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Song S, Cho B, Weiner AT, Nissen SB, Ojeda Naharros I, Sanchez Bosch P, Suyama K, Hu Y, He L, Svinkina T, Udeshi ND, Carr SA, Perrimon N, Axelrod JD. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates core PCP signaling. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56997. [PMID: 37975164 PMCID: PMC10702827 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling polarizes epithelial cells within the plane of an epithelium. Core PCP signaling components adopt asymmetric subcellular localizations within cells to both polarize and coordinate polarity between cells. Achieving subcellular asymmetry requires additional effectors, including some mediating post-translational modifications of core components. Identification of such proteins is challenging due to pleiotropy. We used mass spectrometry-based proximity labeling proteomics to identify such regulators in the Drosophila wing. We identified the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase1, Pp1-87B, and show that it regulates core protein polarization. Pp1-87B interacts with the core protein Van Gogh and at least one serine/threonine kinase, Dco/CKIε, that is known to regulate PCP. Pp1-87B modulates Van Gogh subcellular localization and directs its dephosphorylation in vivo. PNUTS, a Pp1 regulatory subunit, also modulates PCP. While the direct substrate(s) of Pp1-87B in control of PCP is not known, our data support the model that cycling between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of one or more core PCP components may regulate acquisition of asymmetry. Finally, our screen serves as a resource for identifying additional regulators of PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- Present address:
GenScriptPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Kaye Suyama
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Present address:
School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | | | | | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard UniversityBostonMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
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Song S, Cho B, Weiner AT, Nissen SB, Naharros IO, Bosch PS, Suyama K, Hu Y, He L, Svinkina T, Udeshi ND, Carr SA, Perrimon N, Axelrod JD. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates core PCP signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.556998. [PMID: 37745534 PMCID: PMC10515792 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.556998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PCP signaling polarizes epithelial cells within the plane of an epithelium. Core PCP signaling components adopt asymmetric subcellular localizations within cells to both polarize and coordinate polarity between cells. Achieving subcellular asymmetry requires additional effectors, including some mediating post-translational modifications of core components. Identification of such proteins is challenging due to pleiotropy. We used mass spectrometry-based proximity labeling proteomics to identify such regulators in the Drosophila wing. We identified the catalytic subunit of Protein Phosphatase1, Pp1-87B, and show that it regulates core protein polarization. Pp1-87B interacts with the core protein Van Gogh and at least one Serine/Threonine kinase, Dco/CKIε, that is known to regulate PCP. Pp1-87B modulates Van Gogh subcellular localization and directs its dephosphorylation in vivo. PNUTS, a Pp1 regulatory subunit, also modulates PCP. While the direct substrate(s) of Pp1-87B in control of PCP is not known, our data support the model that cycling between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of one or more core PCP components may regulate acquisition of asymmetry. Finally, our screen serves as a resource for identifying additional regulators of PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Present Address: GenScript, 860 Centennial Avenue, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Pablo Sanchez Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaye Suyama
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Present Address: School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | | | | | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Molina-Pelayo C, Olguin P, Mlodzik M, Glavic A. The conserved Pelado/ZSWIM8 protein regulates actin dynamics by promoting linear actin filament polymerization. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201484. [PMID: 35940847 PMCID: PMC9375228 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filament polymerization can be branched or linear, which depends on the associated regulatory proteins. Competition for actin monomers occurs between proteins that induce branched or linear actin polymerization. Cell specialization requires the regulation of actin filaments to allow the formation of cell type-specific structures, like cuticular hairs in Drosophila, formed by linear actin filaments. Here, we report the functional analysis of CG34401/pelado, a gene encoding a SWIM domain-containing protein, conserved throughout the animal kingdom, called ZSWIM8 in mammals. Mutant pelado epithelial cells display actin hair elongation defects. This phenotype is reversed by increasing actin monomer levels or by either pushing linear actin polymerization or reducing branched actin polymerization. Similarly, in hemocytes, Pelado is essential to induce filopodia, a linear actin-based structure. We further show that this function of Pelado/ZSWIM8 is conserved in human cells, where Pelado inhibits branched actin polymerization in a cell migration context. In summary, our data indicate that the function of Pelado/ZSWIM8 in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics is conserved, favoring linear actin polymerization at the expense of branched filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Molina-Pelayo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Biología, Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Olguin
