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Liu H, Li Y, Gao Y. Asymmetric activation of class C GPCRs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:77-87. [PMID: 36707156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Class C G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a unique GPCR subfamily with large ligand-binding extracellular domains and function as obligate dimers. The recently resolved cryo-EM structures of full-length GABAB, CaSR, and mGlus have revealed that these receptors are activated in an asymmetric manner, leading to G-protein-coupling on one protomer within the receptor dimer. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of asymmetric activation in class C GPCRs and the unique mode of interaction with the inhibitory Gi protein. Upon activation, the two seven-transmembrane domains (7TMs) of class C GPCRs rearrange to form a conserved asymmetric TM6-TM6 interface. In contrast to class A and B GPCRs, G-protein coupling does not involve the cytoplasmic opening of TM6, but is facilitated through the coordination of intracellular loops. Furthermore, positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs) adopt distinct conformations to regulate the activity of class C GPCRs. Taken together, these recent findings on the mechanism of asymmetric activation of class C GPCRs highlight a novel mechanism of G protein activation and provide new insights into the design of therapeutics targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnan Liu
- Department of Cardiology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Cardiology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Cardiology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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de Sena M. Pinheiro P, Rodrigues DA, do Couto Maia R, Thota S, Fraga CA. The Use of Conformational Restriction in Medicinal Chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1712-1733. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712205025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the early preclinical phase, from hit identification and optimization to a lead compound,
several medicinal chemistry strategies can be used to improve potency and/or selectivity. The
conformational restriction is one of these approaches. It consists of introducing some specific structural
constraints in a lead candidate to reduce the overall number of possible conformations in order to favor
the adoption of a bioactive conformation and, as a consequence, molecular recognition by the target receptor.
In this work, we focused on the application of the conformational restriction strategy in the last
five years for the optimization of hits and/or leads of several important classes of therapeutic targets in
the drug discovery field. Thus, we recognize the importance of several kinase inhibitors to the current
landscape of drug development for cancer therapy and the use of G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
modulators. Several other targets are also highlighted, such as the class of epigenetic drugs. Therefore,
the possibility of exploiting conformational restriction as a tool to increase the potency and selectivity
and promote changes in the intrinsic activity of some ligands intended to act on many different targets
makes this strategy of structural modification valuable for the discovery of novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de Sena M. Pinheiro
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Rodrigues
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo do Couto Maia
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sreekanth Thota
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos A.M. Fraga
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Síntese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68023, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Amalric M, Lopez S, Goudet C, Fisone G, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, Pin JP, Acher FC. Group III and subtype 4 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists: discovery and pathophysiological applications in Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:53-64. [PMID: 22664304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Restoring the balance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the basal ganglia, following the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, represents a major challenge to treat patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD). The imbalanced situation in favor of excitation in the disease state may also accelerate excitotoxic processes, thereby representing a potential target for neuroprotective therapies. Reducing the excitatory action of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, should lead to symptomatic improvement for PD patients and may promote the survival of DA neurons. Recent studies have focused on the modulatory action of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors on neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Group III mGlu receptors, including subtypes 4, 7 and 8, are largely expressed in the basal ganglia. Recent studies highlight the use of selective mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the treatment of PD. Here we review the effects of newly-designed group-III orthosteric agonists on neuroprotection, neurorestoration and reduction of l-DOPA induced dyskinesia in animal models of PD. The combination of orthosteric mGlu4 receptor selective agonists with PAMs may open new avenues for the symptomatic treatment of PD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amalric
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7291, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles, Case C, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
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Prézeau L, Rondard P, Goudet C, Kniazeff J, Pin JP. Class C receptor activation mechanisms illustrated by mGlu and GABAB receptors. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Prézeau
- CNRS, UMR 5203; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM, U661, and Université Montpellier 1, 2; Montpellier; F-34000; France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- CNRS, UMR 5203; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM, U661, and Université Montpellier 1, 2; Montpellier; F-34000; France
| | - Cyril Goudet
- CNRS, UMR 5203; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM, U661, and Université Montpellier 1, 2; Montpellier; F-34000; France
| | - Julie Kniazeff
- CNRS, UMR 5203; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM, U661, and Université Montpellier 1, 2; Montpellier; F-34000; France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- CNRS, UMR 5203; Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM, U661, and Université Montpellier 1, 2; Montpellier; F-34000; France
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Kenakin T, Miller LJ. Seven transmembrane receptors as shapeshifting proteins: the impact of allosteric modulation and functional selectivity on new drug discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:265-304. [PMID: 20392808 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is useful to consider seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) as disordered proteins able to allosterically respond to a number of binding partners. Considering 7TMRs as allosteric systems, affinity and efficacy can be thought of in terms of energy flow between a modulator, conduit (the receptor protein), and a number of guests. These guests can be other molecules, receptors, membrane-bound proteins, or signaling proteins in the cytosol. These vectorial flows of energy can yield standard canonical guest allostery (allosteric modification of drug effect), effects along the plane of the cell membrane (receptor oligomerization), or effects directed into the cytosol (differential signaling as functional selectivity). This review discusses these apparently diverse pharmacological effects in terms of molecular dynamics and protein ensemble theory, which tends to unify 7TMR behavior toward cells. Special consideration will be given to functional selectivity (biased agonism and biased antagonism) in terms of mechanism of action and potential therapeutic application. The explosion of technology that has enabled observation of diverse 7TMR behavior has also shown how drugs can have multiple (pluridimensional) efficacies and how this can cause paradoxical drug classification and nomenclatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Mailtstop V-287, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Abstract
