka KJ, Palmeri KJ, Raveh T, Sinha R, Neff N, Quake SR, Weissman IL, Voskoboynik A, Manni L. Two distinct evolutionary conserved neural degeneration pathways characterized in a colonial chordate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203032119. [PMID: 35858312 PMCID: PMC9303981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203032119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonial tunicates are marine organisms that possess multiple brains simultaneously during their colonial phase. While the cyclical processes of neurogenesis and neurodegeneration characterizing their life cycle have been documented previously, the cellular and molecular changes associated with such processes and their relationship with variation in brain morphology and individual (zooid) behavior throughout adult life remains unknown. Here, we introduce Botryllus schlosseri as an invertebrate model for neurogenesis, neural degeneration, and evolutionary neuroscience. Our analysis reveals that during the weekly colony budding (i.e., asexual reproduction), prior to programmed cell death and removal by phagocytes, decreases in the number of neurons in the adult brain are associated with reduced behavioral response and significant change in the expression of 73 mammalian homologous genes associated with neurodegenerative disease. Similarly, when comparing young colonies (1 to 2 y of age) to those reared in a laboratory for ∼20 y, we found that older colonies contained significantly fewer neurons and exhibited reduced behavioral response alongside changes in the expression of 148 such genes (35 of which were differentially expressed across both timescales). The existence of two distinct yet apparently related neurodegenerative pathways represents a novel platform to study the gene products governing the relationship between aging, neural regeneration and degeneration, and loss of nervous system function. Indeed, as a member of an evolutionary clade considered to be a sister group of vertebrates, this organism may be a fundamental resource in understanding how evolution has shaped these processes across phylogeny and obtaining mechanistic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Anselmi
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark Kowarsky
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Fabio Gasparini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Caicci
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Karla J. Palmeri
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158
- Departments of Applied Physics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
| | - Lucia Manni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
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7
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Searching for the Origin and the Differentiation of Haemocytes before and after Larval Settlement of the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: An Ultrastructural Viewpoint. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri possesses an innate immunity, which plays fundamental roles in its survival, adaptability, worldwide spread and ecological success. Three lines of differentiation pathways of circulating haemocytes are known to be present in the haemolymph, starting from undifferentiated haemoblasts: (i) the phagocytic line (hyaline amoebocytes and macrophage-like cells), (ii) the cytotoxic line (granular amoebocytes and morula cells) and (iii) the storage cell line (pigment cells and nephrocytes). Many questions remain about their origin, and thus, observations during various stages of development were undertaken in this study. Haemocytes were detected beginning from the early tailbud embryo stage. Haemoblasts were always present and morula cells were the first differentiated haemocytes detected. In both the next stage, just before hatching, and the swimming tadpole larva stage, hyaline amoebocytes and pigment cells were also recognisable. Some morula cells containing active phenoloxidase migrated from the haemolymph into the tunic after having crossed the epidermis, and this behaviour could be related to the preparation of a defensive function for spatial competition. During larval metamorphosis, macrophage-like cells appeared with their phagosomes positive to acid phosphatase activity and containing apoptotic cells from tail tissue degeneration. After metamorphosis, in the filter-feeding oozoid stage, nephrocytes involved in nitrogen catabolism finally appeared. In both the subendostylar sinus and the peripheral blind-sac vessels (ampullae), clusters of haemoblasts were recognisable, some of which showed incipient specialisations, considering the hypothesis of the presence of putative niches of haemolymph stem cells.
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8
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Goldstein O, Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Levy T, Talice S, Raveh T, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Voskoboynik A, Rosental B. Botryllus schlosseri as a Unique Colonial Chordate Model for the Study and Modulation of Innate Immune Activity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080454. [PMID: 34436293 PMCID: PMC8398012 DOI: 10.3390/md19080454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that sustain immunological nonreactivity is essential for maintaining tissue in syngeneic and allogeneic settings, such as transplantation and pregnancy tolerance. While most transplantation rejections occur due to the adaptive immune response, the proinflammatory response of innate immunity is necessary for the activation of adaptive immunity. Botryllus schlosseri, a colonial tunicate, which is the nearest invertebrate group to the vertebrates, is devoid of T- and B-cell-based adaptive immunity. It has unique characteristics that make it a valuable model system for studying innate immunity mechanisms: (i) a natural allogeneic transplantation phenomenon that results in either fusion or rejection; (ii) whole animal regeneration and noninflammatory resorption on a weekly basis; (iii) allogeneic resorption which is comparable to human chronic rejection. Recent studies in B. schlosseri have led to the recognition of a molecular and cellular framework underlying the innate immunity loss of tolerance to allogeneic tissues. Additionally, B. schlosseri was developed as a model for studying hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, and it provides further insights into the similarities between the HSC niches of human and B. schlosseri. In this review, we discuss why studying the molecular and cellular pathways that direct successful innate immune tolerance in B. schlosseri can provide novel insights into and potential modulations of these immune processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Goldstein
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Tom Levy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; (T.L.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Shani Talice
