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Monteiro KLC, de Aquino TM, Mendonça Junior FJB. An Update on Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2168-2185. [PMID: 32621719 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200704135837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are pathogens causing severe infectious diseases that pose real public health threats problems worldwide. In S. aureus, the most efficient multidrug-resistant system is the NorA efflux pump. For this reason, it is critical to identify efflux pump inhibitors. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we present an update of the new natural and synthetic compounds that act as modulators of antibiotic resistance through the inhibition of the S. aureus NorA efflux pump. RESULTS Several classes of compounds capable of restoring the antibiotic activity have been identified against resistant-S. aureus strains, acting as NorA efflux pump inhibitors. The most promising classes of compounds were quinolines, indoles, pyridines, phenols, and sulfur-containing heterocycles. However, the substantial degree structural diversity of these compounds makes it difficult to establish good structure- activity correlations that allow the design of compounds with more promising activities and properties. CONCLUSION Despite substantial efforts put forth in the search for new antibiotic adjuvants that act as efflux pump inhibitors, and despite several promising results, there are currently no efflux pump inhibitors authorized for human or veterinary use, or in clinical trials. Unfortunately, it appears that infection control strategies have remained the same since the discovery of penicillin, and that most efforts remain focused on discovering new classes of antibiotics, rather than trying to prolong the life of available antibiotics, and simultaneously fighting mechanisms of bacterial resistance.
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Recent Advances in Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) Efflux Pump Inhibitors of Gram-Positive Bacteria S. aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013; 2:28-45. [PMID: 27029290 PMCID: PMC4790296 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics2010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper focuses on recent achievements in the search for new chemical compounds able to inhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in Gram-positive pathogens. An analysis of the results of the search for new efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) for Gram-positive bacteria, which have been performed over the last decade, indicates that almost all efforts are focused on the NorA (MFS) efflux pump in S. aureus. Considering the chemical structures of the NorA EPIs that have been identified, it can be observed that the most active agents belong to the families of compounds possessing conjugated double bonds, e.g., chalcones, piperine-like compounds, N-cinnamoylphenalkylamides or citral amide derivatives. Indole-, dihydronaphthyl-, 2-chloro-5-bromo-phenyl- or piperidine moieties seem to be profitable for the EPI properties, as well. These results, together with an increasing knowledge about a variety of efflux pumps that are involved in MDR of Gram-positive pathogens underline that further search for new EPIs should pay more attention to develop MDR efflux protein targets, including SMR, MATE, ABC or other members of the MFS family.
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Madani S, Aminghafari M, Faez K. Identifying similar functional modules by a new hybrid spectral clustering method. IET Syst Biol 2012; 6:175-86. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2010.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Sabatini S, Gosetto F, Serritella S, Manfroni G, Tabarrini O, Iraci N, Brincat JP, Carosati E, Villarini M, Kaatz GW, Cecchetti V. Pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothiazines 5,5-Dioxide: A Promising New Class of Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3568-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201446h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Glenn W. Kaatz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division
of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University
and the John D. Dingell Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center,
Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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Mäder U, Schmeisky AG, Flórez LA, Stülke J. SubtiWiki--a comprehensive community resource for the model organism Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:D1278-87. [PMID: 22096228 PMCID: PMC3245094 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, most components of a cell are known and they can be quantified by large-scale functional genomics approaches. However, genome annotation is the bottleneck that hampers our understanding of living cells and organisms. Up-to-date functional annotation is of special importance for model organisms that provide a frame of reference for studies with other relevant organisms. We have generated a Wiki-type database for the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis, SubtiWiki (http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/). This Wiki is centered around the individual genes and gene products of B. subtilis and provides information on each aspect of gene function and expression as well as protein activity and its control. SubtiWiki is accompanied by two companion databases SubtiPathways and SubtInteract that provide graphical representations of B. subtilis metabolism and its regulation and of protein-protein interactions, respectively. The diagrams of both databases are easily navigatable using the popular Google maps API, and they are extensively linked with the SubtiWiki gene pages. Moreover, each gene/gene product was assigned to one or more functional categories and transcription factor regulons. Pages for the specific categories and regulons provide a rapid overview of functionally related genes/proteins. Today, SubtiWiki can be regarded as one of the most complete inventories of knowledge on a living organism in one single resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mäder
