Synthesis of none Bisphenol A structure dimethacrylate monomer and characterization for dental composite applications

Synthesis of polymerizable betulin maleic diester derivative for dental restorative resins with antibacterial activity

OBJECTIVE

Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) is of great importance for dental materials as the preferred monomer. However, the presence of bisphenol-A (BPA) core in Bis-GMA structure causes potential concerns since it is associated with endocrine diseases, developmental abnormalities, and cancer lesions. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an alternative replacement for Bis-GMA and explore the intrinsic relationship between monomer structure and resin properties.

METHODS

Here, the betulin maleic diester derivative (MABet) was synthesized by a facile esterification reaction using plant-derived betulin and maleic anhydride as raw materials. Its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra, and HR-MS, respectively. The as-synthesized MABet was then used as polymerizable comonomer to partially or completely substitute Bis-GMA in a 50:50 Bis-GMA: TEGDMA resin (5B5T) to formulate dental restorative resins. These were then determined for the viscosity behavior, light transmittance, real-time degree of conversion, residual monomers, mechanical performance, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in detail.

RESULTS

Among all experimental resins, increasing the MABet concentration to 50 wt% made the resultant 5MABet5T resin have a maximum in viscosity and appear dark yellowish after polymerization. In contrast, the 1MABet4B5T resin with 10 wt% MABet possessed comparable shear viscosity and polymerization conversion (46.6 ± 1.0% in 60 s), higher flexural and compressive strength (89.7 ± 7.8 MPa; 345.5 ± 14.4 MPa) to those of the 5B5T control (48.5 ± 0.6%; 65.7 ± 6.7 MPa; 223.8 ± 57.1 MPa). This optimal resin also had significantly lower S. mutans colony counts (0.35 ×108 CFU/mL) than 5B5T (7.6 ×108 CFU/mL) without affecting cytocompatibility.

SIGNIFICANCE

Introducing plant-derived polymerizable MABet monomer into dental restorative resins is an effective strategy for producing antibacterial dental materials with superior physicochemical property.

Antibacterial and Physicochemical Properties of Orthodontic Resin Cement Containing ZnO-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes

Demineralized white lesions are a common problem when using orthodontic resin cement, which can be prevented with the addition of antibacterial substances. However, the addition of antibacterial substances such as zinc oxide alone may result in the deterioration of the resin cement's functions. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are known to be biocompatible without adversely affecting the mechanical properties of the material while having the ability to load different substances. The purpose of this study was to prepare orthodontic resin cement containing HNT fillers loaded with ZnO (ZnO/HNTs) and to investigate its mechanical, physical, chemical, and antibacterial properties. A group without filler was used as a control. Three groups containing 5 wt.% of HNTs, ZnO, and ZnO/HNTs were prepared. TEM and EDS measurements were carried out to confirm the morphological structure of the HNTs and the successful loading of ZnO onto the HNTs. The mechanical, physical, chemical, and antibacterial properties of the prepared orthodontic resin cement were considered. The ZnO group had high flexural strength and water absorption but a low depth of cure (p < 0.05). The ZnO/HNTs group showed the highest shear bond strength and film thickness (p < 0.05). In the antibacterial test, the ZnO/HNTs group resulted in a significant decrease in the biofilm's metabolic activity compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). ZnO/HNTs did not affect cell viability. In addition, ZnO was cytotoxic at a concentration of 100% in the extract. The nanocomposite developed in this study exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. mutans while maintaining the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of orthodontic resin cement. Therefore, it has the potential to be used as an orthodontic resin cement that can prevent DWLs.

