1
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Yatskevich S, Barford D, Muir KW. Conserved and divergent mechanisms of inner kinetochore assembly onto centromeric chromatin. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 81:102638. [PMID: 37343495 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein complexes built on centromeric chromatin that mediate chromosome segregation. The inner kinetochore, or constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), assembles onto centromeres defined by centromere protein A (CENP-A) nucleosomes (CENP-ANuc), and acts as a platform for the regulated assembly of the microtubule-binding outer kinetochore. Recent cryo-EM work revealed structural conservation of CCAN, from the repeating human regional centromeres to the point centromere of budding yeast. Centromere recognition is determined mainly through engagement of duplex DNA proximal to the CENP-A nucleosome by a DNA-binding CENP-LN channel located at the core of CCAN. Additional DNA interactions formed by other CCAN modules create an enclosed DNA-binding chamber. This configuration explains how kinetochores maintain their tight grip on centromeric DNA to withstand the forces of chromosome segregation. Defining the higher-order architecture of complete kinetochore assemblies with implications for understanding the 3D organisation of regional centromeres and mechanisms of kinetochore dynamics, including how kinetochores sense and respond to tension, are important future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislau Yatskevich
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/StanislauY
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Kyle W Muir
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/centromuir
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2
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Hara M, Ariyoshi M, Sano T, Nozawa RS, Shinkai S, Onami S, Jansen I, Hirota T, Fukagawa T. Centromere/kinetochore is assembled through CENP-C oligomerization. Mol Cell 2023:S1097-2765(23)00379-9. [PMID: 37295434 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochore is an essential protein complex required for accurate chromosome segregation. The constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), a subcomplex of the kinetochore, associates with centromeric chromatin and provides a platform for the kinetochore assembly. The CCAN protein CENP-C is thought to be a central hub for the centromere/kinetochore organization. However, the role of CENP-C in CCAN assembly needs to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that both the CCAN-binding domain and the C-terminal region that includes the Cupin domain of CENP-C are necessary and sufficient for chicken CENP-C function. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal self-oligomerization of the Cupin domains of chicken and human CENP-C. We find that the CENP-C Cupin domain oligomerization is vital for CENP-C function, centromeric localization of CCAN, and centromeric chromatin organization. These results suggest that CENP-C facilitates the centromere/kinetochore assembly through its oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mariko Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryu-Suke Nozawa
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Soya Shinkai
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuichi Onami
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Sobajima T, Kowalczyk KM, Skylakakis S, Hayward D, Fulcher LJ, Neary C, Batley C, Kurlekar S, Roberts E, Gruneberg U, Barr FA. PP6 regulation of Aurora A-TPX2 limits NDC80 phosphorylation and mitotic spindle size. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202205117. [PMID: 36897279 PMCID: PMC10041653 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of the mitotic kinase Aurora A or loss of its regulator protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) have emerged as drivers of genome instability. Cells lacking PPP6C, the catalytic subunit of PP6, have amplified Aurora A activity, and as we show here, enlarged mitotic spindles which fail to hold chromosomes tightly together in anaphase, causing defective nuclear structure. Using functional genomics to shed light on the processes underpinning these changes, we discover synthetic lethality between PPP6C and the kinetochore protein NDC80. We find that NDC80 is phosphorylated on multiple N-terminal sites during spindle formation by Aurora A-TPX2, exclusively at checkpoint-silenced, microtubule-attached kinetochores. NDC80 phosphorylation persists until spindle disassembly in telophase, is increased in PPP6C knockout cells, and is Aurora B-independent. An Aurora-phosphorylation-deficient NDC80-9A mutant reduces spindle size and suppresses defective nuclear structure in PPP6C knockout cells. In regulating NDC80 phosphorylation by Aurora A-TPX2, PP6 plays an important role in mitotic spindle formation and size control and thus the fidelity of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Hayward
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luke J. Fulcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colette Neary
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caleb Batley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samvid Kurlekar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emile Roberts
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ulrike Gruneberg
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis A. Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Loi J, Qu X, Suzuki A. Semi-automated 3D fluorescence speckle analyzer (3D-Speckler) for microscope calibration and nanoscale measurement. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213839. [PMID: 36715673 PMCID: PMC9929931 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of fluorescence microscopy has prompted the ongoing development of tools aiming to improve resolution and quantification accuracy for study of biological questions. Current calibration and quantification tools for fluorescence images face issues with usability/user experience, lack of automation, and comprehensive multidimensional measurement/correction capabilities. Here, we developed 3D-Speckler, a versatile, and high-throughput image analysis software that can provide fluorescent puncta quantification measurements such as 2D/3D particle size, spatial location/orientation, and intensities through semi-automation in a single, user-friendly interface. Integrated analysis options such as 2D/3D local background correction, chromatic aberration correction, and particle matching/filtering are also encompassed for improved precision and accuracy. We demonstrate 3D-Speckler microscope calibration capabilities by determining the chromatic aberrations, field illumination uniformity, and response to nanometer-scale emitters above and below the diffraction limit of our imaging system using multispectral beads. Furthermore, we demonstrated 3D-Speckler quantitative capabilities for offering insight into protein architectures and composition in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Loi
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaofei Qu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aussie Suzuki
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Correspondence to Aussie Suzuki:
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5
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Virant D, Vojnovic I, Winkelmeier J, Endesfelder M, Turkowyd B, Lando D, Endesfelder U. Unraveling the kinetochore nanostructure in Schizosaccharomyces pombe using multi-color SMLM imaging. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213836. [PMID: 36705602 PMCID: PMC9930162 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The key to ensuring proper chromosome segregation during mitosis is the kinetochore (KT), a tightly regulated multiprotein complex that links the centromeric chromatin to the spindle microtubules and as such leads the segregation process. Understanding its architecture, function, and regulation is therefore essential. However, due to its complexity and dynamics, only its individual subcomplexes could be studied in structural detail so far. In this study, we construct a nanometer-precise in situ map of the human-like regional KT of Schizosaccharomyces pombe using multi-color single-molecule localization microscopy. We measure each protein of interest (POI) in conjunction with two references, cnp1CENP-A at the centromere and sad1 at the spindle pole. This allows us to determine cell cycle and mitotic plane, and to visualize individual centromere regions separately. We determine protein distances within the complex using Bayesian inference, establish the stoichiometry of each POI and, consequently, build an in situ KT model with unprecedented precision, providing new insights into the architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Virant
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ilijana Vojnovic
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jannik Winkelmeier
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Endesfelder
- https://ror.org/05591te55Institute for Assyriology and Hittitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Bartosz Turkowyd
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Lando
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- https://ror.org/05r7n9c40Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiologyand LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Correspondence to Ulrike Endesfelder:
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6
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Sridhar S, Fukagawa T. Kinetochore Architecture Employs Diverse Linker Strategies Across Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862637. [PMID: 35800888 PMCID: PMC9252888 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of a functional kinetochore on centromeric chromatin is necessary to connect chromosomes to the mitotic spindle, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. This connecting function of the kinetochore presents multiple internal and external structural challenges. A microtubule interacting outer kinetochore and centromeric chromatin interacting inner kinetochore effectively confront forces from the external spindle and centromere, respectively. While internally, special inner kinetochore proteins, defined as “linkers,” simultaneously interact with centromeric chromatin and the outer kinetochore to enable association with the mitotic spindle. With the ability to simultaneously interact with outer kinetochore components and centromeric chromatin, linker proteins such as centromere protein (CENP)-C or CENP-T in vertebrates and, additionally CENP-QOkp1-UAme1 in yeasts, also perform the function of force propagation within the kinetochore. Recent efforts have revealed an array of linker pathways strategies to effectively recruit the largely conserved outer kinetochore. In this review, we examine these linkages used to propagate force and recruit the outer kinetochore across evolution. Further, we look at their known regulatory pathways and implications on kinetochore structural diversity and plasticity.
