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Masias Bruns M, Ramirez-Mahaluf JP, Valli I, Ortuño M, Ilzarbe D, de la Serna E, Navarro OP, Crossley NA, González Ballester MÁ, Baeza I, Piella G, Castro-Fornieles J, Sugranyes G. Altered Temporal Dynamics of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Adolescent-Onset First-Episode Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:418-426. [PMID: 37607335 PMCID: PMC10919773 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) alterations have been reported in patients with adult-onset and chronic psychosis. We sought to examine whether such abnormalities were also observed in patients with first episode, adolescent-onset psychosis (AOP), in order to rule out potential effects of chronicity and protracted antipsychotic treatment exposure. AOP has been suggested to have less diagnostic specificity compared to psychosis with onset in adulthood and occurs during a period of neurodevelopmental changes in brain functional connections. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-nine patients with first episode, AOP (36 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, SSD; and 43 with affective psychotic disorder, AF) and 54 healthy controls (HC), aged 10 to 17 years were included. Participants underwent clinical and cognitive assessments and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Graph-based measures were used to analyze temporal trajectories of dFC, which were compared between patients with SSD, AF, and HC. Within patients, we also tested associations between dFC parameters and clinical variables. STUDY RESULTS Patients with SSD temporally visited the different connectivity states in a less efficient way (reduced global efficiency), visiting fewer nodes (larger temporal modularity, and increased immobility), with a reduction in the metabolic expenditure (cost and leap size), relative to AF and HC (effect sizes: Cohen's D, ranging 0.54 to.91). In youth with AF, these parameters did not differ compared to HC. Connectivity measures were not associated with clinical severity, intelligence, cannabis use, or dose of antipsychotic medication. CONCLUSIONS dFC measures hold potential towards the development of brain-based biomarkers characterizing adolescent-onset SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Masias Bruns
- BCN-MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Ramirez-Mahaluf
- BCN-MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Valli
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Ortuño
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ilzarbe
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Group G04, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Group G04, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Olga Puig Navarro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Group G04, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Ángel González Ballester
- BCN-MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baeza
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Group G04, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Piella
- BCN-MedTech, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Group G04, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Group G04, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Qin X, Huang H, Liu Y, Zheng F, Zhou Y, Wang H. Increased Functional Connectivity Involving the Parahippocampal Gyrus in Patients with Schizophrenia during Theory of Mind Processing: A Psychophysiological Interaction Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040692. [PMID: 37190657 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theory of Mind (ToM) is an ability to infer the mental state of others, which plays an important role during social events. Previous studies have shown that ToM deficits exist frequently in schizophrenia, which may result from abnormal activity in brain regions related to sociality. However, the interactions between brain regions during ToM processing in schizophrenia are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated functional connectivity during ToM processing in patients with schizophrenia, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS A total of 36 patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy controls were recruited to complete a ToM task from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) during fMRI scanning. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was applied to explore functional connectivity. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia were less accurate than healthy controls in judging social stimuli from non-social stimuli (Z = 2.31, p = 0.021), and displayed increased activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus and increased functional connectivity between the bilateral middle temporal gyrus and the ipsilateral parahippocampal gyrus during ToM processing (AlphaSim corrected p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Here, we showed that the brain regions related to sociality interact more with the parahippocampal gyrus in patients with schizophrenia during ToM processing, which may reflect a possible compensatory pathway of ToM deficits in schizophrenia. Our study provides a new idea for ToM deficits in schizophrenia, which could be helpful to better understand social cognition of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucong Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Fanfan Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430060, China
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Alfeo AL, Zippo AG, Catrambone V, Cimino MGCA, Toschi N, Valenza G. From local counterfactuals to global feature importance: efficient, robust, and model-agnostic explanations for brain connectivity networks. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 236:107550. [PMID: 37086584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is a technology that can enhance trust in mental state classifications by providing explanations for the reasoning behind artificial intelligence (AI) models outputs, especially for high-dimensional and highly-correlated brain signals. Feature importance and counterfactual explanations are two common approaches to generate these explanations, but both have drawbacks. While feature importance methods, such as shapley additive explanations (SHAP), can be computationally expensive and sensitive to feature correlation, counterfactual explanations only explain a single outcome instead of the entire model. METHODS To overcome these limitations, we propose a new procedure for computing global feature importance that involves aggregating local counterfactual explanations. This approach is specifically tailored to fMRI signals and is based on the hypothesis that instances close to the decision boundary and their counterfactuals mainly differ in the features identified as most important for the downstream classification task. We refer to this proposed feature importance measure as Boundary Crossing Solo Ratio (BoCSoR), since it quantifies the frequency with which a change in each feature in isolation leads to a change in classification outcome, i.e., the crossing of the model's decision boundary. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Experimental results on synthetic data and real publicly available fMRI data from the Human Connect project show that the proposed BoCSoR measure is more robust to feature correlation and less computationally expensive than state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, it is equally effective in providing an explanation for the behavior of any AI model for brain signals. These properties are crucial for medical decision support systems, where many different features are often extracted from the same physiological measures and a gold standard is absent. Consequently, computing feature importance may become computationally expensive, and there may be a high probability of mutual correlation among features, leading to unreliable results from state-of-the-art XAI methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Luca Alfeo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy; Bioengineering & Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy.