Tailoring the monomers to overcome the shortcomings of current dental resin composites - review

Dental resin composites (DRCs) have become the first choice among different restorative materials for direct anterior and posterior restorations in the clinic. Though the properties of DRCs have been improved greatly in recent years, they still have several shortcomings, such as volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, biofilm development, lack of radio-opacity for some specific DRCs, and estrogenicity, which need to be overcome. The resin matrix, composed of different monomers, constitutes the continuous phase and determine the performance of DRCs. Thus, the chemical structure of the monomers plays an important role in modifying the properties of DRCs. Numerous researchers have taken to design and develop novel monomers with specific functions for the purpose of fulfilling the needs in dentistry. In this review, the development of monomers in DRCs were highlighted, especially focusing on strategies aimed at reducing volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress, endowing bacteriocidal and antibacterial adhesion activities as well as protein-repelling activity, increasing radio-opacity, and replacing Bis-GMA. The influences of these novel monomers on the properties of DRCs were also discussed.

Analytical Methods for Determination of BPA Released from Dental Resin Composites and Related Materials: A Systematic Review

Knowing the impacts of bisphenol A (BPA) on human health, this systematic review aimed to gather the analytical methods for the quantification of BPA release of BPA in dental materials in in vitro and in vivo (biological fluids) studies. A brief critical discussion of the impacts of BPA on human health and the possible association with BPA in dental materials was also presented. The research was carried out by three independent researchers, (according to PRISMA guidelines) in PUBMED and SCOPUS databases, by searching for specific keywords and articles published between January 2011 and February 2022. Seventeen articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review: 10 in vitro and 7 in vivo. In in vitro studies, the highest amounts of BPA released were from flowable to conventional resins, followed by resin-modified glass ionomer. In contrast, the smallest amount was released from "BPA-free" composites and CAD-CAM blocks. Regarding in vivo studies, a higher concentration of BPA were found in saliva than urine or blood. The best analytical method for trace quantifying BPA is LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry) due to its selectivity, low quantification limits, and the unequivocal identification. However, further studies are required to develop faster and more sensitive methods, in order to obtain more reliable results.

Preparation and evaluation of novel bio-based Bis-GMA-free dental composites with low estrogenic activity

OBJECTIVE

Although bisphenol Aglycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) are widely used in the dental composite, its raw materials include the petroleum-based product bisphenol A (BPA) with high estrogenic activity (EA). In this study, two new BPA-free dimethacrylate monomers from bio-based material creosol were synthesized and evaluated.

METHODS

The renewable bisphenol monomer 5, 5'-methylenedicreosol (BCF) was prepared from bio-based material creosol. By the human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) proliferation assay, a risk assessment of BCF was performed to determine if BCF possessed reduced EA in comparison to BPA. Then, the novel monomers 5, 5'-methylenedicreosol diglycidyl ether diacrylate (BCF-EA) and 5, 5'-methylenedicreosol diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate (BCF-GMA) were synthesized from BCF with epichlorohydrin and (meth)acrylate. All products were investigated by ¹H NMR and FT-IR spectra. The control resin was a mixture based on Bis-GMA and tri(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) with a weight ratio of 5:5 (5B5T). Similarly, experimental resin matrix was a mixture based on BCF-EA/TEGDMA (5E5T) and BCF-GMA/TEGDMA (5G5T). And their corresponding composites were then prepared with corresponding resin matrices and hybrid SiO₂ (5E5TC, 5G5TC and 5B5TC). The properties of these composites were investigated according to the standard or referenced methods. Each sample was evaluated for double bond conversion (DC), shrinkage stress (SS) and volumetric polymerization shrinkage (VS). Water sorption (WS), water solubility (SL), mechanical properties and cytotoxicity were also measured.