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7
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Chardon F, Japaridze A, Witt H, Velikovsky L, Chakraborty C, Wilhelm T, Dumont M, Yang W, Kikuti C, Gangnard S, Mace AS, Wuite G, Dekker C, Fachinetti D. CENP-B-mediated DNA loops regulate activity and stability of human centromeres. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1751-1767.e8. [PMID: 35320753 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome inheritance depends on centromeres, epigenetically specified regions of chromosomes. While conventional human centromeres are known to be built of long tandem DNA repeats, much of their architecture remains unknown. Using single-molecule techniques such as AFM, nanopores, and optical tweezers, we find that human centromeric DNA exhibits complex DNA folds such as local hairpins. Upon binding to a specific sequence within centromeric regions, the DNA-binding protein CENP-B compacts centromeres by forming pronounced DNA loops between the repeats, which favor inter-chromosomal centromere compaction and clustering. This DNA-loop-mediated organization of centromeric chromatin participates in maintaining centromere position and integrity upon microtubule pulling during mitosis. Our findings emphasize the importance of DNA topology in centromeric regulation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chardon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aleksandre Japaridze
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hannes Witt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonid Velikovsky
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Camellia Chakraborty
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Therese Wilhelm
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Wayne Yang
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Gangnard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Mace
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gijs Wuite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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8
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Barbosa J, Sunkel CE, Conde C. The Role of Mitotic Kinases and the RZZ Complex in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments: Doing the Right Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787294. [PMID: 35155423 PMCID: PMC8832123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the interaction of kinetochores (KTs) with microtubules (MTs) drives chromosome congression to the spindle equator and supports the segregation of sister chromatids. Faithful genome partition critically relies on the ability of chromosomes to establish and maintain proper amphitelic end-on attachments, a configuration in which sister KTs are connected to robust MT fibers emanating from opposite spindle poles. Because the capture of spindle MTs by KTs is error prone, cells use mechanisms that sense and correct inaccurate KT-MT interactions before committing to segregate sister chromatids in anaphase. If left unresolved, these errors can result in the unequal distribution of chromosomes and lead to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular strategies that monitor the formation and fine-tuning of KT-MT attachments. We describe the complex network of proteins that operates at the KT-MT interface and discuss how AURORA B and PLK1 coordinate several concurrent events so that the stability of KT-MT attachments is precisely modulated throughout mitotic progression. We also outline updated knowledge on how the RZZ complex is regulated to ensure the formation of end-on attachments and the fidelity of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Claudio E. Sunkel
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
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9
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Martin IM, Aponte-Santamaría C, Schmidt L, Hedtfeld M, Iusupov A, Musacchio A, Gräter F. Phosphorylation tunes elongation propensity and cohesiveness of INCENP's intrinsically disordered region. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167387. [PMID: 34883116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inner centromere protein, INCENP, is crucial for correct chromosome segregation during mitosis. It connects the kinase Aurora B to the inner centromere allowing this kinase to dynamically access its kinetochore targets. However, the function of its central, 440-residue long intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and its multiple phosphorylation sites is unclear. Here, we determined the conformational ensemble of INCENP's IDR, systematically varying the level of phosphorylation, using all-atom and coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations show that phosphorylation expands INCENP's IDR, both locally and globally, mainly by increasing its overall net charge. The disordered region undergoes critical globule-to-coil conformational transitions and the transition temperature non-monotonically depends on the degree of phosphorylation, with a mildly phosphorylated case of neutral net charge featuring the highest collapse propensity. The IDR transitions from a multitude of globular states, accompanied by several specific internal contacts that reduce INCENP length by loop formation, to weakly interacting and highly extended coiled conformations. Phosphorylation critically shifts the population between these two regimes. It thereby influences cohesiveness and phase behavior of INCENP IDR assemblies, a feature presumably relevant for INCENP's function in the chromosomal passenger complex. Overall, we propose the disordered region of INCENP to act as a phosphorylation-regulated and length-variable component, within the previously defined "dog-leash" model, that thereby regulates how Aurora B reaches its targets for proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Martin
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. https://twitter.com/@IsabelMMartin
| | - Camilo Aponte-Santamaría
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biophysics, University of Los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a-12, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia. https://twitter.com/@camiloapontelab
| | - Lisa Schmidt
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Hedtfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Living Matter, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Adel Iusupov
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. https://twitter.com/@AndreaMusacchi1
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Kumon T, Ma J, Akins RB, Stefanik D, Nordgren CE, Kim J, Levine MT, Lampson MA. Parallel pathways for recruiting effector proteins determine centromere drive and suppression. Cell 2021; 184:4904-4918.e11. [PMID: 34433012 PMCID: PMC8448984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selfish centromere DNA sequences bias their transmission to the egg in female meiosis. Evolutionary theory suggests that centromere proteins evolve to suppress costs of this "centromere drive." In hybrid mouse models with genetically different maternal and paternal centromeres, selfish centromere DNA exploits a kinetochore pathway to recruit microtubule-destabilizing proteins that act as drive effectors. We show that such functional differences are suppressed by a parallel pathway for effector recruitment by heterochromatin, which is similar between centromeres in this system. Disrupting the kinetochore pathway with a divergent allele of CENP-C reduces functional differences between centromeres, whereas disrupting heterochromatin by CENP-B deletion amplifies the differences. Molecular evolution analyses using Murinae genomes identify adaptive evolution in proteins in both pathways. We propose that centromere proteins have recurrently evolved to minimize the kinetochore pathway, which is exploited by selfish DNA, relative to the heterochromatin pathway that equalizes centromeres, while maintaining essential functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kumon
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R Brian Akins
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek Stefanik
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - C Erik Nordgren
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mia T Levine
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Walstein K, Petrovic A, Pan D, Hagemeier B, Vogt D, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Assembly principles and stoichiometry of a complete human kinetochore module. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/27/eabg1037. [PMID: 34193424 PMCID: PMC8245036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Centromeres are epigenetically determined chromosomal loci that seed kinetochore assembly to promote chromosome segregation during cell division. CENP-A, a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, establishes the foundations for centromere epigenetic memory and kinetochore assembly. It recruits the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), which in turn assembles the microtubule-binding interface. How the specific organization of centromeric chromatin relates to kinetochore assembly and to centromere identity through cell division remains conjectural. Here, we break new ground by reconstituting a functional full-length version of CENP-C, the largest human CCAN subunit and a blueprint of kinetochore assembly. We show that full-length CENP-C, a dimer, binds stably to two nucleosomes and permits further assembly of all other kinetochore subunits in vitro with relative ratios closely matching those of endogenous human kinetochores. Our results imply that human kinetochores emerge from clustering multiple copies of a fundamental module and may have important implications for transgenerational inheritance of centromeric chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Walstein
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 1, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dongqing Pan
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Birte Hagemeier
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dorothee Vogt
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 1, 45141 Essen, Germany
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12
