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de Souza Gomes JA, de Souza GC, Berk M, Cavalcante LM, de Sousa FCF, Budni J, de Lucena DF, Quevedo J, Carvalho AF, Macêdo D. Antimanic-like activity of candesartan in mice: Possible involvement of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic mechanisms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2086-97. [PMID: 26321203 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the brain angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) triggers pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory mechanisms which are involved in the neurobiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Candesartan (CDS) is an AT1 receptor antagonist with potential neuroprotective properties. Herein we investigated CDS effects against oxidative, neurotrophic inflammatory and cognitive effects of amphetamine (AMPH)-induced mania. In the reversal protocol adult mice were given AMPH 2 mg/kg i.p. or saline and between days 8 and 14 received CDS 0.1, 0.3 or 1 mg/kg orally, lithium (Li) 47.5 mg/kg i.p., or saline. In the prevention treatment, mice were pretreated with CDS, Li or saline prior to AMPH. Locomotor activity and working memory performance were assessed. Glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and TNF-α levels were evaluated in the hippocampus (HC) and cerebellar vermis (CV). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3beta) levels were measured in the HC. CDS and Li prevented and reversed the AMPH-induced increases in locomotor activity. Only CDS prevented and reversed AMPH-induced working memory deficits. CDS prevented AMPH-induced alterations in GSH (HC and CV), TBARS (HC and CV), TNF-α (HC and CV) and BDNF (HC) levels. Li prevented alterations in BDNF and phospho-Ser9-GSK3beta. CDS reversed AMPH-induced alterations in GSH (HC and CV), TBARS (HC), TNF-α (CV) and BDNF levels. Li reversed AMPH-induced alterations in TNF-α (HC and CV) and BDNF (HC) levels. CDS is effective in reversing and preventing AMPH-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations, providing a rationale for the design of clinical trials investigating CDS׳s possible therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Ariana de Souza Gomes
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Greicy Coelho de Souza
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Lígia Menezes Cavalcante
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Cléa F de Sousa
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Josiane Budni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - André F Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle Macêdo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Budni J, Lobato KR, Binfaré RW, Freitas AE, Costa AP, Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Leal RB, Lopez MG, Rodrigues ALS. Involvement of PI3K, GSK-3β and PPARγ in the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid in the forced swimming test in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:714-23. [PMID: 22037925 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111424456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that deficiency in folic acid plays a role in the pathophysiology of depression. Considering that alterations in the signaling pathways that regulate neuroplasticity and cellular survival are implicated in depressive disorders, the present study investigated the involvement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid in the forced swimming test (FST). The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) pre-treatment of mice with LY294002 (10 nmol/site, a PI3K inhibitor) or GW-9662 (1 µg/site, a PPARγ antagonist) prevented the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid (50 mg/kg, p.o.) in the FST. In addition, the administration of subeffective doses of the selective GSK-3β inhibitor, AR-A014418 (3 mg/kg, i.p.), a non-selective GSK-3β inhibitor, lithium chloride (10 mg/kg, p.o) or a PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (1 µg/site, i.c.v.) in combination with a subeffective dose of folic acid (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST as compared with either drug alone, without altering the locomotor activity. These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid in the FST might be dependent on inhibition of GSK-3β and activation of PPARγ, reinforcing the notion that these are important targets for antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Budni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Razzoli M, Domenici E, Carboni L, Rantamaki T, Lindholm J, Castrén E, Arban R. A role for BDNF/TrkB signaling in behavioral and physiological consequences of social defeat stress. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:424-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gould TD. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 as an approach to develop novel mood-stabilising medications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10:377-92. [PMID: 16706678 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.3.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, success in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder has arisen either from serendipitous findings or from studies with drugs (antipsychotics and anticonvulsants) developed for other indications (schizophrenia and epilepsy, respectively). Lithium has been in widespread clinical use in the treatment of bipolar disorder for > 30 years. Development of lithium-mimetic compounds has the potential to result in a more specific medication, with fewer side effects and a less narrow dose range. However, novel medications based upon a known mechanism of action of this drug are yet to be developed. Increasing evidence suggests that a next-generation lithium compound may derive from knowledge of a direct target of lithium, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 is an intracellular enzyme implicated as a critical component in many neuronal signalling pathways. However, despite the large body of preclinical data discussed in this review, definitive validation of GSK-3 as therapeutically relevant target of lithium will require clinical trials with novel GSK-3 inhibitors. A number of recent reports suggest that it is possible to develop selective, small-molecule GSK-3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Gould
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3711, USA.
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Hanson DR, Gottesman II. Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 6:7. [PMID: 15707482 PMCID: PMC554096 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia, a relatively common psychiatric syndrome, affects virtually all brain functions yet has eluded explanation for more than 100 years. Whether by developmental and/or degenerative processes, abnormalities of neurons and their synaptic connections have been the recent focus of attention. However, our inability to fathom the pathophysiology of schizophrenia forces us to challenge our theoretical models and beliefs. A search for a more satisfying model to explain aspects of schizophrenia uncovers clues pointing to genetically mediated CNS microvascular inflammatory disease. DISCUSSION A vascular component to a theory of schizophrenia posits that the physiologic abnormalities leading to illness involve disruption of the exquisitely precise regulation of the delivery of energy and oxygen required for normal brain function. The theory further proposes that abnormalities of CNS metabolism arise because genetically modulated inflammatory reactions damage the microvascular system of the brain in reaction to environmental agents, including infections, hypoxia, and physical trauma. Damage may accumulate with repeated exposure to triggering agents resulting in exacerbation and deterioration, or healing with their removal. There are clear examples of genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory regulators leading to exaggerated inflammatory responses. There is also ample evidence that inflammatory vascular disease of the brain can lead to psychosis, often waxing and waning, and exhibiting a fluctuating course, as seen in schizophrenia. Disturbances of CNS blood flow have repeatedly been observed in people with schizophrenia using old and new technologies. To account for the myriad of behavioral and other curious findings in schizophrenia such as minor physical anomalies, or reported decreased rates of rheumatoid arthritis and highly visible nail fold capillaries, we would have to evoke a process that is systemic such as the vascular and immune/inflammatory systems. SUMMARY A vascular-inflammatory theory of schizophrenia brings together environmental and genetic factors in a way that can explain the diversity of symptoms and outcomes observed. If these ideas are confirmed, they would lead in new directions for treatments or preventions by avoiding inducers of inflammation or by way of inflammatory modulating agents, thus preventing exaggerated inflammation and consequent triggering of a psychotic episode in genetically predisposed persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center (116A), One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417 and Departments of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Irving I Gottesman
- Departments of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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