1
|
Hernández-García D, García-Meléndrez C, Hernández-Martínez R, Collazo-Navarrete O, Covarrubias L. Macrophages allocate before apoptosis initiation and produce reactive oxygen species during interdigital phagocytosis. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060492. [PMID: 39052046 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During programmed cell death (PCD), it is commonly accepted that macrophages are recruited by apoptotic cells to complete cell degradation. Interdigital cell death, a classical model of PCD, contributes to digit individualization in limbs of mammals and other vertebrates. Here, we show that macrophages are present in interdigits before significant cell death occurs and remain after apoptosis inhibition. The typical interdigital phagocytic activity was not observed after a partial depletion of macrophages and was markedly reduced by engulfment/phagosome maturation inhibition, as detected by its association with high lysosomal activity. β-galactosidase activity in this region was also coupled with phagocytosis, against its relationship with cellular senescence. Interdigital phagocytosis correlated with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), common in embryo regions carrying abundant cell death, suggesting that macrophages are the major source of ROS. ROS generation was dependent on NADPH oxidases and blood vessel integrity, but not directly associated with lysosomal activity. Therefore, macrophages prepattern regions where abundant cell death is going to occur, and high lysosomal activity and the generation of ROS by an oxidative burst-like phenomenon are activities of phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-García
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., CP 62210, México
| | - Celina García-Meléndrez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., CP 62210, México
| | - Rocío Hernández-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., CP 62210, México
| | - Omar Collazo-Navarrete
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., CP 62210, México
| | - Luis Covarrubias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., CP 62210, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Co HKC, Wu CC, Lee YC, Chen SH. Emergence of large-scale cell death through ferroptotic trigger waves. Nature 2024; 631:654-662. [PMID: 38987590 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale cell death is commonly observed during organismal development and in human pathologies1-5. These cell death events extend over great distances to eliminate large populations of cells, raising the question of how cell death can be coordinated in space and time. One mechanism that enables long-range signal transmission is trigger waves6, but how this mechanism might be used for death events in cell populations remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that ferroptosis, an iron- and lipid-peroxidation-dependent form of cell death, can propagate across human cells over long distances (≥5 mm) at constant speeds (around 5.5 μm min-1) through trigger waves of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chemical and genetic perturbations indicate a primary role of ROS feedback loops (Fenton reaction, NADPH oxidase signalling and glutathione synthesis) in controlling the progression of ferroptotic trigger waves. We show that introducing ferroptotic stress through suppression of cystine uptake activates these ROS feedback loops, converting cellular redox systems from being monostable to being bistable and thereby priming cell populations to become bistable media over which ROS propagate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ferroptosis and its propagation accompany the massive, yet spatially restricted, cell death events during muscle remodelling of the embryonic avian limb, substantiating its use as a tissue-sculpting strategy during embryogenesis. Our findings highlight the role of ferroptosis in coordinating global cell death events, providing a paradigm for investigating large-scale cell death in embryonic development and human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K C Co
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Wu
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Physics Division, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hong Chen
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Physics Division, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sakamoto DM, Tamura I, Yi B, Hasegawa S, Saito Y, Yamada N, Takakusagi Y, Kubota SI, Kobayashi M, Harada H, Hanaoka K, Taki M, Nangaku M, Tainaka K, Sando S. Whole-Body and Whole-Organ 3D Imaging of Hypoxia Using an Activatable Covalent Fluorescent Probe Compatible with Tissue Clearing. ACS NANO 2024; 18:5167-5179. [PMID: 38301048 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Elucidation of biological phenomena requires imaging of microenvironments in vivo. Although the seamless visualization of in vivo hypoxia from the level of whole-body to single-cell has great potential to discover unknown phenomena in biological and medical fields, no methodology for achieving it has been established thus far. Here, we report the whole-body and whole-organ imaging of hypoxia, an important microenvironment, at single-cell resolution using activatable covalent fluorescent probes compatible with tissue clearing. We initially focused on overcoming the incompatibility of fluorescent dyes and refractive index matching solutions (RIMSs), which has greatly hindered the development of fluorescent molecular probes in the field of tissue clearing. The fluorescent dyes compatible with RIMS were then incorporated into the development of activatable covalent fluorescent probes for hypoxia. We combined the probes with tissue clearing, achieving comprehensive single-cell-resolution imaging of hypoxia in a whole mouse body and whole organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi M Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Iori Tamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Bo Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sho Hasegawa