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Brusini L, D'Archivio S, McDonald J, Wickstead B. Trypanosome KKIP1 Dynamically Links the Inner Kinetochore to a Kinetoplastid Outer Kinetochore Complex. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:641174. [PMID: 33834005 PMCID: PMC8023272 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.641174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores perform an essential role in eukaryotes, coupling chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. In model organisms they are composed of a centromere-proximal inner kinetochore and an outer kinetochore network that binds to microtubules. In spite of universal function, the composition of kinetochores in extant eukaryotes differs greatly. In trypanosomes and other Kinetoplastida, kinetochores are extremely divergent, with most components showing no detectable similarity to proteins in other systems. They may also be very different functionally, potentially binding to the spindle directly via an inner-kinetochore protein. However, we do not know the extent of the trypanosome kinetochore, and proteins interacting with a highly divergent Ndc80/Nuf2-like protein (KKIP1) suggest the existence of more centromere-distal complexes. Here we use quantitative proteomics from multiple start-points to define a stable 9-protein kinetoplastid outer kinetochore (KOK) complex. This complex incorporates proteins recruited from other nuclear processes, exemplifying the role of moonlighting proteins in kinetochore evolution. The outer kinetochore complex is physically distinct from inner-kinetochore proteins, but nanometer-scale label separation shows that KKIP1 bridges the two plates in the same orientation as Ndc80. Moreover, KKIP1 exhibits substantial elongation at metaphase, altering kinetochore structure in a manner consistent with pulling at the outer plate. Together, these data suggest that the KKIP1/KOK likely constitute the extent of the trypanosome outer kinetochore and that this assembly binds to the spindle with sufficient strength to stretch the kinetochore, showing design parallels may exist in organisms with very different kinetochore composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brusini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Uchida KSK, Jo M, Nagasaka K, Takahashi M, Shindo N, Shibata K, Tanaka K, Masumoto H, Fukagawa T, Hirota T. Kinetochore stretching-mediated rapid silencing of the spindle-assembly checkpoint required for failsafe chromosome segregation. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1581-1591.e3. [PMID: 33651990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spindle-assembly checkpoint facilitates mitotic fidelity by delaying anaphase onset in response to microtubule vacancy at kinetochores. Following microtubule attachment, kinetochores receive microtubule-derived force, which causes kinetochores to undergo repetitive cycles of deformation; this phenomenon is referred to as kinetochore stretching. The nature of the forces and the relevance relating this deformation are not well understood. Here, we show that kinetochore stretching occurs within a framework of single end-on attached kinetochores, irrespective of microtubule poleward pulling force. An experimental method to conditionally interfere with the stretching allowed us to determine that kinetochore stretching comprises an essential process of checkpoint silencing by promoting PP1 phosphatase recruitment after the establishment of end-on attachments and removal of the majority of checkpoint-activating kinase Mps1 from kinetochores. Remarkably, we found that a lower frequency of kinetochore stretching largely correlates with a prolonged metaphase in cancer cell lines with chromosomal instability. Perturbation of kinetochore stretching and checkpoint silencing in chromosomally stable cells produced anaphase bridges, which can be alleviated by reducing chromosome-loaded cohesin. These observations indicate that kinetochore stretching-mediated checkpoint silencing provides an unanticipated etiology underlying chromosomal instability and underscores the importance of a rapid metaphase-to-anaphase transition in sustaining mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko S K Uchida
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan
| | - Minji Jo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Nagasaka
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Shibata
- Division of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Chromosome Engineering, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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The right place at the right time: Aurora B kinase localization to centromeres and kinetochores. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:299-311. [PMID: 32406506 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis is intimately linked to the function of kinetochores, which are large protein complexes assembled at sites of centromeric heterochromatin on mitotic chromosomes. These key "orchestrators" of mitosis physically connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules and transduce forces through these connections to congress chromosomes and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are highly regulated to ensure that incorrect attachments are not prematurely stabilized, but instead released and corrected. The kinase activity of the centromeric protein Aurora B is required for kinetochore-microtubule destabilization during mitosis, but how the kinase acts on outer kinetochore substrates to selectively destabilize immature and erroneous attachments remains debated. Here, we review recent literature that sheds light on how Aurora B kinase is recruited to both centromeres and kinetochores and discuss possible mechanisms for how kinase interactions with substrates at distinct regions of mitotic chromosomes are regulated.
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15
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Abstract
The kinetochore is a complex structure whose function is absolutely essential. Unlike the centromere, the kinetochore at first appeared remarkably well conserved from yeast to humans, especially the microtubule-binding outer kinetochore. However, recent efforts towards biochemical reconstitution of diverse kinetochores challenge the notion of a similarly conserved architecture for the constitutively centromere-associated network of the inner kinetochore. This review briefly summarizes the evidence from comparative genomics for interspecific variability in inner kinetochore composition and focuses on novel biochemical evidence indicating that even homologous inner kinetochore protein complexes are put to different uses in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Kukreja AA, Kavuri S, Joglekar AP. Microtubule Attachment and Centromeric Tension Shape the Protein Architecture of the Human Kinetochore. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4869-4881.e5. [PMID: 33035484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nanoscale protein architecture of the kinetochore plays an integral role in specifying the mechanisms underlying its functions in chromosome segregation. However, defining this architecture in human cells remains challenging because of the large size and compositional complexity of the kinetochore. Here, we use Förster resonance energy transfer to reveal the architecture of individual kinetochore-microtubule attachments in human cells. We find that the microtubule-binding domains of the Ndc80 complex cluster at the microtubule plus end. This clustering occurs only after microtubule attachment, and it increases proportionally with centromeric tension. Surprisingly, Ndc80 complex clustering is independent of the organization and number of its centromeric receptors. Moreover, this clustering is similar in yeast and human kinetochores despite significant differences in their centromeric organizations. These and other data suggest that the microtubule-binding interface of the human kinetochore behaves like a flexible "lawn" despite being nucleated by repeating biochemical subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kukreja
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sisira Kavuri
- Department of Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ajit P Joglekar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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Hara M, Fukagawa T. Dynamics of kinetochore structure and its regulations during mitotic progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2981-2995. [PMID: 32052088 PMCID: PMC11104943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis in eukaryotes requires attachment of the kinetochore, a large protein complex assembled on the centromere of each chromosome, to the spindle microtubules. The kinetochore is a structural interface for the microtubule attachment and provides molecular surveillance mechanisms that monitor and ensure the precise microtubule attachment as well, including error correction and spindle assembly checkpoint. During mitotic progression, the kinetochore undergoes dynamic morphological changes that are observable through electron microscopy as well as through fluorescence microscopy. These structural changes might be associated with the kinetochore function. In this review, we summarize how the dynamics of kinetochore morphology are associated with its functions and discuss recent findings on the switching of protein interaction networks in the kinetochore during cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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18
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Renda F, Magidson V, Tikhonenko I, Fisher R, Miles C, Mogilner A, Khodjakov A. Effects of malleable kinetochore morphology on measurements of intrakinetochore tension. Open Biol 2020; 10:200101. [PMID: 32634373 PMCID: PMC7571466 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distance between fluorescent spots formed by various kinetochore proteins (delta) is commonly interpreted as a manifestation of intrakinetochore tension (IKT) caused by microtubule-mediated forces. However, large-scale changes of the kinetochore architecture (such as its shape or dimensions) may also contribute to the value of delta. To assess contributions of these non-elastic changes, we compare behaviour of delta values in human kinetochores with small yet mechanically malleable kinetochores against compound kinetochores in Indian muntjac (IM) cells whose architecture remains constant. Due to the micrometre-scale length of kinetochore plates in IM, their shape and orientation are discernible in conventional light microscopy, which enables precise measurements of IKT independent of contributions from changes in overall architecture of the organelle. We find that delta in IM kinetochores remains relatively constant when microtubule-mediated forces are suppressed by Taxol, but it prominently decreases upon detachment of microtubules. By contrast, large decreases of delta observed in Taxol-treated human cells coincide with prominent changes in length and curvature of the kinetochore plate. These observations, supported by computational modelling, suggest that at least 50% of the decrease in delta in human cells reflects malleable reorganization of kinetochore architecture rather than elastic recoil due to IKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioranna Renda
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Irina Tikhonenko
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Miles
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA.,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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19
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Long noncoding RNA SAM promotes myoblast proliferation through stabilizing Sugt1 and facilitating kinetochore assembly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2725. [PMID: 32483152 PMCID: PMC7264179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional study of lncRNAs in skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) remains at the infancy stage. Here we identify SAM (Sugt1 asssociated muscle) lncRNA that is enriched in the proliferating myoblasts. Global deletion of SAM has no overt effect on mice but impairs adult muscle regeneration following acute damage; it also exacerbates the chronic injury-induced dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice. Consistently, inducible deletion of SAM in SCs leads to deficiency in muscle regeneration. Further examination reveals that SAM loss results in a cell-autonomous defect in the proliferative expansion of myoblasts. Mechanistically, we find SAM interacts and stabilizes Sugt1, a co-chaperon protein key to kinetochore assembly during cell division. Loss of SAM or Sugt1 both disrupts kinetochore assembly in mitotic cells due to the mislocalization of two components: Dsn1 and Hec1. Altogether, our findings identify SAM as a regulator of SC proliferation through facilitating Sugt1 mediated kinetochore assembly during cell division. Long noncoding RNA SAM (Sugt1 associated muscle) is upregulated in the proliferating myoblast cells. Here the authors investigate SAM knockout mice and suggest that SAM binds and stabilizes Sugt1, a co-chaperone protein that regulates kinetochore assembly.
