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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Hua L, Li P, Wu J, Shang S, Deng F, Luo J, Liao M, Wang N, Pan X, Yuan Y, Zheng Y, Lu Y, Huang Y, Zheng J, Liu X, Li X, Zhou H. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the cell membrane of mouse macrophages participates in the formation of lipopolysaccharide tolerance: mVDR is related to the effect of artesunate to reverse LPS tolerance. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:124. [PMID: 37248534 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether membrane vitamin D receptor (mVDR) exists on the macrophage membrane or whether mVDR is associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance. Herein, we report that interfering with caveolae and caveolae-dependent lipid rafts inhibited the formation of LPS tolerance. VDR was detected as co-localized with membrane molecular markers. VDR was detected on the cell membrane and its level was higher in LPS-tolerant cells than that in only LPS treatment cells. Anti-VDR antibodies could abolish the effect of artesunate (AS) to reverse LPS tolerance, and the wild-type peptides (H397 and H305) of VDR, but not the mutant peptide (H397D and H305A), led to the loss of AS's effect. AS decreased the mVDR level in LPS-tolerant cells. In vivo, AS significantly reduced VDR level in the lung tissue of LPS-tolerant mice. In summary, mVDR exists on the cell membrane of macrophages and is closely associated with the formation of LPS tolerance and the effects of AS. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Ling Hua
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Medical Research Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Shenglan Shang
- Medical Research Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Fei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Mengling Liao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Nuoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Xichun Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Medical Research Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yonglin Lu
- Medical Research Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yasi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical Research Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, China.
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Wang N, Lu Y, Zheng J, Liu X. Of mice and men: Laboratory murine models for recapitulating the immunosuppression of human sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956448. [PMID: 35990662 PMCID: PMC9388785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged immunosuppression is increasingly recognized as the major cause of late phase and long-term mortality in sepsis. Numerous murine models with different paradigms, such as lipopolysaccharide injection, bacterial inoculation, and barrier disruption, have been used to explore the pathogenesis of immunosuppression in sepsis or to test the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents. Nonetheless, the reproducibility and translational value of such models are often questioned, owing to a highly heterogeneric, complex, and dynamic nature of immunopathology in human sepsis, which cannot be consistently and stably recapitulated in mice. Despite of the inherent discrepancies that exist between mice and humans, we can increase the feasibility of murine models by minimizing inconsistency and increasing their clinical relevance. In this mini review, we summarize the current knowledge of murine models that are most commonly used to investigate sepsis-induced immunopathology, highlighting their strengths and limitations in mimicking the dysregulated immune response encountered in human sepsis. We also propose potential directions for refining murine sepsis models, such as reducing experimental inconsistencies, increasing the clinical relevance, and enhancing immunological similarities between mice and humans; such modifications may optimize the value of murine models in meeting research and translational demands when applied in studies of sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- West China Biopharm Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Zheng, ; Xin Liu,
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Zheng, ; Xin Liu,
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Emodin Ameliorates Intestinal Dysfunction by Maintaining Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Modulating the Microbiota in Septic Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:5026103. [PMID: 35677734 PMCID: PMC9168211 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5026103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced inflammatory response leads to intestinal damage and secondary bacterial translocation, causing systemic infections and eventually death. Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative in many plants with promising bioactivities. However, the effects and mechanisms of emodin on sepsis-induced intestinal dysfunctions have not been well clarified yet. We found that emodin treatment suppressed the inflammatory response in the intestines of septic mice. Intestinal barrier function was also improved by emodin through enhancing ZO-1 and occludin expression, which prevented the secondary translocation of Escherichia coli. By proteome microarray investigation, JNK2 was identified as a direct target of emodin. In vitro study also showed that emodin inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells. Nuclear factors including NF-κB and AP-1 were further identified as downstream effectors of JNK2. Bioinformatic analysis based on 16s rRNA gene sequencing illustrated that emodin treatment significantly increased the alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota in septic mice. Moreover, data according to functional prediction showed that emodin decreased the abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria in gut. Our findings have shown that emodin treatment prevented inflammatory induced barrier dysfunction and decreased the potential pathogenicity of lumen bacteria, reducing the hazard of lumen bacterial translocation during sepsis.