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA .,Departamento de Neurociencia, Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Neurociencia Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Glavic
- Departamento de Biología, Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Dana D, Das T, Choi A, Bhuiyan AI, Das TK, Talele TT, Pathak SK. Nek2 Kinase Signaling in Malaria, Bone, Immune and Kidney Disorders to Metastatic Cancers and Drug Resistance: Progress on Nek2 Inhibitor Development. Molecules 2022; 27:347. [PMID: 35056661 PMCID: PMC8779408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle kinases represent an important component of the cell machinery that controls signal transduction involved in cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Nek2 is a mitotic Ser/Thr kinase that localizes predominantly to centrosomes and kinetochores and orchestrates centrosome disjunction and faithful chromosomal segregation. Its activity is tightly regulated during the cell cycle with the help of other kinases and phosphatases and via proteasomal degradation. Increased levels of Nek2 kinase can promote centrosome amplification (CA), mitotic defects, chromosome instability (CIN), tumor growth, and cancer metastasis. While it remains a highly attractive target for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics, several new roles of the Nek2 enzyme have recently emerged: these include drug resistance, bone, ciliopathies, immune and kidney diseases, and parasitic diseases such as malaria. Therefore, Nek2 is at the interface of multiple cellular processes and can influence numerous cellular signaling networks. Herein, we provide a critical overview of Nek2 kinase biology and discuss the signaling roles it plays in both normal and diseased human physiology. While the majority of research efforts over the last two decades have focused on the roles of Nek2 kinase in tumor development and cancer metastasis, the signaling mechanisms involving the key players associated with several other notable human diseases are highlighted here. We summarize the efforts made so far to develop Nek2 inhibitory small molecules, illustrate their action modalities, and provide our opinion on the future of Nek2-targeted therapeutics. It is anticipated that the functional inhibition of Nek2 kinase will be a key strategy going forward in drug development, with applications across multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA; (D.D.); (T.D.); (A.C.); (A.I.B.)
- KemPharm Inc., 2200 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Tuhin Das
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA; (D.D.); (T.D.); (A.C.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Athena Choi
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA; (D.D.); (T.D.); (A.C.); (A.I.B.)
- Brooklyn Technical High School, 29 Fort Greene Pl, Brooklyn, NY 11217, USA
| | - Ashif I. Bhuiyan
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA; (D.D.); (T.D.); (A.C.); (A.I.B.)
- Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tirtha K. Das
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tanaji T. Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA;
| | - Sanjai K. Pathak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA; (D.D.); (T.D.); (A.C.); (A.I.B.)
- Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Molecular mechanisms mediating asymmetric subcellular localisation of the core planar polarity pathway proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1297-1308. [PMID: 32820799 PMCID: PMC7458395 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Planar polarity refers to cellular polarity in an orthogonal plane to apicobasal polarity, and is seen across scales from molecular distributions of proteins to tissue patterning. In many contexts it is regulated by the evolutionarily conserved ‘core' planar polarity pathway that is essential for normal organismal development. Core planar polarity pathway components form asymmetric intercellular complexes that communicate polarity between neighbouring cells and direct polarised cell behaviours and the formation of polarised structures. The core planar polarity pathway consists of six structurally different proteins. In the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, where the pathway is best characterised, an intercellular homodimer of the seven-pass transmembrane protein Flamingo interacts on one side of the cell junction with the seven-pass transmembrane protein Frizzled, and on the other side with the four-pass transmembrane protein Strabismus. The cytoplasmic proteins Diego and Dishevelled are co-localised with Frizzled, and Prickle co-localises with Strabismus. Between these six components there are myriad possible molecular interactions, which could stabilise or destabilise the intercellular complexes and lead to their sorting into polarised distributions within cells. Post-translational modifications are key regulators of molecular interactions between proteins. Several post-translational modifications of core proteins have been reported to be of functional significance, in particular phosphorylation and ubiquitination. In this review, we discuss the molecular control of planar polarity and the molecular ecology of the core planar polarity intercellular complexes. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of understanding the spatial control of post-translational modifications in the establishment of planar polarity.