Historically, traditional screening for ligands has been optimized to detect standard orthosteric agonists and antagonists. However, with increasing emphasis on cellular functional screens, more allosteric ligands are being discovered as potential drugs. In addition, there are theoretical reasons (increased selectivity, better control of physiological systems, separate control of affinity and efficacy) allosteric ligands may be preferred therapeutic chemical targets. These factors may make it desirable to design high-throughput screens to specifically detect functionally allosteric ligands. This article discusses the unique features of allosteric ligands as drugs as well as the special conditions that should be considered to optimize a high-throughput screen toward the detection of allosteric drugs. Finally, the likelihood of detecting allosteric ligands that have direct effects on cells (either conventional agonism or functionally selective effects) is discussed as well as the optimization of detection of such ligands in screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Kenakin
- Biological Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Yauch RL, Dijkgraaf GJP, Alicke B, Januario T, Ahn CP, Holcomb T, Pujara K, Stinson J, Callahan CA, Tang T, Bazan JF, Kan Z, Seshagiri S, Hann CL, Gould SE, Low JA, Rudin CM, de Sauvage FJ. Smoothened mutation confers resistance to a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor in medulloblastoma. Science 2009; 326:572-4. [PMID: 19726788 PMCID: PMC5310713 DOI: 10.1126/science.1179386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is inappropriately activated in certain human cancers, including medulloblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor. GDC-0449, a drug that inhibits Hh signaling by targeting the serpentine receptor Smoothened (SMO), has produced promising anti-tumor responses in early clinical studies of cancers driven by mutations in this pathway. To evaluate the mechanism of resistance in a medulloblastoma patient who had relapsed after an initial response to GDC-0449, we determined the mutational status of Hh signaling genes in the tumor after disease progression. We identified an amino acid substitution at a conserved aspartic acid residue of SMO that had no effect on Hh signaling but disrupted the ability of GDC-0449 to bind SMO and suppress this pathway. A mutation altering the same amino acid also arose in a GDC-0449-resistant mouse model of medulloblastoma. These findings show that acquired mutations in a serpentine receptor with features of a G protein-coupled receptor can serve as a mechanism of drug resistance in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Tang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christine L. Hann
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | - Charles M. Rudin
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Rovira X, Roche D, Serra J, Kniazeff J, Pin JP, Giraldo J. Modeling the Binding and Function of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:443-56. [PMID: 18287211 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.133967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rovira
- Grup Biomatemàtic de Recerca, Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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9
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Binet V, Duthey B, Lecaillon J, Vol C, Quoyer J, Labesse G, Pin JP, Prézeau L. Common structural requirements for heptahelical domain function in class A and class C G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12154-63. [PMID: 17310064 PMCID: PMC2565688 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in cell communication. Several classes of such receptors have been identified. Although all GPCRs possess a heptahelical domain directly activating G proteins, important structural and sequence differences within receptors from different classes suggested distinct activation mechanisms. Here we show that highly conserved charged residues likely involved in an interaction network between transmembrane domains (TM) 3 and 6 at the cytoplasmic side of class C GPCRs are critical for activation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor. Indeed, the loss of function resulting from the mutation of the conserved lysine residue into aspartate or glutamate in the TM3 of gamma-aminobutyric acid type B(2) can be partly rescued by mutating the conserved acidic residue of TM6 into either lysine or arginine. In addition, mutation of the conserved lysine into an acidic residue leads to a nonfunctional receptor that displays a high agonist affinity. This is reminiscent of a similar ionic network that constitutes a lock stabilizing the inactive state of many class A rhodopsin-like GPCRs. These data reveal that despite their original structure, class C GPCRs share with class A receptors at least some common structural feature controlling G protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Binet
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier
CHUI MontpellierFR
| | - Béatrice Duthey
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Jennifer Lecaillon
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Claire Vol
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Julie Quoyer
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Gilles Labesse
- CBS, Centre de biochimie structurale
CNRS : UMR5048INSERM : U554IFR3Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc29 rue de Navacelles
34090 MONTPELLIER,FR
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Laurent Prézeau
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Laurent Prézeau
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10
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Abstract
Calcimimetics are ligands that activate the calcium receptor. Some are small molecules and of these, the most extensively studied are phenylalkylamines like cinacalcet. This compound is a positive allosteric modulator that selectively targets the parathyroid calcium receptor to inhibit the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Cinacalcet is the first calcimimetic compound to attain regulatory approval for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism resulting from end-stage renal disease. The discovery of calcimimetics and the receptor they act on are considered with the intent of extracting lessons relevant to medical research and the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Nemeth
- NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 101 College Street, South Tower, Suite 800, Toronto, ON M5G 1L8 Canada.
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Rondard P, Liu J, Huang S, Malhaire F, Vol C, Pinault A, Labesse G, Pin JP. Coupling of agonist binding to effector domain activation in metabotropic glutamate-like receptors. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24653-61. [PMID: 16787923 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602277200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many membrane receptors are made of a ligand binding domain and an effector domain mediating intracellular signaling. This is the case for the metabotropic glutamate-like G-protein-coupled receptors. How ligand binding leads to the active conformation of the effector domain in such receptors is largely unknown. Here, we used an evolutionary trace analysis and mutagenesis to identify critical residues involved in the allosteric coupling between the Venus flytrap ligand binding domain (VFT) and the heptahelical G-protein activating domain of the metabotropic glutamate-like receptors. We have shown that a conserved interdomain disulfide bridge is required for this allosteric interaction. Taking into account that these receptors are homodimers, this finding provides important new information explaining how the different conformations of the dimer of VFT lead to different signaling of such dimeric receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rondard
- CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 5203, INSERM U661, Universités Montpellier 1 and 2, France
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