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MAR1 suppresses inflammatory response in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells via the SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ pathway. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2021; 18:8. [PMID: 33557833 PMCID: PMC7869219 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-021-00271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a complex syndrome characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response to systemic infection and leads to shock, multiple organ failure and death especially if not recognized early and treated promptly. Previous studies have suggested Maresin 1 (MAR1) can alleviate systemic inflammation in sepsis, but its mechanism has not been clarified. Methods RAW 264.7 cells and human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) were pretreated with LPS and MAR1. The mRNA expression and supernatant levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were evaluated by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. The expression levels of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Results Our results show that LPS-induced inflammation increased the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and induced suppression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and PPAR-γ expression, which could be reversed by MAR1. And the effect of MAR1 was eliminated by repression of SIRT1/PPAR-γ and enhanced by PGC-1α overexpression. Conclusions MAR1 suppressed inflammatory response in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and hPBMCs via the SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ pathway.
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Wang Y, Yu Z, Yuan H, Chen H, Xie N, Wang Z, Sun Q, Zhang W. Structure-based design of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as potent anti-sepsis agents targeting high-mobility group box-1. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104461. [PMID: 33223202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel Glycyrrhetinic Acid (GA) derivatives with fused heterocycles on A ring were structure-based designed and synthesized. Their potential anti-inflammatory effects were investigated by a classical LPS stimulated macrophage model. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to verify the binding of GA analogues with HMGB1. A preliminary structure-activity relationship was summarized and an analogue GA-60 with ortho-methoxybenzyl pyrozole showed stronger anti-inflammatory effect and higher affinity for HMGB1 with a Kd value of 12.5 μM. In addition, this compound exhibited excellent inhibitory functions on NO (96%), TNF-α (94%), and IL-6 (100%), by interfering with phosphorylation of p38, ERK, JNK MAPKs, as well as that of NF-κB p65 and IKKα/β. Moreover, GA-60 extended the survival of either the classic CLP-induced or LPS-induced sepsis mouse models. Molecular modeling predictions further supported these findings, clearly indicating that inhibiting HMGB1 release, using fused heterocyclic GA derivatives, is a promising strategy for treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zongmin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Medical Service Training Center, No. 965 Hospital, Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Jilin 132011, China
| | - Hu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Medicine and TCM Injections, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Medicine and TCM Injections, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Ning Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Medicine and TCM Injections, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Xu X, Wang X, Guo Y, Bai Y, He S, Wang N, Lin Y, Fisher M, Liu Q, Yao Y. Inhibition of PTP1B Promotes M2 Polarization via MicroRNA-26a/MKP1 Signaling Pathway in Murine Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1930. [PMID: 31474996 PMCID: PMC6702542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that often occurs in the intensive care unit. The excessive activation of the host's immune system at early stages contributes to multiple organ damage. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP1) exerts an important effect on the inflammatory process. In our recent bioinformatic analysis, we confirmed that the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) significantly promoted the expression of MKP1 in murine macrophages. However, the underlying mechanism and its effect on macrophage polarization remain unclear. In this study, we show that the suppression of PTP1B induced upregulation of MKP1 in M1 macrophages. A RayBiotech mouse inflammation antibody assay further revealed that MKP1-knockdown promoted pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL12p70, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and TNF-α) secretion but suppressed anti-proinflammatory cytokine (IL-10) production in M2 macrophages. Phospho-proteomics analysis further identified ERK1/2 and p38 as downstream molecules of MKP1. Moreover, we found that the inhibition of PTP1B lowered the expression of miR-26a, showing a negative correlation with MKP1 protein expression. Thus, we concluded that the inhibition of PTP1B contributes to M2 macrophage polarization via reducing mir-26a and afterwards enhancing MKP1 expression in murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjing Bai
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha He
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Marc Fisher