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20
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Roscioli E, Germanova TE, Smith CA, Embacher PA, Erent M, Thompson AI, Burroughs NJ, McAinsh AD. Ensemble-Level Organization of Human Kinetochores and Evidence for Distinct Tension and Attachment Sensors. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107535. [PMID: 32348762 PMCID: PMC7196887 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are multi-protein machines that form dynamic attachments to microtubules and control chromosome segregation. High fidelity is ensured because kinetochores can monitor attachment status and tension, using this information to activate checkpoints and error-correction mechanisms. To explore how kinetochores achieve this, we used two- and three-color subpixel fluorescence localization to define how proteins from six major complexes (CCAN, MIS12, NDC80, KNL1, RZZ, and SKA) and the checkpoint proteins Bub1, Mad1, and Mad2 are organized in the human kinetochore. This reveals how the outer kinetochore has a high nematic order and is largely invariant to the loss of attachment or tension, except for two mechanical sensors. First, Knl1 unravels to relay tension, and second, NDC80 undergoes jackknifing and loss of nematic order under microtubule detachment, with only the latter wired up to the checkpoint signaling system. This provides insight into how kinetochores integrate mechanical signals to promote error-free chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tsvetelina E Germanova
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Peter A Embacher
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Muriel Erent
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Amelia I Thompson
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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21
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Hara M, Fukagawa T. Where is the right path heading from the centromere to spindle microtubules? Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1199-1211. [PMID: 31075048 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1617008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is a large protein complex that ensures accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis by connecting the centromere and spindle microtubules. One of the kinetochore sub-complexes, the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), associates with the centromere and recruits another sub-complex, the KMN (KNL1, Mis12, and Ndc80 complexes) network (KMN), which binds to spindle microtubules. The CCAN-KMN interaction is mediated by two parallel pathways (CENP-C- and CENP-T-pathways) in the kinetochore, which bridge the centromere and microtubules. Here, we discuss dynamic protein-interaction changes in the two pathways that couple the centromere with spindle microtubules during mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hara
- a Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- a Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Japan
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22
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Ilan Y. Randomness in microtubule dynamics: an error that requires correction or an inherent plasticity required for normal cellular function? Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:739-748. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Department of MedicineHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem IL91120 Israel
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23
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Centromere mechanical maturation during mammalian cell mitosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1761. [PMID: 30988289 PMCID: PMC6465287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, tension develops across the centromere as a result of spindle-based forces. Metaphase tension may be critical in preventing mitotic chromosome segregation errors, however, the nature of force transmission at the centromere and the role of centromere mechanics in controlling metaphase tension remains unknown. We combined quantitative, biophysical microscopy with computational analysis to elucidate the mechanics of the centromere in unperturbed, mitotic human cells. We discovered that the mechanical stiffness of the human centromere matures during mitotic progression, which leads to amplified centromere tension specifically at metaphase. Centromere mechanical maturation is disrupted across multiple aneuploid cell lines, leading to a weak metaphase tension signal. Further, increasing deficiencies in centromere mechanical maturation are correlated with rising frequencies of lagging, merotelic chromosomes in anaphase, leading to segregation defects at telophase. Thus, we reveal a centromere maturation process that may be critical to the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis. During mitosis, tension at the centromere occurs from the spindle but the role of centromere mechanics in controlling metaphase tension is poorly understood. Here, the authors report that mechanical stiffnness of the centromere matures during mitotic progression and is amplified specifically at metaphase.
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24
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Kyriacou E, Heun P. High-resolution mapping of centromeric protein association using APEX-chromatin fibers. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:68. [PMID: 30445992 PMCID: PMC6238281 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The centromere is a specialized chromosomal locus that forms the basis for the assembly of a multi-protein complex, the kinetochore and ensures faithful chromosome segregation during every cell division. The repetitive nature of the underlying centromeric sequence represents a major obstacle for high-resolution mapping of protein binding using methods that rely on annotated genomes. Here, we present a novel microscopy-based approach called "APEX-chromatin fibers" for localizing protein binding over the repetitive centromeric sequences at kilobase resolution. RESULTS By fusing centromere factors of interest to ascorbate peroxidase, we were able to label their binding profiles on extended chromatin fibers with biotin marks. We applied APEX-chromatin fibers to at least one member of each CCAN complex, most of which show a localization pattern different from CENP-A but within the CENP-A delineated centromeric domain. Interestingly, we describe here a novel characteristic of CENP-I and CENP-B that display extended localization beyond the CENP-A boundaries. CONCLUSIONS Our approach was successfully applied for mapping protein association over centromeric chromatin, revealing previously undescribed localization patterns. In this study, we focused on centromeric factors, but we believe that this approach could be useful for mapping protein binding patterns in other repetitive regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Kyriacou
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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25
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Reconstitution of a 26-Subunit Human Kinetochore Reveals Cooperative Microtubule Binding by CENP-OPQUR and NDC80. Mol Cell 2018; 71:923-939.e10. [PMID: 30174292 PMCID: PMC6162344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The approximately thirty core subunits of kinetochores assemble on centromeric chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A and connect chromosomes with spindle microtubules. The chromatin proximal 16-subunit CCAN (constitutive centromere associated network) creates a mechanically stable bridge between CENP-A and the kinetochore’s microtubule-binding machinery, the 10-subunit KMN assembly. Here, we reconstituted a stoichiometric 11-subunit human CCAN core that forms when the CENP-OPQUR complex binds to a joint interface on the CENP-HIKM and CENP-LN complexes. The resulting CCAN particle is globular and connects KMN and CENP-A in a 26-subunit recombinant particle. The disordered, basic N-terminal tail of CENP-Q binds microtubules and promotes accurate chromosome alignment, cooperating with KMN in microtubule binding. The N-terminal basic tail of the NDC80 complex, the microtubule-binding subunit of KMN, can functionally replace the CENP-Q tail. Our work dissects the connectivity and architecture of CCAN and reveals unexpected functional similarities between CENP-OPQUR and the NDC80 complex. The kinetochore CENP-OPQUR complex is reconstituted and functionally dissected A kinetochore particle with 26 subunits and defined stoichiometry is reconstituted EM structure of an 11-subunit inner kinetochore complex reveals globular shape CENP-Q and the Ndc80 complex bind microtubules cooperatively
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26
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Oliferenko S. Understanding eukaryotic chromosome segregation from a comparative biology perspective. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/14/jcs203653. [PMID: 30030298 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-appreciated variation in fundamental cell biological processes between different species is becoming increasingly tractable due to recent breakthroughs in whole-genome analyses and genome editing techniques. However, the bulk of our mechanistic understanding in cell biology continues to come from just a few well-established models. In this Review, I use the highly diverse strategies of chromosome segregation in eukaryotes as an instrument for a more general discussion on phenotypic variation, possible rules underlying its emergence and its utility in understanding conserved functional relationships underlying this process. Such a comparative approach, supported by modern molecular biology tools, might provide a wider, holistic view of biology that is difficult to achieve when concentrating on a single experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezhana Oliferenko
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK .,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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27