RESULTS

¹H NMR and FT-IR spectra confirmed the chemical structure of each monomer. EA test revealed that bio-based bisphenol monomer BCF as the precursor of BCF-EA and BCF-GMA showed lower EA than BPA. Cured resin matrix: Both 5E5T and 5G5T had nearly the same DC (p < 0.05), which was higher than 5B5T (p < 0.05); 5E5T and 5G5T had lower VS, SL and cytotoxicity than 5B5T (p < 0.05); mechanical properties of 5E5T and 5G5T were all better than those of 5B5T (p < 0.05). Cured composite: There was no significant difference in conversion (p < 0.05); 5E5TC and 5G5TC had significantly lower VS (p < 0.05); WS of 5E5TC and 5G5TC were similar (p < 0.05), but higher compared to 5B5TC (p < 0.05); 5E5TC and 5G5TC had the deeper depth of cure (p > 0.05); before water immersion, there was no significant difference in flexural strength between 5E5TC and 5G5TC (p > 0.05), and higher than 5B5TC (p < 0.05); 5E5TC and 5G5TC showed less cytotoxicity than 5B5TC (p < 0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

The new BPA-free di(meth)acrylates are promising photocurable dental monomers owning to bio-based raw material, high degree of conversion coupled with low curing shrinkage and good mechanical properties. Therefore, BCF-EA and BCF-GMA has a potential to be used as the substitution for Bis-GMA to prepare Bis-GMA-free dental composite.

Novel core-shell CHX/ACP nanoparticles effectively improve the mechanical, antibacterial and remineralized properties of the dental resin composite

OBJECTIVE

The core-shell chlorhexidine/amorphous calcium phosphate (CHX/ACP) nanoparticles were synthesized and used to modify the dental resin composite, aiming to improve its remineralized and antibacterial properties.

METHODS

The core-shell CHX/ACP nanoparticles were synthesized by vesicle-templating technology and characterized, and their sustained release and antibacterial properties were also evaluated. Subsequently, the synthesized nanoparticles were incorporated into the dental resin composite at 1 wt.%, 5 wt.% or 10 wt.% to obtain different experimental groups. The physical properties, including curing depth, double bond conversion rate, water absorption and solubility, the sustained-release effects, and mechanical properties of the modified resin composite were evaluated. The remineralization ability was also measured by SEM. The antibacterial experiment of the modified resin composite with fresh preparation or aging in water for 28 days was carried out by a plate count method.

RESULTS

The physical and chemical characterizations showed that the synthesized nanoparticles presented a core-shell structure, and their diameter was about 98.5 nm. The shell was composed of ACP with the core full of CHX. These nanoparticles had a release effect on calcium, phosphate ions, and CHX. The nanoparticles could effectively inhibit the growth of S. mutan at a lower concentration (≥50 μg/mL). The curing depth, the double bond conversion, the water absorption, the solubility, the flexural strength, the flexural modulus, and the compressive strength of the modified resin composite were 3.86-4.88 mm, 62.32-73.61%, 1.47-2.84%, 0.21-0.48%, 45.83-109.46 MPa, 2.57-4.91 GPa, and 66.43-160.38 MPa, respectively. The modified resin composite containing 5 wt.% and above CHX/ACP nanoparticles could effectively inhibit the growth of S. mutans regardless of aging in water, with immediate and aging antibacterial rate of more than 92%. In addition, the modified resin composite had a certain remineralization property in the SBF solution verified by SEM.

SIGNIFICANCE

The core-shell CHX/ACP nanoparticles were successfully prepared and used to modify the resin composite. The modified dental resin composite with 5 wt.% CHX/ACP nanoparticles had excellent mechanical, antibacterial, and remineralization properties. It is expected to be an ideal restorative filling material for clinical application.

Effect of APTES- or MPTS-Conditioned Nanozirconia Fillers on Mechanical Properties of Bis-GMA-Based Resin Composites