- The Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Rosen DA, Seki SM, Fernández-Castañeda A, Beiter RM, Eccles JD, Woodfolk JA, Gaultier A. Modulation of the sigma-1 receptor-IRE1 pathway is beneficial in preclinical models of inflammation and sepsis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau5266. [PMID: 30728287 PMCID: PMC6936250 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an often deadly complication of infection in which systemic inflammation damages the vasculature, leading to tissue hypoperfusion and multiple organ failure. Currently, the standard of care for sepsis is predominantly supportive, with few therapeutic options available. Because of increased sepsis incidence worldwide, there is an urgent need for discovery of novel therapeutic targets and development of new treatments. The recently discovered function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in regulation of inflammation offers a potential avenue for sepsis control. Here, we identify the ER-resident protein sigma-1 receptor (S1R) as an essential inhibitor of cytokine production in a preclinical model of septic shock. Mice lacking S1R succumb quickly to hypercytokinemia induced by a sublethal challenge in two models of acute inflammation. Mechanistically, we find that S1R restricts the endonuclease activity of the ER stress sensor IRE1 and cytokine expression but does not inhibit the classical inflammatory signaling pathways. These findings could have substantial clinical implications, as we further find that fluvoxamine, an antidepressant therapeutic with high affinity for S1R, protects mice from lethal septic shock and dampens the inflammatory response in human blood leukocytes. Our data reveal the contribution of S1R to the restraint of the inflammatory response and place S1R as a possible therapeutic target to treat bacterial-derived inflammatory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian A Rosen
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Scott M Seki
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anthony Fernández-Castañeda
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rebecca M Beiter
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jacob D Eccles
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Xu X, Liu Q, He S, Zhao J, Wang N, Han X, Guo Y. Qiang-Xin 1 Formula Prevents Sepsis-Induced Apoptosis in Murine Cardiomyocytes by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum- and Mitochondria-Associated Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 30104976 PMCID: PMC6077999 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is reported to be an unusual systemic reaction to infection, accompanied by multiple-organ failure. Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC), defined as damages and dysfunction of the heart, is essential in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Traditional Chinese formula, which has long been used to improve the situation of patients through multitarget regulation, is now gradually being used as complementary therapy. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Qiang-Xin 1 (QX1) formula, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine designed for cardiac dysfunction, on cecal ligation puncture (CLP)-induced heart damage and its underlying mechanisms in mice. Survival test first showed that an oral administration of QX1 formula significantly increased the 7-days survival of septic mice from 22 to 40%. By estimating the secretion of serum cytokines, QX1 treatment dramatically inhibited the excessive production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Immunohistochemical staining illustrated that the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, caspase-12, and high-mobility group box 1 was downregulated in cardiomyocytes of the QX1-treated group compared with that of the CLP surgery group. Western blotting confirmed that the activation of essential caspase family members, such as caspase-3, caspase-9, and caspase-12, was prohibited by treatment with QX1. Moreover, the abnormal expression of key regulators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria-associated apoptosis in cardiomyocytes of septic mice, including CHOP, GRP78, Cyt-c, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax, was effectively reversed by treatment with QX1 formula. This study provided a new insight into the role of QX1 formula in heart damage and potential complementary therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine on sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha He
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Han
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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Xavier-Elsas P, Ferreira RN, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Surgical and immune reconstitution murine models in bone marrow research: Potential for exploring mechanisms in sepsis, trauma and allergy. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:58-77. [PMID: 28890868 PMCID: PMC5571450 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow, the vital organ which maintains lifelong hemopoiesis, currently receives considerable attention, as a source of multiple cell types which may play important roles in repair at distant sites. This emerging function, distinct from, but closely related to, bone marrow roles in innate immunity and inflammation, has been characterized through a number of strategies. However, the use of surgical models in this endeavour has hitherto been limited. Surgical strategies allow the experimenter to predetermine the site, timing, severity and invasiveness of injury; to add or remove aggravating factors (such as infection and defects in immunity) in controlled ways; and to manipulate the context of repair, including reconstitution with selected immune cell subpopulations. This endows surgical models overall with great potential for exploring bone marrow responses to injury, inflammation and infection, and its roles in repair and regeneration. We review three different murine surgical models, which variously combine trauma with infection, antigenic stimulation, or immune reconstitution, thereby illuminating different aspects of the bone marrow response to systemic injury in sepsis, trauma and allergy. They are: (1) cecal ligation and puncture, a versatile model of polymicrobial sepsis; (2) egg white implant, an intriguing model of eosinophilia induced by a combination of trauma and sensitization to insoluble allergen; and (3) ectopic lung tissue transplantation, which allows us to dissect afferent and efferent mechanisms leading to accumulation of hemopoietic cells in the lungs. These models highlight the gain in analytical power provided by the association of surgical and immunological strategies.
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