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Kimata Y, Leturcq M, Aradhya R. Emerging roles of metazoan cell cycle regulators as coordinators of the cell cycle and differentiation. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2061-2083. [PMID: 32383482 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell proliferation must be tightly coordinated with other developmental processes to form functional tissues and organs. Despite significant advances in our understanding of how the cell cycle is controlled by conserved cell-cycle regulators (CCRs), how the cell cycle is coordinated with cell differentiation in metazoan organisms and how CCRs contribute to this process remain poorly understood. Here, we review the emerging roles of metazoan CCRs as intracellular proliferation-differentiation coordinators in multicellular organisms. We illustrate how major CCRs regulate cellular events that are required for cell fate acquisition and subsequent differentiation. To this end, CCRs employ diverse mechanisms, some of which are separable from those underpinning the conventional cell-cycle-regulatory functions of CCRs. By controlling cell-type-specific specification/differentiation processes alongside the progression of the cell cycle, CCRs enable spatiotemporal coupling between differentiation and cell proliferation in various developmental contexts in vivo. We discuss the significance and implications of this underappreciated role of metazoan CCRs for development, disease and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Kimata
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | - Maïté Leturcq
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | - Rajaguru Aradhya
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, India
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7
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Hu H, Xu H, Lu F, Zhang J, Xu L, Xu S, Jiang H, Zeng Q, Chen E, He Z. Exosome-Derived miR-486-5p Regulates Cell Cycle, Proliferation and Metastasis in Lung Adenocarcinoma via Targeting NEK2. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:259. [PMID: 32322578 PMCID: PMC7156548 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to describe the mechanism of exosome-derived miR-486-5p underlying the cell cycle and progression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods Bioinformatics methods were applied for identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GEO-LUAD dataset, predicting where the potential target miRNA was expressed and exploring the corresponding downstream target mRNA. qRT-PCR was conducted to detect the levels of the target genes in cancer cells. Thereafter, a series of in vitro experiments were performed for cell activities evaluation, including CCK-8, EdU, colony formation assay and transwell. Besides, Western blot was applied to determine the protein levels of the migration and invasion-related factors (NEK2, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, MMP-2, and MMP-9). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed for validating the targeted relationship between the target genes. Furthermore, nude mouse transplantation tumor experiment was conducted to further validate the role of the target miRNA in tumor development, and immunohistochemistry was used for Ki67 detection and TUNEL was applied for cell apoptosis assay. Results miR-486-5p was observed to be enriched in serum exosomes, and seen to be significantly down-regulated in cancer tissues as well as in cancer serum exosomes. It was proven that exosomes could release miR-486-5p, thus regulating LUAD progression and affecting cell cycle. Moreover, NEK2 was identified as a target of miR-486-5p both in vivo and in vitro. Enrichment analysis revealed that NEK2 was mainly activated in cell cycle and mitosis-related pathways. Meanwhile, NEK2 was found to present significant difference in different TNM stages. Furthermore, rescue experiments indicated that the inhibitory effect of miR-486-5p overexpression on LUAD progression could be abrogated when miR-486-5p and NEK2 were simultaneously up-regulated. Conclusion Exosome-derived miR-486-5p is responsible for cell cycle arrest as well as the inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis in LUAD via targeting NEK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangdi Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Lu
- Operation Room, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanliang Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingxin Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enguo Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfu He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Kimata Y. APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase: Coupling Cellular Differentiation to G1/G0 Phase in Multicellular Systems. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:591-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hippo signaling is intrinsically regulated during cell cycle progression by APC/C Cdh1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9423-9432. [PMID: 31000600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821370116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in growth control during development and regeneration and its dysregulation is widely implicated in various cancers. To further understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Hippo signaling regulation, we have found that activities of core Hippo signaling components, large tumor suppressor (LATS) kinases and YAP/TAZ transcription factors, oscillate during mitotic cell cycle. We further identified that the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)Cdh1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which plays a key role governing eukaryotic cell cycle progression, intrinsically regulates Hippo signaling activities. CDH1 recognizes LATS kinases to promote their degradation and, hence, YAP/TAZ regulation by LATS phosphorylation is under cell cycle control. As a result, YAP/TAZ activities peak in G1 phase. Furthermore, we show in Drosophila eye and wing development that Cdh1 is required in vivo to regulate the LATS homolog Warts with a conserved mechanism. Cdh1 reduction increased Warts levels, which resulted in reduction of the eye and wing sizes in a Yorkie dependent manner. Therefore, LATS degradation by APC/CCdh1 represents a previously unappreciated and evolutionarily conserved layer of Hippo signaling regulation.