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; (T.L.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; (T.L.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ballarin L, Karahan A, Salvetti A, Rossi L, Manni L, Rinkevich B, Rosner A, Voskoboynik A, Rosental B, Canesi L, Anselmi C, Pinsino A, Tohumcu BE, Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Novak S, Sugni M, Corsi I, Drobne D. Stem Cells and Innate Immunity in Aquatic Invertebrates: Bridging Two Seemingly Disparate Disciplines for New Discoveries in Biology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688106. [PMID: 34276677 PMCID: PMC8278520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scopes related to the interplay between stem cells and the immune system are broad and range from the basic understanding of organism's physiology and ecology to translational studies, further contributing to (eco)toxicology, biotechnology, and medicine as well as regulatory and ethical aspects. Stem cells originate immune cells through hematopoiesis, and the interplay between the two cell types is required in processes like regeneration. In addition, stem and immune cell anomalies directly affect the organism's functions, its ability to cope with environmental changes and, indirectly, its role in ecosystem services. However, stem cells and immune cells continue to be considered parts of two branches of biological research with few interconnections between them. This review aims to bridge these two seemingly disparate disciplines towards much more integrative and transformative approaches with examples deriving mainly from aquatic invertebrates. We discuss the current understanding of cross-disciplinary collaborative and emerging issues, raising novel hypotheses and comments. We also discuss the problems and perspectives of the two disciplines and how to integrate their conceptual frameworks to address basic equations in biology in a new, innovative way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arzu Karahan
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Anselmi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Begüm Ece Tohumcu
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Peronato A, Franchi N, Loriano B. BsTLR1: A new member of the TLR family of recognition proteins from the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:967-974. [PMID: 32919053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a well-known family of conserved pattern recognition receptors the importance of which, in non-self recognition, was demonstrated in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Tunicates represent the vertebrate sister group and, as invertebrates, they rely only on innate immunity for their defence. As regards TLRs, two transcripts have been described and characterised in the solitary species Ciona intestinalis, referred to as CiTLR1 and CiTLR2. Using the Ciona TLR nucleotide sequences, we mined our available transcriptome of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri looking for similar sequences. We were able to identify a sequence, with similarity to CiTLR2 and, through in silico transduction and subsequent sequence analysis, we studied the domain content of the putative protein. The sequence, called BsTLR1, has a TIR and a transmembrane domain, four LLR and two LRR-CT domains. It is actively transcribed by both phagocytes and morula cells, the two circulating immunocyte types. In addition, we analysed bstlr1 transcription in vivo and in vitro, in different phases of the Botryllus blastogenetic cycle and under various experimental conditions. Our data show that there is a change in gene expression and mRNA location, according to the blastogenetic phase. Furthermore, we used a commercial antibody raised against the ectodomain of hTLR5 to study the possible functional role of Botryllus TLR(s). We observed that anti-hTLR5 significantly decreased in vitro phagocytosis and morula cell degranulation, two typical responses to the recognition of nonself. Collectively, our data add new information on the mechanisms of nonself recognition in a colonial ascidian.
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Insights into the Complement System of Tunicates: C3a/C5aR of the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090263. [PMID: 32882947 PMCID: PMC7565592 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As an evolutionary ancient component of the metazoan immune defense toolkit, the complement system can modulate cells and humoral responses of both innate and (in jawed vertebrates) adaptive immunity. All the three known complement-activation pathways converge on the cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b. The anaphylatoxin C3a behaves as a chemokine in inflammatory responses, whereas C3b exerts an opsonic role and, ultimately, can activate the lytic pathway. C3aR, one of the mammalian receptors for C3a, is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family sharing seven transmembrane alpha helixes. C3aR can act as a chemokine and recruit neutrophils, triggering degranulation and respiratory burst, which initiates an inflammatory reaction. Mining the transcriptome of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we identified a transcript showing homology with both mammalian C3aR and C5aR. The gene (bsc3/c5ar) is actively transcribed in morula cells, the circulating immunocyte triggering the inflammatory reactions in response to the recognition of nonself. Its transcription is modulated during the recurrent cycles of asexual reproduction known as blastogenetic cycles. Moreover, the treatment of hemocytes with C3aR agonist, induces a significant increase in the transcription of BsC3, revealing the presence of an autocrine feedback system able to modulate the expression of C3 in order to obtain a rapid clearance of potentially dangerous nonself cells or particles. The obtained results support the previously proposed role of complement as one of the main humoral components of the immune response in tunicates and stress the importance of morula cells in botryllid ascidian innate immunity.
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Rosental B, Raveh T, Voskoboynik A, Weissman IL. Evolutionary perspective on the hematopoietic system through a colonial chordate: allogeneic immunity and hematopoiesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:91-98. [PMID: 31954962 PMCID: PMC7136747 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Evolution and selection have shaped diverse immune systems throughout phylogeny, the vast majority of which remain unexplored. Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial tunicate, a sister group to vertebrates, that develops as a chordate, then metamorphoses to an asexually reproductive invertebrate that every week makes the same body plan from budded stem cells. Genetically distinct B. schlosseri colonies can fuse to form a chimera, or reject each other based on allogeneic recognition. In chimeras, circulating germline and somatic stem cells participate in development; stem cells compete in all individuals in the fused colonies, with rejection preventing germline parasitism. Here we review the isolation and characterization of B. schlosseri hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and their niches, and the role of the immune effector cells in allorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Rosental
- Ben Gurion University of the Negev, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, P.O.B. 653 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158, USA.
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158, USA.
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