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Dudka D, Noatynska A, Smith CA, Liaudet N, McAinsh AD, Meraldi P. Complete microtubule-kinetochore occupancy favours the segregation of merotelic attachments. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2042. [PMID: 29795284 PMCID: PMC5966435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are multi-protein complexes that power chromosome movements by tracking microtubules plus-ends in the mitotic spindle. Human kinetochores bind up to 20 microtubules, even though single microtubules can generate sufficient force to move chromosomes. Here, we show that high microtubule occupancy at kinetochores ensures robust chromosome segregation by providing a strong mechanical force that favours segregation of merotelic attachments during anaphase. Using low doses of the microtubules-targeting agent BAL27862 we reduce microtubule occupancy and observe that spindle morphology is unaffected and bi-oriented kinetochores can still oscillate with normal intra-kinetochore distances. Inter-kinetochore stretching is, however, dramatically reduced. The reduction in microtubule occupancy and inter-kinetochore stretching does not delay satisfaction of the spindle assembly checkpoint or induce microtubule detachment via Aurora-B kinase, which was so far thought to release microtubules from kinetochores under low stretching. Rather, partial microtubule occupancy slows down anaphase A and increases incidences of lagging chromosomes due to merotelically attached kinetochores. Single microtubules (MTs) can move chromosomes, but it is unclear why kinetochores bind up to 20 MTs. Here, the authors decrease the number of kinetochore MTs with BAL27862 and see lagging chromosomes, suggesting that numerous kinetochore MTs provide force ensuring robust chromosomal segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dudka
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Anna Noatynska
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Chris A Smith
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.,Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Bioimaging Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland. .,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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28
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Suzuki A, Long SK, Salmon ED. An optimized method for 3D fluorescence co-localization applied to human kinetochore protein architecture. eLife 2018; 7:32418. [PMID: 29323636 PMCID: PMC5764572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-color fluorescence co-localization in 3D (three-dimension) has the potential to achieve accurate measurements at the nanometer length scale. Here, we optimized a 3D fluorescence co-localization method that uses mean values for chromatic aberration correction to yield the mean separation with ~10 nm accuracy between green and red fluorescently labeled protein epitopes within single human kinetochores. Accuracy depended critically on achieving small standard deviations in fluorescence centroid determination, chromatic aberration across the measurement field, and coverslip thickness. Computer simulations showed that large standard deviations in these parameters significantly increase 3D measurements from their true values. Our 3D results show that at metaphase, the protein linkage between CENP-A within the inner kinetochore and the microtubule-binding domain of the Ndc80 complex within the outer kinetochore is on average ~90 nm. The Ndc80 complex appears fully extended at metaphase and exhibits the same subunit structure in vivo as found in vitro by crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aussie Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Sarah K Long
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Edward D Salmon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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29
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Hindriksen S, Lens SMA, Hadders MA. The Ins and Outs of Aurora B Inner Centromere Localization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:112. [PMID: 29312936 PMCID: PMC5743930 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity during cell division. Aurora B, the enzymatic subunit of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC), plays a crucial role in this process. In early mitosis Aurora B localizes predominantly to the inner centromere, a specialized region of chromatin that lies at the crossroads between the inter-kinetochore and inter-sister chromatid axes. Two evolutionarily conserved histone kinases, Haspin and Bub1, control the positioning of the CPC at the inner centromere and this location is thought to be crucial for the CPC to function. However, recent studies sketch a subtler picture, in which not all functions of the CPC require strict confinement to the inner centromere. In this review we discuss the molecular pathways that direct Aurora B to the inner centromere and deliberate if and why this specific localization is important for Aurora B function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Hindriksen
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael A Hadders
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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30
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Chittori S, Hong J, Saunders H, Feng H, Ghirlando R, Kelly AE, Bai Y, Subramaniam S. Structural mechanisms of centromeric nucleosome recognition by the kinetochore protein CENP-N. Science 2017; 359:339-343. [PMID: 29269420 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation requires the proper assembly of kinetochore proteins. A key step in this process is the recognition of the histone H3 variant CENP-A in the centromeric nucleosome by the kinetochore protein CENP-N. We report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological studies of the interaction between the CENP-A nucleosome and CENP-N. We show that human CENP-N confers binding specificity through interactions with the L1 loop of CENP-A, stabilized by electrostatic interactions with the nucleosomal DNA. Mutational analyses demonstrate analogous interactions in Xenopus, which are further supported by residue-swapping experiments involving the L1 loop of CENP-A. Our results are consistent with the coevolution of CENP-N and CENP-A and establish the structural basis for recognition of the CENP-A nucleosome to enable kinetochore assembly and centromeric chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Chittori
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jingjun Hong
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hayden Saunders
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hanqiao Feng
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander E Kelly
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yawen Bai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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31
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Hung CY, Volkmar B, Baker JD, Bauer JW, Gussoni E, Hainzl S, Klausegger A, Lorenzo J, Mihalek I, Rittinger O, Tekin M, Dallman JE, Bodamer OA. A defect in the inner kinetochore protein CENPT causes a new syndrome of severe growth failure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189324. [PMID: 29228025 PMCID: PMC5724856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial growth failure has been linked to defects in the biology of cell division and replication. The complex processes involved in microtubule spindle formation, organization and function have emerged as a dominant patho-mechanism in these conditions. The majority of reported disease genes encode for centrosome and centriole proteins, leaving kinetochore proteins by which the spindle apparatus interacts with the chromosomes largely unaccounted for. We report a novel disease gene encoding the constitutive inner kinetochore member CENPT, which is involved in kinetochore targeting and assembly, resulting in severe growth failure in two siblings of a consanguineous family. We herein present studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that explain how genetic mutations in this gene lead to primordial growth failure. In both, affected human cell lines and a zebrafish knock-down model of Cenpt, we observed aberrations in cell division with abnormal accumulation of micronuclei and of nuclei with increased DNA content arising from incomplete and/or irregular chromosomal segregation. Our studies underscore the critical importance of kinetochore function for overall body growth and provide new insight into the cellular mechanisms implicated in the spectrum of these severe growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Y. Hung
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara Volkmar
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - James D. Baker
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Johann W. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, EB House Austria, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Emanuela Gussoni
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Hainzl
- Department of Dermatology, EB House Austria, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- Department of Dermatology, EB House Austria, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jose Lorenzo
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ivana Mihalek
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Olaf Rittinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mustafa Tekin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Dallman
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Olaf A. Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Haase J, Bonner MK, Halas H, Kelly AE. Distinct Roles of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex in the Detection of and Response to Errors in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachment. Dev Cell 2017; 42:640-654.e5. [PMID: 28950102 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) localizes to centromeres in early mitosis to activate its subunit Aurora B kinase. However, it is unclear whether centromeric CPC localization contributes to CPC functions beyond Aurora B activation. Here, we show that an activated CPC that cannot localize to centromeres supports functional assembly of the outer kinetochore but is unable to correct errors in kinetochore-microtubule attachment in Xenopus egg extracts. We find that CPC has two distinct roles at centromeres: one to selectively phosphorylate Ndc80 to regulate attachment and a second, conserved kinase-independent role in the proper composition of inner kinetochore proteins. Although a fully assembled inner kinetochore is not required for outer kinetochore assembly, we find it is essential to recruit tension indicators, such as BubR1 and 3F3/2, to erroneous attachments. We conclude centromeric CPC is necessary for tension-dependent removal of erroneous attachments and for the kinetochore composition required to detect tension loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Haase