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10
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Prickle is phosphorylated by Nemo and targeted for degradation to maintain Prickle/Spiny-legs isoform balance during planar cell polarity establishment. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007391. [PMID: 29758044 PMCID: PMC5967807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) instructs tissue patterning in a wide range of organisms from fruit flies to humans. PCP signaling coordinates cell behavior across tissues and is integrated by cells to couple cell fate identity with position in a developing tissue. In the fly eye, PCP signaling is required for the specification of R3 and R4 photoreceptors based upon their positioning relative to the dorso-ventral axis. The ‘core’ PCP pathway involves the asymmetric localization of two distinct membrane-bound complexes, one containing Frizzled (Fz, required in R3) and the other Van Gogh (Vang, required in R4). Inhibitory interactions between the cytosolic components of each complex reinforce asymmetric localization. Prickle (Pk) and Spiny-legs (Pk-Sple) are two antagonistic isoforms of the prickle (pk) gene and are cytoplasmic components of the Vang complex. The balance between their levels is critical for tissue patterning, with Pk-Sple being the major functional isoform in the eye. Here we uncover a post-translational role for Nemo kinase in limiting the amount of the minor isoform Pk. We identified Pk as a Nemo substrate in a genome-wide in vitro band-shift screen. In vivo, nemo genetically interacts with pkpk but not pksple and enhances PCP defects in the eye and leg. Nemo phosphorylation limits Pk levels and is required specifically in the R4 photoreceptor like the major isoform, Pk-Sple. Genetic interaction and biochemical data suggest that Nemo phosphorylation of Pk leads to its proteasomal degradation via the Cullin1/SkpA/Slmb complex. dTAK and Homeodomain interacting protein kinase (Hipk) may also act together with Nemo to target Pk for degradation, consistent with similar observations in mammalian studies. Our results therefore demonstrate a mechanism to maintain low levels of the minor Pk isoform, allowing PCP complexes to form correctly and specify cell fate. For functional tissues to form, individual cells must correctly orient themselves and function appropriately for their particular location in the body. The Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) complexes transmit one set of spatial cues by acting as signposts to mark direction across an epithelial layer. PCP signals can direct and coordinate cell differentiation, the behavior of groups of cells, or the orientation of individual cellular protrusions, depending on the tissue. PCP signals act as a polarization relay with two different complexes being positioned on opposite sides of each cell. This pattern of polarity is transmitted to neighboring cells and so extends across the tissue. In the fly eye, PCP signals control the differentiation of a pair of photoreceptors, R3 and R4, where the cell that is positioned closer to the dorso-ventral midline becomes R3. An excess of the PCP protein Prickle prevents the proper assembly of PCP complexes in the eye and so alters R3/R4 fate. Here we show that Nemo kinase is required in the R4 cell to phosphorylate Prickle and promote its degradation by the proteasome. Maintenance of low Prickle levels allows proper formation of PCP complexes, cell fate specification, and eye development.