To investigate the effects of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)- or (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS)-conditioned nanozirconia fillers on the mechanical properties of Bis-GMA-based resin composites. The conditioned fillers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermodynamic calculations. They were then used to prepare Bis-GMA-based resin composites, whose flexural strength and elastic modulus were evaluated. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assessed the composites' cytotoxicity. The FTIR spectra of the conditioned fillers showed new absorption bands at 1569 and 1100 cm-1, indicating successful grafting of APTES or MPTS onto nanozirconia. XPS confirmed the Zr-O-Si bonds in the APTES- or MPTS-conditioned fillers at contents of 2.02 and 6.98%, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations reaffirmed the chemical binding between the two silanes and nanozirconia fillers. Composites containing the conditioned nanozirconia fillers had significantly greater flexural strengths (APTES, 121.02 ± 8.31 MPa; MPTS, 132.80 ± 15.80 MPa; control, 94.84 ± 9.28 MPa) and elastic moduli (8.76 ± 0.52, 9.24 ± 0.60, and 7.44 ± 0.83 GPa, respectively) than a control with untreated fillers. The cytotoxicity assay identified no significant cytotoxicity by composites containing the conditioned fillers. Silanes were previously considered to be unable to chemically condition zirconia to bond with resin. Inclusion of APTES- or MPTS-conditioned nanozirconia fillers can improve the mechanical properties of Bis-GMA-based resin composites without obvious cytotoxicity in this study.

Biomechanical and biological evaluations of novel BPA-free fibre-reinforced composites for biomedical applications

This aim was to assess the biomechanical and biocompatibility properties of novel glass fibre-reinforced composites (FRCs) with a fluorinated urethane dimethacrylate (FUDMA) resin. Three ratios of FUDMA/TEGDMA (30/70 wt%, 50/50 wt%, 70/30 wt%) and two ratios of control FRCs with bis-GMA/TEGDMA (50/50 wt% and 70/30 wt%) containing long silanized E-glass fibres were prepared. Despite 70 wt% bis-GMA-FRC showed a significantly higher flexural strength (p < 0.05), 50 wt% FUDMA- and bis-GMA-FRCs were not differ from each other. The greatest surface hardness and weight increase after water storage were found in 70 wt% and 30 wt% FUDMA-FRCs, respectively. No significant difference was found in water sorption and solubility among all groups. Average surface roughness was 1.80 ± 0.05 μm, while 70 wt% FUDMA-FRC exhibited the greatest contact angle (p > 0.05). Viabilities and ALP activities of MC3TC-E1 cells in all FUDMA-FRCs were higher than bis-GMA-FRCs after 5 days. To conclude, the novel FUDMA-FRCs are potential substitutes that exhibited superior cytocompatibility properties but comparable biomechanical properties to bis-GMA-FRCs.

Preparation of low shrinkage stress Bis-GMA free dental resin composites with a synthesized urethane dimethacrylate monomer

A new urethane dimethacrylate TMA was synthesized through a typical urethane reaction. TMA was used to replace 1,6-bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonyl- amino)-2,4,4- trimethylhexane (UDMA) in UDMA based composite partially or totally to prepare TMA containing composites. Critical properties of TMA containing composites were investigated. 2,2-bis[4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloy- propyloy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) based and UDMA based composites were used as references. FT-IR and ¹H-NMR confirmed the structure of TMA. All of experimental dental resin composites had the similar double bond conversion (p > 0.05). With a certain amount of TMA, TMA containing composites could have lower volumetric shrinkage (p < 0.05) and shrinkage stress (p < 0.05) than control groups. Water sorption, solubility, flexural strength and modulus of TMA containing composites were not worse than those of control groups. All of TMA containing composites and UDMA based composite had the same fracture toughness (p > 0.05), which was higher than that of Bis-GMA based composite (p < 0.05). TMA has potential as Bis-GMA substitute to prepare Bis-GMA free dental resin composites with low shrinkage stress.

Physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of an experimental resin-based pulp capping material containing the quaternary ammonium salt and Portland cement

AIM

To evaluate in vitro the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and calcium phosphate nucleation of an experimental light-curable pulp capping material composed of a resin with antibacterial monomer (MAE-DB) and Portland cement (PC).