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yutaro Saito
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takakusagi
- Quantum Hyperpolarized MRI Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba-city 263-8555, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba-city 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shimpei I Kubota
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Division of Analytical Chemistry for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
- Gftd DeSci, Gftd DAO, Nishikawa Building, 20 Kikuicho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0044, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salica MJ, Goldberg J, Akmentins MS, Candioti FV. Exceptional features of the embryonic ontogeny of a direct‐developing Robber frog. J Zool (1987) 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Salica
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad Nacional de Jujuy) San Salvador de Jujuy Argentina
| | - J. Goldberg
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba) Córdoba Argentina
| | - M. S. Akmentins
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad Nacional de Jujuy) San Salvador de Jujuy Argentina
| | - F. Vera Candioti
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Fundación Miguel Lillo) San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ono SF, Cordeiro IR, Kishida O, Ochi H, Tanaka M. Air-breathing behavior underlies the cell death in limbs of Rana pirica tadpoles. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36624534 PMCID: PMC9830891 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-022-00199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians shape their limbs by differential outgrowth of digits and interdigital regions. In contrast, amniotes employ cell death, an additional developmental system, to determine the final shape of limbs. Previous work has shown that high oxygen availability is correlated with the induction of cell death in developing limbs. Given the diversity of life histories of amphibians, it is conceivable that some amphibians are exposed to a high-oxygen environment during the tadpole phase and exhibit cell death in their limbs. Here, we examined whether air-breathing behavior underlies the cell death in limbs of aquatic tadpoles of the frog species Rana pirica. Our experimental approach revealed that R. pirica tadpoles exhibit cell death in their limbs that is likely to be induced by oxidative stress associated with their frequent air-breathing behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi F Ono
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, 053-0035, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
SignificanceTo adapt to arboreal lifestyles, treefrogs have evolved a suite of complex traits that support vertical movement and gliding, thus presenting a unique case for studying the genetic basis for traits causally linked to vertical niche expansion. Here, based on two de novo-assembled Asian treefrog genomes, we determined that genes involved in limb development and keratin cytoskeleton likely played a role in the evolution of their climbing systems. Behavioral and morphological evaluation and time-ordered gene coexpression network analysis revealed the developmental patterns and regulatory pathways of the webbed feet used for gliding in Rhacophorus kio.
Collapse
|
7
|
Masood F, Bhattaram R, Rosenblatt MI, Kazlauskas A, Chang JH, Azar DT. Lymphatic Vessel Regression and Its Therapeutic Applications: Learning From Principles of Blood Vessel Regression. Front Physiol 2022; 13:846936. [PMID: 35392370 PMCID: PMC8980686 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.846936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant lymphatic system function has been increasingly implicated in pathologies such as lymphedema, organ transplant rejection, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. While some pathologies are exacerbated by lymphatic vessel regression and dysfunction, induced lymphatic regression could be therapeutically beneficial in others. Despite its importance, our understanding of lymphatic vessel regression is far behind that of blood vessel regression. Herein, we review the current understanding of blood vessel regression to identify several hallmarks of this phenomenon that can be extended to further our understanding of lymphatic vessel regression. We also summarize current research on lymphatic vessel regression and an array of research tools and models that can be utilized to advance this field. Additionally, we discuss the roles of lymphatic vessel regression and dysfunction in select pathologies, highlighting how an improved understanding of lymphatic vessel regression may yield therapeutic insights for these disease states.