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Jahnstr 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Sabatini S, Gosetto F, Manfroni G, Tabarrini O, Kaatz GW, Patel D, Cecchetti V. Evolution from a Natural Flavones Nucleus to Obtain 2-(4-Propoxyphenyl)quinoline Derivatives As Potent Inhibitors of the S. aureus NorA Efflux Pump. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5722-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200370y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Gosetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Glenn W. Kaatz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and the John D. Dingell Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Diixa Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, and the John D. Dingell Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Pieroni M, Dimovska M, Brincat JP, Sabatini S, Carosati E, Massari S, Kaatz GW, Fravolini A. From 6-aminoquinolone antibacterials to 6-amino-7-thiopyranopyridinylquinolone ethyl esters as inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus multidrug efflux pumps. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4466-80. [PMID: 20446747 DOI: 10.1021/jm1003304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thiopyranopyridine moiety was synthesized as a new heterocyclic base to be inserted at the C-7 position of selected quinolone nuclei followed by a determination of antibacterial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Selected thiopyranopyridinylquinolones showed significant antimicrobial activity, including strains having mutations in gyrA and grlA as well as other strains overexpressing the NorA multidrug (MDR) efflux pump. Most derivatives did not appear to be NorA substrates. The effect of the thiopyranopyridinyl substituent on making these quinolones poor substrates for NorA was investigated further. Several quinolone ester intermediates, devoid of any intrinsic antibacterial activity, were tested for their abilities to inhibit the activities of NorA (MFS family) and MepA (MATE family) S. aureus MDR efflux pumps. Selected quinolone esters were capable of inhibiting both MDR pumps more efficiently than the reference compound reserpine. Moreover, they also were able to restore, and even enhance, the activity of ciprofloxacin toward some genetically modified resistant S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pieroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Piperine analogs as potent Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9847-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Surmeli D, Ratmann O, Mewes HW, Tetko IV. FunCat functional inference with belief propagation and feature integration. Comput Biol Chem 2008; 32:375-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tetko IV, Rodchenkov IV, Walter MC, Rattei T, Mewes HW. Beyond the 'best' match: machine learning annotation of protein sequences by integration of different sources of information. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 24:621-8. [PMID: 18174184 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Accurate automatic assignment of protein functions remains a challenge for genome annotation. We have developed and compared the automatic annotation of four bacterial genomes employing a 5-fold cross-validation procedure and several machine learning methods. RESULTS The analyzed genomes were manually annotated with FunCat categories in MIPS providing a gold standard. Features describing a pair of sequences rather than each sequence alone were used. The descriptors were derived from sequence alignment scores, InterPro domains, synteny information, sequence length and calculated protein properties. Following training we scored all pairs from the validation sets, selected a pair with the highest predicted score and annotated the target protein with functional categories of the prototype protein. The data integration using machine-learning methods provided significantly higher annotation accuracy compared to the use of individual descriptors alone. The neural network approach showed the best performance. The descriptors derived from the InterPro domains and sequence similarity provided the highest contribution to the method performance. The predicted annotation scores allow differentiation of reliable versus non-reliable annotations. The developed approach was applied to annotate the protein sequences from 180 complete bacterial genomes. AVAILABILITY The FUNcat Annotation Tool (FUNAT) is available on-line as Web Services at http://mips.gsf.de/proj/funat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Tetko
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance continues to hamper antimicrobial chemotherapy of infectious disease, and while biocide resistance outside of the laboratory is as yet unrealized, in vitro and in vivo episodes of reduced biocide susceptibility are not uncommon. Efflux mechanisms, both drug-specific and multidrug, are important determinants of intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to these antimicrobials in important human pathogens. Multidrug efflux mechanisms are generally chromosome-encoded, with their expression typically resultant from mutations in regulatory genes, while drug-specific efflux mechanisms are encoded by mobile genetic elements whose acquisition is sufficient for resistance. While it has been suggested that drug-specific efflux systems originated from efflux determinants of self-protection in antibiotic-producing Actinomycetes, chromosomal multidrug efflux determinants, at least in Gram-negative bacteria, are appreciated as having an intended housekeeping function unrelated to drug export and resistance. Thus, it will be important to elucidate the intended natural function of these efflux mechanisms in order, for example, to anticipate environmental conditions or circumstances that might promote their expression and, so, compromise antimicrobial chemotherapy. Given the clinical significance of antimicrobial exporters, it is clear that efflux must be considered in formulating strategies for treatment of drug-resistant infections, both in the development of new agents, for example, less impacted by efflux or in targeting efflux directly with efflux inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Poole
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Michalet S, Cartier G, David B, Mariotte AM, Dijoux-franca MG, Kaatz GW, Stavri M, Gibbons S. N-caffeoylphenalkylamide derivatives as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:1755-8. [PMID: 17275293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing project to identify plant natural products as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) led to the isolation of an active polyphenolic amide: N-trans-feruloyl 4'-O-methyldopamine. This compound showed moderate activity as an EPI against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus overexpressing the multidrug efflux transporter NorA, causing an 8-fold reduction of norfloxacin MIC at 292 microM (100 microg/mL). This prompted us to synthesize derivatives in order to provide structure-activity relationships and to access more potent inhibitors. Among the synthetic compounds, some were more active than the natural compound and N-trans-3,4-O-dimethylcaffeoyl tryptamine showed potentiation of norfloxacin in MDR S. aureus comparable to that of the standard reserpine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Michalet
- DPM UMR 5063 CNRS-UJF, Equipe de Pharmacognosie, UFR de Pharmacie de Grenoble, Domaine de La Merci, 38706 La Tronche cedex, France.
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