METHODOLOGY

The experimental material was prepared by mixing PC with a resin containing MAE-DB at a 2 : 1 ratio. Cured pure resin containing MAE-DB served as control resin. ProRoot MTA and Dycal served as commercial controls. The depth of cure, degree of monomer conversion, water absorption and solubility of dry samples, calcium release, alkalinizing activity, calcium phosphate nucleation and the cytotoxicity of materials were evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out using anova followed by Tukey's HSD test (equal variance assumed) or Tamhane test (equal variance not assumed) and independent-samples t-tests.

RESULTS

The experimental material had a cure depth of 1.19 mm, and the mean degree of monomer conversion was 70.93% immediately post-cure and 88.75% at 24 h post-cure. The water absorption of the experimental material was between those of MTA and Dycal, and its solubility was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that of Dycal and higher than that of MTA. The experimental material exhibited continuous calcium release and an alkalinizing power between those of MTA and Dycal throughout the test period. Freshly set experimental material, control resin and all 24-h set materials had acceptable cytotoxicity. The experimental material, MTA and Dycal all exhibited the formation of apatite precipitates after immersion in phosphate-buffered saline.

CONCLUSIONS

The experimental material possessed adequate physicochemical properties, low cytotoxicity and good calcium phosphate nucleation.

Preparation of a Bis-GMA-Free Dental Resin System with Synthesized Fluorinated Dimethacrylate Monomers

With the aim of reducing human exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives in dentistry, a fluorinated dimethacrylate monomer was synthesized to replace 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloy-loxypropyl)-phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) as the base monomer of dental resin. After mixing with reactive diluent triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), fluorinated dimethacrylate (FDMA)/TEGDMA was prepared and compared with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA in physicochemical properties, such as double bond conversion (DC), volumetric shrinkage (VS), water sorption (WS) and solubility (WSL), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM). The results showed that, when compared with Bis-GMA based resin, FDMA-based resin had several advantages, such as higher DC, lower VS, lower WS, and higher FS after water immersion. All of these revealed that FDMA had potential to be used as a substitute for Bis-GMA. Of course, many more studies, such as biocompatibility testing, should be undertaken to prove whether FDMA could be applied in clinic.

Quartz crystal microbalance and photoacoustic measurements in dental photocuring

Photocured dental resins are used extensively in restorative procedures in dentistry. Inadequate curing reduces the lifetime of the dental restoration, and consequently it is essential to precisely measure the polymerisation kinetics. In this study, two techniques, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS), were used to monitor the real-time cure and to obtain the optical absorption spectra of resins, respectively. From the PAS measurements, the precise peaks of absorption were identified, and were used as the appropriate wavelength of the photocuring light in the QCM monitoring. The combined use of these techniques allows reliable determination of the duration of the phases of physical and chemical changes that occur during photocuring. Two commercial dental resins were tested, and the results confirmed the advantages of using PAS and QCM to study polymerisation kinetics.

Two-year clinical evaluation of resin composite in posterior teeth: A randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND

Clinical evaluations as fundamental method to prove the efficiency of restorative materials.

AIM

This study evaluated the clinical performance of restorative systems during 2 years of clinical service.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study assessed the clinical performance of restorative systems (Filtek Z250 and P60), during 2 years of clinical service, using the US Public Health Service system. The randomized and double-blind study comprising thirty volunteers. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months. It was used the following criteria: marginal discoloration (MD), marginal integrity (MI), superficial texture (ST), wear (W), postoperative sensitivity (PS) and recurrent caries (RC).

RESULTS

Statistic analysis was performed using Fisher's and McNemar's exact tests and Pearsons's Chi-square in a significance level of 5%. The results at baseline and 24 months for Group I were: MD - 100, 100%; MI - 100, 88.6%; ST - 100, 94.3%; W - 100, 94.3%; PS - 100, 100%; RC - 100, 100%, of alpha scores; Group II: MD - 100, 97.1%; MI - 100, 91.4%; ST - 100, 94.3%; W - 100, 91.4%; PS - 100, 100%; RC - 100, 100%, of alpha scores. It was observed no statistical difference in the evaluated criteria and period.