| | - Antonio G Zippo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Raoul Follereau, 3, Vedano al Lambro (MB), 20854, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Catrambone
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy; Bioengineering & Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Mario G C A Cimino
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy; Bioengineering & Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy; Bioengineering & Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 1, Pisa, 56126, Italy
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Vanes LD, Murray RM, Nosarti C. Adult outcome of preterm birth: Implications for neurodevelopmental theories of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2022; 247:41-54. [PMID: 34006427 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with an elevated risk of developmental and adult psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. In this review, we evaluate the implications of neurodevelopmental, cognitive, motor, and social sequelae of preterm birth for developing psychosis, with an emphasis on outcomes observed in adulthood. Abnormal brain development precipitated by early exposure to the extra-uterine environment, and exacerbated by neuroinflammation, neonatal brain injury, and genetic vulnerability, can result in alterations of brain structure and function persisting into adulthood. These alterations, including abnormal regional brain volumes and white matter macro- and micro-structure, can critically impair functional (e.g. frontoparietal and thalamocortical) network connectivity in a manner characteristic of psychotic illness. The resulting executive, social, and motor dysfunctions may constitute the basis for behavioural vulnerability ultimately giving rise to psychotic symptomatology. There are many pathways to psychosis, but elucidating more precisely the mechanisms whereby preterm birth increases risk may shed light on that route consequent upon early neurodevelopmental insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D Vanes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Ilzarbe D, Baeza I, de la Serna E, Fortea A, Valli I, Puig O, Masias M, Borras R, Pariente JC, Dolz M, Castro-Fornieles J, Sugranyes G. Theory of mind performance and prefrontal connectivity in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100940. [PMID: 33721828 PMCID: PMC7970321 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Onset of psychosis was linked to a lack of age-related improvement in theory of mind. Reduced prefrontal connectivity preceded onset of psychosis in high risk youth. High risk youth with lower prefrontal connectivity were at greatest risk of psychosis.