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11
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Drechsler M, Meyer H, Wilmes AC, Paululat A. APC/CFzr regulates cardiac and myoblast cell numbers and plays a crucial role during myoblast fusion. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209155. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic muscles are formed by the iterative fusion of myoblasts into muscle fibres. This process is driven by the recurrent recruitment of proteins to the cell membrane to induce F-actin nucleation at the fusion site. Although various proteins involved in myoblast fusion have been identified, knowledge about their sub-cellular regulation is rather elusive. We identified the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) adaptor Fizzy related (Fzr) as an essential regulator of heart and muscle development. We show that APC/CFzr regulates the fusion of myoblasts as well as mitotic exit of pericardial cells, cardioblasts and myoblasts. Surprisingly, over-proliferation is not causative for the observed fusion defects. Instead, fzr mutants exhibit smaller F-actin foci at the fusion site, and display reduced membrane breakdown between adjacent myoblasts. We show that lack of APC/CFzr causes the accumulation and mislocalisation of Rols and Duf, two proteins involved in the fusion process. Duf seems to serve as direct substrate of the APC/CFzr, and its destruction depends on the presence of distinct degron sequences. These novel findings indicate that protein destruction and turnover constitute major events during myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Drechsler
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Current address: University of Cambridge, Department of Zoology, CB2 3EJ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heiko Meyer
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ariane C. Wilmes
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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12
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Fry AM, Bayliss R, Roig J. Mitotic Regulation by NEK Kinase Networks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:102. [PMID: 29250521 PMCID: PMC5716973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies in yeast and Drosophila led to identification of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Polo-like kinases (PLKs) and Aurora kinases as essential regulators of mitosis. These enzymes have since been found in the majority of eukaryotes and their cell cycle-related functions characterized in great detail. However, genetic studies in another fungal species, Aspergillus nidulans, identified a distinct family of protein kinases, the NEKs, that are also widely conserved and have key roles in the cell cycle, but which remain less well studied. Nevertheless, it is now clear that multiple NEK family members act in networks to regulate specific events of mitosis, including centrosome separation, spindle assembly and cytokinesis. Here, we describe our current understanding of how the NEK kinases contribute to these processes, particularly through targeted phosphorylation of proteins associated with the microtubule cytoskeleton. We also present the latest findings on molecular events that control the activation state of the NEKs and how these are revealing novel modes of enzymatic regulation relevant not only to other kinases but also to pathological mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Roig
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Abstract
Human development requires intricate cell specification and communication pathways that allow an embryo to generate and appropriately connect more than 200 different cell types. Key to the successful completion of this differentiation programme is the quantitative and reversible regulation of core signalling networks, and post-translational modification with ubiquitin provides embryos with an essential tool to accomplish this task. Instigated by E3 ligases and reversed by deubiquitylases, ubiquitylation controls many processes that are fundamental for development, such as cell division, fate specification and migration. As aberrant function or regulation of ubiquitylation enzymes is at the roots of developmental disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration, modulating the activity of ubiquitylation enzymes is likely to provide strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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14
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Membrane Targeting of Disheveled Can Bypass the Need for Arrow/LRP5. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6934. [PMID: 28761148 PMCID: PMC5537288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Wnt signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation and differentiation in vertebrates and invertebrates. Upon binding of a Wnt ligand to a receptor of the Fz family, Disheveled (Dsh/Dvl) transduces the signal during canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling. The specific details of how this process occurs have proven difficult to study, especially as Dsh appears to function as a switch between different branches of Wnt signaling. Here we focus on the membrane-proximal events that occur once Dsh is recruited to the membrane. We show that membrane-tethering of the Dsh protein is sufficient to induce canonical Wnt signaling activation even in the absence of the Wnt co-receptor Arrow/LRP5/6. We map the protein domains required for pathway activation in membrane tethered constructs finding that both the DEP and PDZ domains are dispensable for canonical signaling only in membrane-tethered Dsh, but not in untethered/normal Dsh. These data lead to a signal activation model, where Arrow is required to localize Dsh to the membrane during canonical Wnt signaling placing Dsh downstream of Arrow.
