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The Correlation between Subolesin-Reactive Epitopes and Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081327. [PMID: 36016215 PMCID: PMC9414912 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an environmentally-friendly alternative for tick control. The tick antigen Subolesin (SUB) has shown protection in vaccines for the control of multiple tick species in cattle. Additionally, recent approaches in quantum vaccinomics have predicted SUB-protective epitopes and the peptide sequences involved in protein−protein interactions in this tick antigen. Therefore, the identification of B-cell−reactive epitopes by epitope mapping using a SUB peptide array could be essential as a novel strategy for vaccine development. Subolesin can be used as a model to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches for the identification of protective epitopes related to vaccine protection and efficacy. In this study, the mapping of B-cell linear epitopes of SUB from three different tick species common in Uganda (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. decoloratus, and Amblyomma variegatum) was conducted using serum samples from two cattle breeds immunized with SUB-based vaccines. The results showed that in cattle immunized with SUB from R. appendiculatus (SUBra) all the reactive peptides (Z-score > 2) recognized by IgG were also significant (Z-ratio > 1.96) when compared to the control group. Additionally, some of the reactive peptides recognized by IgG from the control group were also recognized in SUB cocktail−immunized groups. As a significant result, cattle groups that showed the highest vaccine efficacy were Bos indicus immunized with a SUB cocktail (92%), and crossbred cattle were immunized with SUBra (90%) against R. appendiculatus ticks; the IgG from these groups recognized overlapping epitopes from the peptide SPTGLSPGLSPVRDQPLFTFRQVGLICERMMKERESQIRDEYDHVLSAKLAEQYDTFVKFTYDQKRFEGATPSYLS (Z-ratio > 1.96), which partially corresponded to a Q38 peptide and the SUB protein interaction domain. These identified epitopes could be related to the protection and efficacy of the SUB-based vaccines, and new chimeras containing these protective epitopes could be designed using this new approach.
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Bi Y, Jin Z, Wang Y, Mou S, Wang W, Wei Q, Huo N, Liu S, Wang X, Yang Z, Chen H, Xiao S. Identification of Two Distinct Linear B Cell Epitopes of the Matrix Protein of the Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Strain LaSota. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:221-229. [PMID: 31094659 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an abundant protein that can induce a robust humoral immune response. However, its antigenic epitopes remain unknown. In this study, we used a pepscan approach to map linear B cell immunodominant epitopes (IDEs) of M protein with NDV-specific chicken antisera. The six epitopes with the highest reactivity by peptide scanning were obtained as IDE candidates. Among them, aa71-85 and aa349-363 were identified by immunological assays with NDV-specific or IDE-specific antisera. The minimal antigenic epitopes of the two IDEs were further characterized as 77MIDDKP82 and 354HTLAKYNPFK363. Moreover, an amino acid sequence alignment and immunoblot analysis revealed the conservation of the two IDEs in the M protein of strains of different genotypes. These two IDEs of M protein could be genetically eliminated as negative markers in recombinant NDV for serologically differential diagnosis in the development of marker vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkun Bi
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhongyuan Jin
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sujing Mou
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiaolin Wei
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Huo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- 2 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Abstract
Prion diseases denote a distinct form of infectivity that is based in the misfolding of a self-protein (PrP(C)) into a pathological, infectious conformation (PrP(Sc)). Efforts to develop vaccines for prion diseases have been complicated by the potential dangers that are associated with induction of immune responses against a self-protein. As a consequence, there is considerable appeal for vaccines that specifically target the misfolded prion conformation. Such conformation-specific immunotherapy is made possible through the identification of vaccine targets (epitopes) that are exclusively presented as a consequence of misfolding. An immune response directed against these targets, termed disease-specific epitopes (DSEs), has the potential to spare the function of the native form of the protein while clearing, or neutralizing, the infectious isomer. Although identification of DSEs represents a critical first step in the induction of conformation-specific immune responses, substantial efforts are required to translate these targets into functional vaccines. Due to the poor immunogenicity that is inherent to self-proteins, and that is often associated with short peptides, substantial efforts are required to overcome tolerance-to-self and maximize the resultant immune response following DSE-based immunization. This often includes optimization of target sequences in terms of immunogenicity and development of effective formulation and delivery strategies for the associated peptides. Further, these vaccines must satisfy additional criteria from perspectives of specificity (PrP(C) vs. PrP(Sc)) and safety (antibody-induced template-driven misfolding of PrP(C)). The emphasis of this report is on the steps required to translate DSEs into prion vaccines and subsequent evaluation of the resulting immune responses.