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary Kate Bonner
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyunmi Halas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander E Kelly
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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33
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Mills CA, Suzuki A, Arceci A, Mo JY, Duncan A, Salmon ED, Emanuele MJ. Nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) interacts with a SUMO E3 ligase complex during chromosome segregation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17178-17189. [PMID: 28900032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is composed of dynamic microtubules and associated proteins that together direct chromosome movement during mitosis. The spindle plays a vital role in accurate chromosome segregation fidelity and is a therapeutic target in cancer. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which many spindle-associated proteins function remains unknown. The nucleolar and spindle-associated protein NUSAP1 is a microtubule-binding protein implicated in spindle stability and chromosome segregation. We show here that NUSAP1 localizes to dynamic spindle microtubules in a unique chromosome-centric pattern, in the vicinity of overlapping microtubules, during metaphase and anaphase of mitosis. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of endogenous NUSAP1 interacting proteins uncovered a cell cycle-regulated interaction between the RanBP2-RanGAP1-UBC9 SUMO E3 ligase complex and NUSAP1. Like NUSAP1 depletion, RanBP2 depletion impaired the response of cells to the microtubule poison Taxol. NUSAP1 contains a conserved SAP domain (SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS). SAP domains are common among many other SUMO E3s, and are implicated in substrate recognition and ligase activity. We speculate that NUSAP1 contributes to accurate chromosome segregation by acting as a co-factor for RanBP2-RanGAP1-UBC9 during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Mills
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Departments of Pharmacology and
| | | | - Anthony Arceci
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Jin Yao Mo
- Department of Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Alex Duncan
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - Michael J Emanuele
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, .,Departments of Pharmacology and.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, and
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34
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Makrantoni V, Ciesiolka A, Lawless C, Fernius J, Marston A, Lydall D, Stark MJR. A Functional Link Between Bir1 and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ctf19 Kinetochore Complex Revealed Through Quantitative Fitness Analysis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:3203-3215. [PMID: 28754723 PMCID: PMC5592945 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is a key regulator of eukaryotic cell division, consisting of the protein kinase Aurora B/Ipl1 in association with its activator (INCENP/Sli15) and two additional proteins (Survivin/Bir1 and Borealin/Nbl1). Here, we report a genome-wide genetic interaction screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the bir1-17 mutant, identifying through quantitative fitness analysis deletion mutations that act as enhancers and suppressors. Gene knockouts affecting the Ctf19 kinetochore complex were identified as the strongest enhancers of bir1-17, while mutations affecting the large ribosomal subunit or the mRNA nonsense-mediated decay pathway caused strong phenotypic suppression. Thus, cells lacking a functional Ctf19 complex become highly dependent on Bir1 function and vice versa. The negative genetic interaction profiles of bir1-17 and the cohesin mutant mcd1-1 showed considerable overlap, underlining the strong functional connection between sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome biorientation. Loss of some Ctf19 components, such as Iml3 or Chl4, impacted differentially on bir1-17 compared with mutations affecting other CPC components: despite the synthetic lethality shown by either iml3∆ or chl4∆ in combination with bir1-17, neither gene knockout showed any genetic interaction with either ipl1-321 or sli15-3 Our data therefore imply a specific functional connection between the Ctf19 complex and Bir1 that is not shared with Ipl1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Makrantoni
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Adam Ciesiolka
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Conor Lawless
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Josefin Fernius
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Adele Marston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - David Lydall
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Michael J R Stark
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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35
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Takada M, Zhang W, Suzuki A, Kuroda TS, Yu Z, Inuzuka H, Gao D, Wan L, Zhuang M, Hu L, Zhai B, Fry CJ, Bloom K, Li G, Karpen GH, Wei W, Zhang Q. FBW7 Loss Promotes Chromosomal Instability and Tumorigenesis via Cyclin E1/CDK2-Mediated Phosphorylation of CENP-A. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4881-4893. [PMID: 28760857 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The centromere regulates proper chromosome segregation, and its dysfunction is implicated in chromosomal instability (CIN). However, relatively little is known about how centromere dysfunction occurs in cancer. Here, we define the consequences of phosphorylation by cyclin E1/CDK2 on a conserved Ser18 residue of centromere-associated protein CENP-A, an essential histone H3 variant that specifies centromere identity. Ser18 hyperphosphorylation in cells occurred upon loss of FBW7, a tumor suppressor whose inactivation leads to CIN. This event on CENP-A reduced its centromeric localization, increased CIN, and promoted anchorage-independent growth and xenograft tumor formation. Overall, our results revealed a pathway that cyclin E1/CDK2 activation coupled with FBW7 loss promotes CIN and tumor progression via CENP-A-mediated centromere dysfunction. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4881-93. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Takada
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Aussie Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Taruho S Kuroda
- Open Innovation Center Japan, Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhouliang Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daming Gao
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ming Zhuang
- Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianxin Hu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bo Zhai
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Kerry Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Guohong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gary H Karpen
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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36
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Abstract
At metaphase in mitotic cells, pulling forces at the kinetochore-microtubule interface create tension by stretching the centromeric chromatin between oppositely oriented sister kinetochores. This tension is important for stabilizing the end-on kinetochore microtubule attachment required for proper bi-orientation of sister chromosomes as well as for satisfaction of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint and entry into anaphase. How force is coupled by proteins to kinetochore microtubules and resisted by centromere stretch is becoming better understood as many of the proteins involved have been identified. Recent application of genetically encoded fluorescent tension sensors within the mechanical linkage between the centromere and kinetochore microtubules are beginning to reveal - from live cell assays - protein specific contributions that are functionally important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Salmon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kerry Bloom
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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37
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Stepwise unfolding supports a subunit model for vertebrate kinetochores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3133-3138. [PMID: 28265097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614145114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, interactions between microtubules and chromosomes are mediated by the kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure located at the primary constriction of chromosomes. In addition to the centromere histone centromere protein A (CENP-A), 15 other members of the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN) participate in the formation of a chromatin-associated scaffold that supports kinetochore structure. We performed a targeted screen analyzing unfolded centrochromatin from CENP-depleted chromosomes. Our results revealed that CENP-C and CENP-S are critical for the stable folding of mitotic kinetochore chromatin. Multipeak fitting algorithms revealed the presence of an organized pattern of centrochromatin packing consistent with arrangement of CENP-A-containing nucleosomes into up to five chromatin "subunits"-each containing roughly 20-30 nucleosomes. These subunits could be either layers of a boustrophedon or small loops of centromeric chromatin.