Theory of mind(ToM) impairment is a key feature of psychotic disorders and has been documented in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR), suggesting that it may predate illness onset. However, no study to date has examined brain functional correlates of ToM in individuals at CHR during adolescence. The “Reading-the-Mind-in-the-Eyes” test was used to measure ToM performance in 50 CHR youth, 15 of whom transitioned to psychosis (CHR-t) at follow-up (12 ± 6 months) and 36 healthy volunteers. Resting-state functional MRI was acquired to evaluate functional connectivity within the default mode network. Group by age interaction revealed an age-positive association in ToM performance in healthy volunteers, which was not present in adolescents at CHR-t. Intrinsic functional connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex was reduced in adolescents at CHR-t relative to those who did not transition and to healthy volunteers. Survival analyses revealed that participants at CHR with lower medial prefrontal cortex connectivity were at greatest risk of developing psychosis at follow-up. We demonstrate that lack of age-related maturation of ToM and reduced medial prefrontal cortex connectivity both precede the onset of psychosis during adolescence. Medial prefrontal cortex connectivity holds potential as a brain-based marker for the early identification of transition to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ilzarbe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baeza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Fortea
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Valli
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Puig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Masias
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Borras
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose C Pariente
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Dolz
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
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van Buuren M, Lee NC, Vegting I, Walsh RJ, Sijtsma H, Hollarek M, Krabbendam L. Intrinsic network interactions explain individual differences in mentalizing ability in adolescents. Neuropsychologia 2020; 151:107737. [PMID: 33383039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mentalizing is an important aspect of social cognition and people vary in their ability to mentalize. Despite initial evidence that mentalizing continues to develop throughout adolescence, it is unclear which neural mechanisms underlie individual variability in mentalizing ability in adolescents. Interactions within and between the default-mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN) and cingulo-opercular/salience network (CO/SN) have been related to inter-individual differences in cognitive processes in both adults and adolescents. Here, we investigated whether intrinsic connectivity within and between these brain networks explained inter-individual differences in affective mentalizing ability in adolescents. Resting-state brain activity was measured using functional MRI and affective mentalizing ability was defined as correct performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test performed outside the scanner. We identified the DMN, FPN and CO/SN, and within and between network connectivity values were submitted to a bootstrapping enhanced penalized multiple regression analysis to predict mentalizing in 66 young adolescents (11-14 years). We showed that stronger connectivity between the DMN and the FPN, together with lower within-network connectivity of the FPN and the CO/SN predicted better mentalizing performance. These novel findings provide insight into the normative developmental trajectory of the neural mechanisms underlying affective mentalizing in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariët van Buuren
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Nikki C Lee
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iris Vegting
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reubs J Walsh
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hester Sijtsma
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Hollarek
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lydia Krabbendam
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081, BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Nair A, Jolliffe M, Lograsso YSS, Bearden CE. A Review of Default Mode Network Connectivity and Its Association With Social Cognition in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Early-Onset Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:614. [PMID: 32670121 PMCID: PMC7330632 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated substantial phenotypic overlap, notably social impairment, between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of social impairments across these distinct neuropsychiatric disorders has not yet been fully examined. Most neuroimaging studies to date have focused on adults with these disorders, with little known about the neural underpinnings of social impairments in younger populations. Here, we present a narrative review of the literature available through April 2020 on imaging studies of adolescents with either ASD or early-onset psychosis (EOP), to better understand the shared and unique neural mechanisms of social difficulties across diagnosis from a developmental framework. We specifically focus on functional connectivity studies of the default mode network (DMN), as the most extensively studied brain network relevant to social cognition across both groups. Our review included 29 studies of DMN connectivity in adolescents with ASD (Mean age range = 11.2-21.6 years), and 14 studies in adolescents with EOP (Mean age range = 14.2-24.3 years). Of these, 15 of 29 studies in ASD adolescents found predominant underconnectivity when examining DMN connectivity. In contrast, findings were mixed in adolescents with EOP, with five of 14 studies reporting DMN underconnectivity, and an additional six of 14 studies reporting both under- and over-connectivity of the DMN. Specifically, intra-DMN networks were more frequently underconnected in ASD, but overconnected in EOP. On the other hand, inter-DMN connectivity patterns were mixed (both under- and over-connected) for each group, especially DMN connectivity with frontal, sensorimotor, and temporoparietal regions in ASD, and with frontal, temporal, subcortical, and cerebellar regions in EOP. Finally, disrupted DMN connectivity appeared to be associated with social impairments in both groups, less so with other features distinct to each condition, such as repetitive behaviors/restricted interests in ASD and hallucinations/delusions in EOP. Further studies on demographically well-matched groups of adolescents with each of these conditions are needed to systematically explore additional contributing factors in DMN connectivity patterns such as clinical heterogeneity, pubertal development, and medication effects that would better inform treatment targets and facilitate prediction of outcomes in the context of these developmental neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nair
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, California
| | - Morgan Jolliffe
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Yong Seuk S Lograsso
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, California.,Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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