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Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Peptide-based synthetic vaccines. Chem Sci 2015; 7:842-854. [PMID: 28791117 PMCID: PMC5529997 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03892h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Classically all vaccines were produced using live or attenuated microorganisms or parts of them. However, the use of whole organisms, their components or the biological process for vaccine production has several weaknesses. The presence of immunologically redundant biological components or biological impurities in such vaccines might cause major problems. All the disadvantageous of traditional vaccines might be overcome via the development of fully synthetic peptide-based vaccines. However, once minimal antigenic epitopes only are applied for immunisation, the immune responses are poor. The use of an adjuvant can overcome this obstacle; however, it may raise new glitches. Here we briefly summarise the current stand on peptide-based vaccines, discuss epitope and adjuvant design, and multi-epitope and nanoparticle-based vaccine approaches. This mini review discusses also the disadvantages and benefits associated with peptide-based vaccines. It proposes possible methods to overcome the weaknesses of the synthetic vaccine strategy and suggests future directions for its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Skwarczynski
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , St Lucia 4072 , Australia .
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , St Lucia 4072 , Australia . .,The University of Queensland , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , St Lucia 4072 , Australia.,The University of Queensland , School of Pharmacy , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
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Ladics GS, Fry J, Goodman R, Herouet-Guicheney C, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Madsen CB, Penninks A, Pomés A, Roggen EL, Smit J, Wal JM. Allergic sensitization: screening methods. Clin Transl Allergy 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24739743 PMCID: PMC3990213 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental in silico, in vitro, and rodent models for screening and predicting protein sensitizing potential are discussed, including whether there is evidence of new sensitizations and allergies since the introduction of genetically modified crops in 1996, the importance of linear versus conformational epitopes, and protein families that become allergens. Some common challenges for predicting protein sensitization are addressed: (a) exposure routes; (b) frequency and dose of exposure; (c) dose-response relationships; (d) role of digestion, food processing, and the food matrix; (e) role of infection; (f) role of the gut microbiota; (g) influence of the structure and physicochemical properties of the protein; and (h) the genetic background and physiology of consumers. The consensus view is that sensitization screening models are not yet validated to definitively predict the de novo sensitizing potential of a novel protein. However, they would be extremely useful in the discovery and research phases of understanding the mechanisms of food allergy development, and may prove fruitful to provide information regarding potential allergenicity risk assessment of future products on a case by case basis. These data and findings were presented at a 2012 international symposium in Prague organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute's Health and Environmental Sciences Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Pioneer Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA
| | - Jeremy Fry
- ProImmune Limited, The Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Goodman
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 143 Food Industry Complex, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte B Madsen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 19, Mørkhøj Bygade, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - André Penninks
- TNO Triskelion BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AV Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc, 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erwin L Roggen
- Novozymes AS and 3Rs Management and Consultancy, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- AgroParisTech, Department SVS, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Mapping B-cell linear epitopes of NS3 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 151:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pacios LF, Tordesillas L, Palacín A, Sánchez-Monge R, Salcedo G, Díaz-Perales A. LocaPep: Localization of Epitopes on Protein Surfaces Using Peptides from Phage Display Libraries. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1465-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Pacios
- Department Biotecnología, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Tordesillas
- Department Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantxa Palacín
- Department Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Sánchez-Monge
- Department Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Salcedo
- Department Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Díaz-Perales
- Department Biotecnología, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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