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38
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Musacchio A, Desai A. A Molecular View of Kinetochore Assembly and Function. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E5. [PMID: 28125021 PMCID: PMC5371998 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters. Kinetochores also control feedback mechanisms responsible for the correction of incorrect microtubule attachments, and for the coordination of chromosome attachment with cell cycle progression. Finally, kinetochores contribute to their own preservation, across generations, at the specific chromosomal loci devoted to host them, the centromeres. They achieve this in most species by exploiting an epigenetic, DNA-sequence-independent mechanism; notable exceptions are budding yeasts where a specific sequence is associated with centromere function. In the last 15 years, extensive progress in the elucidation of the composition of the kinetochore and the identification of various physical and functional modules within its substructure has led to a much deeper molecular understanding of kinetochore organization and the origins of its functional output. Here, we provide a broad summary of this progress, focusing primarily on kinetochores of humans and budding yeast, while highlighting work from other models, and present important unresolved questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Lampson MA, Grishchuk EL. Mechanisms to Avoid and Correct Erroneous Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E1. [PMID: 28067761 PMCID: PMC5371994 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In dividing vertebrate cells multiple microtubules must connect to mitotic kinetochores in a highly stereotypical manner, with each sister kinetochore forming microtubule attachments to only one spindle pole. The exact sequence of events by which this goal is achieved varies considerably from cell to cell because of the variable locations of kinetochores and spindle poles, and randomness of initial microtubule attachments. These chance encounters with the kinetochores nonetheless ultimately lead to the desired outcome with high fidelity and in a limited time frame, providing one of the most startling examples of biological self-organization. This chapter discusses mechanisms that contribute to accurate chromosome segregation by helping dividing cells to avoid and resolve improper microtubule attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Ekaterina L Grishchuk
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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40
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Deng Y, Asbury CL. Simultaneous Manipulation and Super-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging of Individual Kinetochores Coupled to Microtubule Tips. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1486:437-467. [PMID: 27844439 PMCID: PMC5376289 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6421-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large multiprotein complexes that drive mitotic chromosome movements by mechanically coupling them to the growing and shortening tips of spindle microtubules. Kinetochores are also regulatory hubs, somehow sensing when they are erroneously attached and, in response, releasing their incorrect attachments and generating diffusible wait signals to delay anaphase until proper attachments can form. The remarkable ability of a kinetochore to sense and respond to its attachment status might stem from attachment- or tension-dependent changes in the structural arrangement of its core subcomplexes. However, direct tests of the relationship between attachment, tension, and core kinetochore structure have not previously been possible because of the difficulties of applying well-controlled forces and determining unambiguously the attachment status of individual kinetochores in vivo. The recent purification of native yeast kinetochores has enabled in vitro optical trapping-based assays of kinetochore tip-coupling and, in separate experiments, fluorescence imaging of single kinetochore particles. Here we introduce a dual instrument, combining optical trapping with multicolor total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging, to allow kinetochore structure to be monitored directly with nanometer precision while mechanical tension is simultaneously applied. Our instrument incorporates differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging as well, to minimize the photo-bleaching of fluorescent tags during preparative bead and microtubule manipulations. A simple modification also allows the trapping laser to be easily converted into a real-time focus detection and correction system. Using this combined instrument, the distance between specific subcomplexes within a single kinetochore particle can be measured with 2-nm precision after 50 s observation time, or with 11-nm precision at 1 s temporal resolution. While our instrument was constructed specifically for studying kinetochores, it should also be useful for studying other filament-binding protein complexes, such as spindle poles, cortical microtubule attachments, focal adhesions, or other motor-cytoskeletal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357290, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357290, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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41
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Hara M, Fukagawa T. Critical Foundation of the Kinetochore: The Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN). PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 56:29-57. [PMID: 28840232 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a large protein complex, which is assembled at the centromere of a chromosome to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during M-phase. The centromere in most eukaryotes is epigenetically specified by DNA sequence-independent mechanisms. The constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) is a subcomplex in the kinetochore that localizes to the centromere throughout the cell cycle. The CCAN has interfaces bound to the centromeric chromatin and the spindle microtubule-binding complex; therefore, it functions as a foundation of kinetochore formation. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the structure and organization of the CCAN. We also discuss an additional role of the CCAN in the maintenance of centromere position and dynamic reorganization of the CCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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42
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Petrovic A, Keller J, Liu Y, Overlack K, John J, Dimitrova YN, Jenni S, van Gerwen S, Stege P, Wohlgemuth S, Rombaut P, Herzog F, Harrison SC, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Structure of the MIS12 Complex and Molecular Basis of Its Interaction with CENP-C at Human Kinetochores. Cell 2016; 167:1028-1040.e15. [PMID: 27881301 PMCID: PMC5101189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores, multisubunit protein assemblies, connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules to promote chromosome segregation. The 10-subunit KMN assembly (comprising KNL1, MIS12, and NDC80 complexes, designated KNL1C, MIS12C, and NDC80C) binds microtubules and regulates mitotic checkpoint function through NDC80C and KNL1C, respectively. MIS12C, on the other hand, connects the KMN to the chromosome-proximal domain of the kinetochore through a direct interaction with CENP-C. The structural basis for this crucial bridging function of MIS12C is unknown. Here, we report crystal structures of human MIS12C associated with a fragment of CENP-C and unveil the role of Aurora B kinase in the regulation of this interaction. The structure of MIS12:CENP-C complements previously determined high-resolution structures of functional regions of NDC80C and KNL1C and allows us to build a near-complete structural model of the KMN assembly. Our work illuminates the structural organization of essential chromosome segregation machinery that is conserved in most eukaryotes. We report a crystal structure of human MIS12 complex, a crucial kinetochore component The structure reveals how the MIS12 complex binds its kinetochore receptor CENP-C We dissect how Aurora B kinase promotes the MIS12:CENP-C interaction A combination of diverse structural methods reveals outer kinetochore organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jenny Keller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Overlack
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane John
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yoana N Dimitrova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Suzan van Gerwen
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricia Stege
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pascaline Rombaut
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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43
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Redli PM, Gasic I, Meraldi P, Nigg EA, Santamaria A. The Ska complex promotes Aurora B activity to ensure chromosome biorientation. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:77-93. [PMID: 27697923 PMCID: PMC5057281 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation and accurate segregation rely on the plasticity of kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments. Aurora B facilitates KT-MT dynamics by phosphorylating kinetochore proteins that are critical for KT-MT interactions. Among the substrates whose microtubule and kinetochore binding is curtailed by Aurora B is the spindle and kinetochore-associated (Ska) complex, a key factor for KT-MT stability. Here, we show that Ska is not only a substrate of Aurora B, but is also required for Aurora B activity. Ska-deficient cells fail to biorient and display chromosome segregation errors underlying suppressed KT-MT turnover. These defects coincide with KNL1-Mis12-Ndc80 network hypophosphorylation, reduced mitotic centromere-associated kinesin localization, and Aurora B T-loop phosphorylation at kinetochores. We further show that Ska requires its microtubule-binding capability to promote Aurora B activity in cells and stimulates Aurora B catalytic activity in vitro. Finally, we show that protein phosphatase 1 counteracts Aurora B activity to enable Ska kinetochore accumulation once biorientation is achieved. We propose that Ska promotes Aurora B activity to limit its own microtubule and kinetochore association and to ensure that KT-MT dynamics and stability fall within an optimal balance for biorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Redli
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Gasic
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Erich A Nigg
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Santamaria
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Cell Cycle and Cancer, Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-UAB, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Smith CA, McAinsh AD, Burroughs NJ. Human kinetochores are swivel joints that mediate microtubule attachments. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27591356 PMCID: PMC5050023 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is a mechanical process that requires assembly of the mitotic spindle – a dynamic microtubule-based force-generating machine. Connections to this spindle are mediated by sister kinetochore pairs, that form dynamic end-on attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. This bi-orientation generates forces that have been reported to stretch the kinetochore itself, which has been suggested to stabilise attachment and silence the spindle checkpoint. We reveal using three dimensional tracking that the outer kinetochore domain can swivel around the inner kinetochore/centromere, which results in large reductions in intra-kinetochore distance (delta) when viewed in lower dimensions. We show that swivel provides a mechanical flexibility that enables kinetochores at the periphery of the spindle to engage microtubules. Swivel reduces as cells approach anaphase, suggesting an organisational change linked to checkpoint satisfaction and/or obligatory changes in kinetochore mechanochemistry may occur before dissolution of sister chromatid cohesion. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16159.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Smith
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Molecular Organisation and Assembly in Cells (MOAC) Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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45
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CCAN Assembly Configures Composite Binding Interfaces to Promote Cross-Linking of Ndc80 Complexes at the Kinetochore. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2370-8. [PMID: 27524485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Partitioning of the genome requires kinetochores, large protein complexes that mediate dynamic attachment of chromosomes to the spindle. Kinetochores contain two supramolecular protein assemblies. The ten-protein KMN network harbors key microtubule-binding sites in the Ndc80 complex and mediates assembly of checkpoint complexes via the KNL-1/Spc105 protein [1, 2]. As KMN does not contact DNA directly, it relies on different centromere-binding proteins for recruitment and cell-cycle-dependent assembly. These proteins are collectively referred to as the CCAN (constitutive centromere-associated network) [2-4]. The molecular mechanisms by which CCAN subunits associate, however, have remained incompletely defined. In particular, it is unclear how CCAN subunits facilitate the assembly of a microtubule-binding interface that contains multiple Ndc80 molecules bound to different receptors [5]. Here, we dissect molecular mechanisms that underlie targeting of the CCAN subunit Cnn1/CENP-T to the sequence-determined point centromeres of budding yeast. Systematic quantitative mass spectrometry experiments reveal association dependencies within the yeast CCAN network. We show that evolutionarily conserved residues in the histone-fold domain of Cnn1 are required for the formation of a stable five-subunit CCAN subassembly with the Ctf3 complex. Cnn1 localizes in a Ctf3-dependent manner to the core of the yeast point centromere, overlapping with the yeast CENP-A protein Cse4. By arranging the N-terminal domains of the CCAN subunits Mcm16, Mcm22, and Cnn1 into close proximity, the Ctf3c-Cnn1-Wip1 complex configures a composite interaction site for two molecules of the Ndc80 complex. Our experiments show how cooperative assembly mechanisms organize the microtubule-binding interface of the kinetochore.
