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Regulation of Actin Dynamics in the C. elegans Somatic Gonad. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7010006. [PMID: 30897735 PMCID: PMC6473838 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive system of the hermaphroditic nematode C. elegans consists of a series of contractile cell types—including the gonadal sheath cells, the spermathecal cells and the spermatheca–uterine valve—that contract in a coordinated manner to regulate oocyte entry and exit of the fertilized embryo into the uterus. Contraction is driven by acto-myosin contraction and relies on the development and maintenance of specialized acto-myosin networks in each cell type. Study of this system has revealed insights into the regulation of acto-myosin network assembly and contractility in vivo.
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Kelley LC, Chi Q, Cáceres R, Hastie E, Schindler AJ, Jiang Y, Matus DQ, Plastino J, Sherwood DR. Adaptive F-Actin Polymerization and Localized ATP Production Drive Basement Membrane Invasion in the Absence of MMPs. Dev Cell 2019; 48:313-328.e8. [PMID: 30686527 PMCID: PMC6372315 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with decreased patient prognosis but have failed as anti-invasive drug targets despite promoting cancer cell invasion. Through time-lapse imaging, optical highlighting, and combined genetic removal of the five MMPs expressed during anchor cell (AC) invasion in C. elegans, we find that MMPs hasten invasion by degrading basement membrane (BM). Though irregular and delayed, AC invasion persists in MMP- animals via adaptive enrichment of the Arp2/3 complex at the invasive cell membrane, which drives formation of an F-actin-rich protrusion that physically breaches and displaces BM. Using a large-scale RNAi synergistic screen and a genetically encoded ATP FRET sensor, we discover that mitochondria enrich within the protrusion and provide localized ATP that fuels F-actin network growth. Thus, without MMPs, an invasive cell can alter its BM-breaching tactics, suggesting that targeting adaptive mechanisms will be necessary to mitigate BM invasion in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Kelley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cáceres
- CNRS, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research Université, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75005, France
| | - Eric Hastie
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adam J Schindler
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David Q Matus
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Julie Plastino
- CNRS, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research Université, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Plastino J, Blanchoin L. Dynamic stability of the actin ecosystem. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:132/4/jcs219832. [PMID: 30104258 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells, actin filaments continuously assemble and disassemble while maintaining an apparently constant network structure. This suggests a perfect balance between dynamic processes. Such behavior, operating far out of equilibrium by the hydrolysis of ATP, is called a dynamic steady state. This dynamic steady state confers a high degree of plasticity to cytoskeleton networks that allows them to adapt and optimize their architecture in response to external changes on short time-scales, thus permitting cells to adjust to their environment. In this Review, we summarize what is known about the cellular actin steady state, and what gaps remain in our understanding of this fundamental dynamic process that balances the different forms of actin organization in a cell. We focus on the minimal steps to achieve a steady state, discuss the potential feedback mechanisms at play to balance this steady state and conclude with an outlook on what is needed to fully understand its molecular nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Plastino
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France .,Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France .,CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 75010 Paris, France
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