Collapse
|
8
|
Histone Epigenetic Signatures in Embryonic Limb Interdigital Cells Fated to Die. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040911. [PMID: 33921015 PMCID: PMC8071442 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During limb formation in vertebrates with free digits, the interdigital mesoderm is eliminated by a massive degeneration process that involves apoptosis and cell senescence. The degradation process is preceded by intense DNA damage in zones located close to methylated DNA, accompanied by the activation of the DNA repair response. In this study, we show that trimethylated histone 3 (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3) overlaps with zones positive for 5mC in the nuclei of interdigital cells. This pattern contrasts with the widespread distribution of acetylated histones (H3K9ac and H4ac) and the histone variant H3.3 throughout the nucleoplasm. Consistent with the intense labeling of acetylated histones, the histone deacetylase genes Hdac1, Hdac2, Hdac3, and Hdac8, and at a more reduced level, Hdac10, are expressed in the interdigits. Furthermore, local treatments with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, which promotes an open chromatin state, induces massive cell death and transcriptional changes reminiscent of, but preceding, the physiological process of interdigit remodeling. Together, these findings suggest that the epigenetic profile of the interdigital mesoderm contributes to the sensitivity to DNA damage that precedes apoptosis during tissue regression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cordeiro IR, Yu R, Tanaka M. Regulation of the limb shape during the development of the Chinese softshell turtles. Evol Dev 2020; 22:451-462. [PMID: 32906209 PMCID: PMC7757393 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interdigital cell death is an important mechanism employed by amniotes to shape their limbs; inhibiting this process leads to the formation of webbed fingers, as seen in bats and ducks. The Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae) has a distinctive limb morphology: the anterior side of the limbs has partially webbed fingers with claw‐like protrusions, while the posterior fingers are completely enclosed in webbings. Here, P. sinensis embryos were investigated to gain insights on the evolution of limb‐shaping mechanisms in amniotes. We found cell death and cell senescence in their interdigital webbings. Spatial or temporal modulation of these processes were correlated with the appearance of indentations in the webbings, but not a complete regression of this tissue. No differences in interdigital cell proliferation were found. In subsequent stages, differential growth of the finger cartilages led to a major difference in limb shape. While no asymmetry in bone morphogenetic protein signaling was evident during interdigital cell death stages, some components of this pathway were expressed exclusively in the clawed digit tips, which also had earlier ossification. In addition, a delay and/or truncation in the chondrogenesis of the posterior digits was found in comparison with the anterior digits of P. sinensis, and also when compared with the previously published pattern of digit skeletogenesis of turtles without posterior webbings. In conclusion, modulation of cell death, as well as a heterochrony in digit chondrogenesis, may contribute to the formation of the unique limbs of the Chinese softshell turtles. Cell death and senescence shape the interdigital webbings of Pelodiscus sinensis. Delayed chondrogenesis/ossification and truncated tips are found in posterior digits, as well as differential expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and Msh homeobox 1 transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid R Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reiko Yu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cordeiro IR, Tanaka M. Environmental Oxygen is a Key Modulator of Development and Evolution: From Molecules to Ecology. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000025. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology B‐17, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226‐8501 Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology B‐17, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226‐8501 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sanchez-Fernandez C, Lorda-Diez CI, Hurlé JM, Montero JA. The methylation status of the embryonic limb skeletal progenitors determines their cell fate in chicken. Commun Biol 2020; 3:283. [PMID: 32504030 PMCID: PMC7275052 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Digits shape is sculpted by interdigital programmed cell death during limb development. Here, we show that DNA breakage in the periphery of 5-methylcytosine nuclei foci of interdigital precursors precedes cell death. These cells showed higher genome instability than the digit-forming precursors when exposed to X-ray irradiation or local bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) treatments. Regional but not global DNA methylation differences were found between both progenitors. DNA-Methyl-Transferases (DNMTs) including DNMT1, DNMT3B and, to a lesser extent, DNMT3A, exhibited well-defined expression patterns in regions destined to degenerate, as the interdigital tissue and the prospective joint regions. Dnmt3b functional experiments revealed an inverse regulation of cell death and cartilage differentiation, by transcriptional regulation of key genes including Sox9, Scleraxis, p21 and Bak1, via differential methylation of CpG islands across their promoters. Our findings point to a regulation of cell death versus chondrogenesis of limb skeletal precursors based on epigenetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Carlos Ignacio Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurlé
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ros MA, Schoenwolf GC. In memory of John F. Fallon. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:430-440. [PMID: 32162410 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ros
- CSIC, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria (CSIC-UC-SODERCAN) Santander, Spain
| | - Gary C Schoenwolf
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|