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46
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Aldrup-MacDonald ME, Kuo ME, Sullivan LL, Chew K, Sullivan BA. Genomic variation within alpha satellite DNA influences centromere location on human chromosomes with metastable epialleles. Genome Res 2016; 26:1301-1311. [PMID: 27510565 PMCID: PMC5052062 DOI: 10.1101/gr.206706.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alpha satellite is a tandemly organized type of repetitive DNA that comprises 5% of the genome and is found at all human centromeres. A defined number of 171-bp monomers are organized into chromosome-specific higher-order repeats (HORs) that are reiterated thousands of times. At least half of all human chromosomes have two or more distinct HOR alpha satellite arrays within their centromere regions. We previously showed that the two alpha satellite arrays of Homo sapiens Chromosome 17 (HSA17), D17Z1 and D17Z1-B, behave as centromeric epialleles, that is, the centromere, defined by chromatin containing the centromeric histone variant CENPA and recruitment of other centromere proteins, can form at either D17Z1 or D17Z1-B. Some individuals in the human population are functional heterozygotes in that D17Z1 is the active centromere on one homolog and D17Z1-B is active on the other. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular basis for how centromere location is determined on HSA17. Specifically, we focused on D17Z1 genomic variation as a driver of epiallele formation. We found that D17Z1 arrays that are predominantly composed of HOR size and sequence variants were functionally less competent. They either recruited decreased amounts of the centromere-specific histone variant CENPA and the HSA17 was mitotically unstable, or alternatively, the centromere was assembled at D17Z1-B and the HSA17 was stable. Our study demonstrates that genomic variation within highly repetitive, noncoding DNA of human centromere regions has a pronounced impact on genome stability and basic chromosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Aldrup-MacDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Molly E Kuo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Lori L Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Kimberline Chew
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Beth A Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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47
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Lera RF, Potts GK, Suzuki A, Johnson JM, Salmon ED, Coon JJ, Burkard ME. Decoding Polo-like kinase 1 signaling along the kinetochore-centromere axis. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:411-8. [PMID: 27043190 PMCID: PMC4871769 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase signaling along the kinetochore-centromere axis is crucial to assure mitotic fidelity, yet the details of its spatial coordination are obscure. Here, we examined how pools of human Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) within this axis control signaling events to elicit mitotic functions. To do this, we restricted active Plk1 to discrete subcompartments within the kinetochore-centromere axis using chemical genetics and decoded functional and phosphoproteomic signatures of each. We observe distinct phosphoproteomic and functional roles, suggesting that Plk1 exists and functions in discrete pools along this axis. Deep within the centromere, Plk1 operates to assure proper chromosome alignment and segregation. Thus, Plk1 at the kinetochore is a conglomerate of an observable bulk pool coupled with additional functional pools below the threshold of microscopic detection or resolution. Although complex, this multiplicity of locales provides an opportunity to decouple functional and phosphoproteomic signatures for a comprehensive understanding of Plk1's kinetochore functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Lera
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
| | - Gregory K. Potts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
| | - Aussie Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - James M. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
| | - Edward D. Salmon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
- Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706
| | - Mark E. Burkard
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
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48
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Wynne DJ, Funabiki H. Heterogeneous architecture of vertebrate kinetochores revealed by three-dimensional superresolution fluorescence microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3395-3404. [PMID: 27170176 PMCID: PMC5221576 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superresolution fluorescence microscopy of vertebrate kinetochore proteins reveals that outer kinetochore components assume diverse distribution patterns, including a ring-like configuration encircling the CENP-A–marked centromeric chromatin on the metaphase spindle in Xenopus egg extracts. The kinetochore is often depicted as having a disk-like architecture in which the outer layer of proteins, which engage microtubules and control checkpoint signaling, are built on a static inner layer directly linked to CENP-A chromatin. Here, applying three-dimensional (3D) structural illumination microscopy (SIM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to Xenopus egg extracts and tissue culture cells, we report various distribution patterns of inner and outer kinetochore proteins. In egg extracts, a configuration in which outer kinetochore proteins surround the periphery of CENP-A chromatin is common, forming an ∼200-nm ring-like organization that may engage a bundle of microtubule ends. Similar rings are observed in Xenopus tissue culture cells at a lower frequency but are enriched in conditions in which the spindle is disorganized. Although rings are rare in human cells, the distribution of both inner and outer kinetochore proteins elongates in the absence of microtubule attachment in a manner dependent on Aurora B. We propose a model in which the 3D organization of both the outer and inner kinetochore regions respond to the progression from lateral to end-on microtubule attachments by coalescing into a tight disk from less uniform distributions early in prometaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wynne
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Biology, College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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49
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Pesenti ME, Weir JR, Musacchio A. Progress in the structural and functional characterization of kinetochores. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:152-63. [PMID: 27039078 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are macromolecular complexes built on a specialized chromatin domain called the centromere. Kinetochores provide a site of attachment for spindle microtubules during mitosis. They also control a cell cycle checkpoint, the spindle assembly checkpoint, which coordinates mitotic exit with the completion of chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle. Correct kinetochore operation is therefore indispensable for accurate chromosome segregation. With multiple copies of at least 30 structural core subunits and a myriad of regulatory subunits, kinetochores are among the largest known macromolecular machines. Biochemical reconstitution and structural analysis, together with functional studies, are bringing to light the organizational principles of these complex and fascinating structures. We summarize recent work and identify a few challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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50
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How the kinetochore couples microtubule force and centromere stretch to move chromosomes. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:382-92. [PMID: 26974660 PMCID: PMC4814359 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ndc80 complex (Ndc80, Nuf2, Spc24 and Spc25) is a highly conserved kinetochore protein essential for end-on anchorage to spindle microtubule plus ends and for force generation coupled to plus-end polymerization and depolymerization. Spc24/Spc25 at one end of the Ndc80 complex binds the kinetochore. The N-terminal tail and CH domains of Ndc80 bind microtubules, and an internal domain binds microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) such as the Dam1 complex. To determine how the microtubule- and MAP-binding domains of Ndc80 contribute to force production at the kinetochore in budding yeast, we have inserted a FRET tension sensor into the Ndc80 protein about halfway between its microtubule-binding and internal loop domains. The data support a mechanical model of force generation at metaphase where the position of the kinetochore relative to the microtubule plus end reflects the relative strengths of microtubule depolymerization, centromere stretch and microtubule-binding interactions with the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes.
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