CONCLUSIONS

After 24 months of evaluation, both restorative systems exhibited acceptable clinical performance.

Functional dendritic compounds: potential prospective candidates for dental restorative materials and in situ re-mineralization of human tooth enamel

This review provides a snapshot of recent progress in the synthesis and application of dendritic compounds as potential prospective candidates for dental restorative materials andin siture-mineralization of human tooth enamel.

Preparation and characterization of Bis-GMA free dental resin system with synthesized dimethacrylate monomer TDDMMA derived from tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]-decanedimethanol

As a substitute for 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3- methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl] propane (Bis-GMA) in dental materials, a new dimethacrylate monomer TDDMMA without bisphenol-A structure was synthesized through the reaction between tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]- decanedimethanol and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate. The TDDMMA was mixed with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) to prepare Bis-GMA free dental resin. Physicochemical properties, such as double bond conversion (DC), polymerization shrinkage (VS), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM) and fracture energy of TDDMMA/TEGDMA resin system were investigated. Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin system was used as a control. The results showed that, compared with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin system, TDDMMA/TEGDMA resin system had comparable VS and several advantages like higher DC, lower SL and better mechanical properties after water immersion.

Visible light cure characteristics of a cycloaliphatic polyester dimethacrylate alternative oligomer to bisGMA

Objective: The goal of this study was to characterize the light curing characteristics of a new oligomer PEM-665 designed to be used as an alternative monomer to BisGMA.

Materials and methods: PEM-665 (P) and BisGMA (B) solutions were prepared with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (T) diluent in different weight proportions (70/30 and 50/50). Solutions containing 70% P and 30% T were designated as 70PT, 70%B and 30%T as 70BT, 50%P and 50%T as 50PT and 50%B and 50%T as 50BT. The initiators were CQ (EDMAB was used as amine accelerator for CQ) and DPO in 1% concentration. Eight solutions were prepared in a factorial design: 70PT/DPO; 70PT/CQ; 50PT/DPO; 50PT/CQ; 70BT/DPO; 70BT/CQ; 50BT/DPO; 50BT/CQ. BISCO VIP visible light was used to cure the monomer solutions using 30 s exposure time and 400 W power setting. TA Instruments Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC 2910) was used to determine the heat of cure (J/g) during polymerization at 37 °C, from which molar heat of cure (kJ/mole) and %Conversion values were estimated.

Results: Range of mean values as a function monomer selections were: heat of cure (J/g): 161.7 for 70PT/DPO system to 198.6 for 50BT/CQ system; molar heat of cure (kJ/mole): 67.3 for 70BT/DPO to 78.86 for 50PT/CQ; % conversion: 59.9 for 70BT/DPO to 70.3 for 50PT/CQ. Analysis of variance and Tukey HSD pairwise contrast showed statistically significant differences between % conversion means of PEM and BisGMA mixtures, with PEM mixtures showing significantly higher mean values.

Conclusions: The results suggest that PEM-665 is a promising candidate material for dental polymer applications.

Synthesis of fluorinated dimethacrylate monomer and its application in preparing Bis-GMA free dental resin

With the aim to reduce human exposure to Bis-phenol A derivatives, a novel fluorinated dimethacrylate monomer FUDMA was synthesized and mixed with triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) to prepare 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloy- loxypropyl)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) free dental resin system. Physicochemical properties, such as double bond conversion (DC), polymerization shrinkage (VS), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL), flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM), and fracture energy of FUDMA/TEGDMA resin system were investigated. Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin system was used as a control. The results showed that, compared with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin system, FUDMA/TEGDMA had advantages like higher DC, lower VS, and higher fracture energy, but had no disadvantages. Therefore, FUDMA/TEGDMA resin system had better comprehensive physicochemical properties than Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin system, and FUDMA had potential to be used as a substitute for Bis-GMA.