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Varilh M, Acquatella-Tran Van Ba I, Silhol M, Nieto-Lopez F, Moussaed M, Lebart MC, Bovolenta P, Verdier JM, Rossel M, Marcilhac A, Trousse F. Reg-1α Promotes Differentiation of Cortical Progenitors via Its N-Terminal Active Domain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:681. [PMID: 32903776 PMCID: PMC7443566 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reg-1α belongs to the Reg family of small, secreted proteins expressed in both pancreas and nervous system. Reg-1α is composed of two domains, an insoluble C-type lectin domain and a short soluble N-terminal peptide, which is released from the molecule upon proteolytic N-terminal processing, although the biological significance of this proteolysis remains unclear. We have previously shown that binding of Reg-1α to its receptor Extl3 stimulates axonal outgrowth. Reg-1α and Extl3 genes are expressed in the developing cortex but their expression decreases in adulthood, pointing to a possible function of this signaling system at the early developmental stages. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant Reg-1α increases migration and differentiation of cultured embryonic rat telencephalic progenitors via the activation of GSK-3β activity. In vivo overexpression of Reg-1α by in utero electroporation, has a similar effect, favoring premature differentiation of cortical progenitors. Notably, the N-terminal soluble domain, but not the C-type lectin domain, is largely responsible for Reg-1α effects on cortical neuronal differentiation. We thus conclude that Reg-1α via its proteolytically generated N-terminal domain is required for basic development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Varilh
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Michelle Silhol
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Francisco Nieto-Lopez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireille Moussaed
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Lebart
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Rossel
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Marcilhac
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Trousse
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Abstract
C-type lectins of the Reg3 family belong to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which function as a barrier to protect body surfaces against microorganisms. Reg3 mainly expressed throughout the small intestine modulate host defense process via bactericidal activity. A wide range of studies indicate that Reg3 family plays an important role in the physical segregation of microbiota from host as well as the immune response induced by enteric pathogens. In this review, we review a growing literature on the potential metabolic functions of Reg3 proteins and their potential to act as important gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Randy J. Seeley, PhD, Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. E-mail:
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Acquatella-Tran Van Ba I, Marchal S, François F, Silhol M, Lleres C, Michel B, Benyamin Y, Verdier JM, Trousse F, Marcilhac A. Regenerating islet-derived 1α (Reg-1α) protein is new neuronal secreted factor that stimulates neurite outgrowth via exostosin Tumor-like 3 (EXTL3) receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4726-39. [PMID: 22158612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived 1α (Reg-1α)/lithostathine, a member of a family of secreted proteins containing a C-type lectin domain, is expressed in various organs and plays a role in proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and carcinogenesis of cells of the digestive system. We previously reported that Reg-1α is overexpressed during the very early stages of Alzheimer disease, and Reg-1α deposits were detected in the brain of patients with Alzheimer disease. However, the physiological function of Reg-1α in neural cells remains unknown. Here, we show that Reg-1α is expressed in neuronal cell lines (PC12 and Neuro-2a) and in rat primary hippocampal neurons (E17.5). Reg-1α is mainly localized around the nucleus and at the membrane of cell bodies and neurites. Transient overexpression of Reg-1α or addition of recombinant Reg-1α significantly increases the number of cells with longer neurites by stimulating neurite outgrowth. These effects are abolished upon down-regulation of Reg-1α by siRNA and following inhibition of secreted Reg-1α by antibodies. Moreover, Reg-1α colocalizes with exostosin tumor-like 3 (EXTL3), its putative receptor, at the membrane of these cells. Overexpression of EXTL3 increases the effect of recombinant Reg-1α on neurite outgrowth, and Reg-1α is not effective when EXTL3 overexpression is down-regulated by shRNA. Our findings indicate that Reg-1α regulates neurite outgrowth and suggest that this effect is mediated by its receptor EXTL3.
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC, Kriegstein AR. Estradiol stimulates progenitor cell division in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the embryonic neocortex. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 24:3475-88. [PMID: 17229096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct populations of cerebral cortical progenitor cells that generate neurons during embryogenesis have been identified: radial glial cells and intermediate progenitor cells. Despite advances in our understanding of progenitor cell populations, we know relatively little about factors that regulate their proliferative behaviour. 17-beta-Estradiol (E2) is present in the adult and developing mammalian brain, and plays an important role in central nervous system processes such as neuronal differentiation, survival and plasticity. E2 also stimulates neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. We examined the role of E2 during embryonic cortical neurogenesis through immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, functional enzyme assay, organotypic culture and in utero administration of estradiol-blocking agents in mice. We show that aromatase, the E2 synthesizing enzyme, is present in the embryonic neocortex, that estrogen receptor-alpha is present in progenitor cells during cortical neurogenesis, that in vitro E2 administration rapidly promotes proliferation, and that in utero blockade of estrogen receptors decreases proliferation of embryonic cortical progenitor cells. Furthermore, the E2 inhibitor alpha-fetoprotein is expressed at high levels by radial glial cells but at lower levels by intermediate progenitor cells, suggesting that E2 differentially influences the proliferation of these cortical progenitor cell types. These findings demonstrate a new functional role for E2 as a proliferative agent during critical stages of cerebral cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Neurology and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 1201, Box 0525, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Sun YM, Greenway DJ, Johnson R, Street M, Belyaev ND, Deuchars J, Bee T, Wilde S, Buckley NJ. Distinct profiles of REST interactions with its target genes at different stages of neuronal development. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:5630-8. [PMID: 16195345 PMCID: PMC1289408 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-07-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells through multipotent neural stem (NS) cells into differentiated neurons is accompanied by wholesale changes in transcriptional programs. One factor that is present at all three stages and a key to neuronal differentiation is the RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST/NRSF). Here, we have used a novel chromatin immunoprecipitation-based cloning strategy (SACHI) to identify 89 REST target genes in ES cells, embryonic hippocampal NS cells and mature hippocampus. The gene products are involved in all aspects of neuronal function, especially neuronal differentiation, axonal growth, vesicular transport and release, and ionic conductance. Most target genes are silent or expressed at low levels in ES and NS cells, but are expressed at much higher levels in hippocampus. These data indicate that the REST regulon is specific to each developmental stage and support the notion that REST plays distinct roles in regulating gene expression in pluripotent ES cells, multipotent NS cells, and mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Man Sun
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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