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15
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Bryja V, Červenka I, Čajánek L. The connections of Wnt pathway components with cell cycle and centrosome: side effects or a hidden logic? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:614-637. [PMID: 28741966 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1350135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling cascade has developed together with multicellularity to orchestrate the development and homeostasis of complex structures. Wnt pathway components - such as β-catenin, Dishevelled (DVL), Lrp6, and Axin-- are often dedicated proteins that emerged in evolution together with the Wnt signaling cascade and are believed to function primarily in the Wnt cascade. It is interesting to see that in recent literature many of these proteins are connected with cellular functions that are more ancient and not limited to multicellular organisms - such as cell cycle regulation, centrosome biology, or cell division. In this review, we summarize the recent literature describing this crosstalk. Specifically, we attempt to find the answers to the following questions: Is the response to Wnt ligands regulated by the cell cycle? Is the centrosome and/or cilium required to activate the Wnt pathway? How do Wnt pathway components regulate the centrosomal cycle and cilia formation and function? We critically review the evidence that describes how these connections are regulated and how they help to integrate cell-to-cell communication with the cell and the centrosomal cycle in order to achieve a fine-tuned, physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítězslav Bryja
- a Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Igor Červenka
- b Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lukáš Čajánek
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
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16
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Neuert H, Yuva-Aydemir Y, Silies M, Klämbt C. Different modes of APC/C activation control growth and neuron-glia interaction in the developing Drosophila eye. Development 2017; 144:4673-4683. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.152694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the nervous system requires tight control of cell division, fate specification and migration. The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that affects different steps of cell cycle progression, as well as having postmitotic functions in nervous system development. It can therefore link different developmental stages in one tissue. The two adaptor proteins Fizzy/Cdc20 and Fizzy-Related/Cdh1 confer APC/C substrate specificity. Here we show that two distinct modes of APC/C function act during Drosophila eye development. Fizzy/Cdc20 controls the early growth of the eye disc anlage and the concomitant entry of glial cells onto the disc. In contrast, fzr/cdh1 acts during neuronal patterning and photoreceptor axon growth, and subsequently affects neuron-glia interaction. To further address the postmitotic role of Fzr/Cdh1 in controlling neuron-glia interaction, we identified a series of novel APC/C candidate substrates. Four of our candidate genes are required for fzr/cdh1 dependent neuron-glia interaction, including the dynein light chain Dlc90F. Taken together, our data show how different modes of APC/C activation can couple early growth and neuron-glia interaction during eye disc development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Neuert
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Present address: Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yeliz Yuva-Aydemir
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Present address: Department of Neurology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Marion Silies
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
- European Neuroscience Institute, University Medical Center Goettingen, Grisebachstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Martins T, Meghini F, Florio F, Kimata Y. The APC/C Coordinates Retinal Differentiation with G1 Arrest through the Nek2-Dependent Modulation of Wingless Signaling. Dev Cell 2016; 40:67-80. [PMID: 28041905 PMCID: PMC5225405 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is coordinated with differentiation during animal development. Here we report a cell-cycle-independent developmental role for a master cell-cycle regulator, the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C), in the regulation of cell fate through modulation of Wingless (Wg) signaling. The APC/C controls both cell-cycle progression and postmitotic processes through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Through an RNAi screen in the developing Drosophila eye, we found that partial APC/C inactivation severely inhibits retinal differentiation independently of cell-cycle defects. The differentiation inhibition coincides with hyperactivation of Wg signaling caused by the accumulation of a Wg modulator, Drosophila Nek2 (dNek2). The APC/C degrades dNek2 upon synchronous G1 arrest prior to differentiation, which allows retinal differentiation through local suppression of Wg signaling. We also provide evidence that decapentaplegic signaling may posttranslationally regulate this APC/C function. Thus, the APC/C coordinates cell-fate determination with the cell cycle through the modulation of developmental signaling pathways. APC/C inactivation disrupts retinal differentiation in the Drosophila eye APC/C inactivation causes the ectopic activation of Wg signaling APC/CFzr downregulates a Wg modulator, dNek2, by proteolysis upon G1 arrest Local dNek2 degradation ensures the coordination of retinal differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Torcato Martins
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - Francesco Meghini
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Francesca Florio
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Yuu Kimata
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
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