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Ban HJ, Lee S, Jin HJ. Exploring Stroke Risk through Mendelian Randomization: A Comprehensive Study Integrating Genetics and Metabolic Traits in the Korean Population. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1311. [PMID: 38927518 PMCID: PMC11201557 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous risk factors play a role in the causation of stroke, and the cardiometabolic condition is a one of the most important. In Korea, various treatment methods are employed based on the constitutional type, which is known to differ significantly in cardiometabolic disease. In this study, we compared the estimates obtained for different groups by applying the Mendelian randomization method to investigate the causal effects of genetic characteristics on stroke, according to constitutional type. In clinical analysis, the subtypes differ significantly in diabetes or dyslipidemia. The genetic association estimates for the stroke subtype risk were obtained from MEGASTROKE, the International Stroke Genetics Consortium (ISGC), UKbiobank, and BioBank Japan (BBJ), using group-related SNPs as instrumental variables. The TE subtypes with higher risk of metabolic disease were associated with increased risk (beta = 4.190; s.e. = 1.807; p = 0.035) of cardioembolic stroke (CES), and the SE subtypes were associated with decreased risk (beta = -9.336, s.e. = 1.753; p = 3.87 × 10-5) of CES. The findings highlight the importance of personalized medicine in assessing disease risk based on an individual's constitutional type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hee-Jeong Jin
- Korean Medicine (KM) Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.B.); (S.L.)
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Kim J, Jeong K, Lim S, Lee S, Baek Y. Association of Dietary Protein Sources and Their Adequacy, Body Composition and Risk of Sarcopenic Obesity in South Korean Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metabolites 2024; 14:130. [PMID: 38393022 PMCID: PMC10890361 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein sources and protein adequacy are crucial modulators of muscle quality and body composition. We investigated the association between dietary protein sources (and their adequacy) and body composition and the risk of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in South Korean populations. The participants (n = 1967) were classified into SO, obese, sarcopenia, and normal groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the KS-15 questionnaire, short-form food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of body fat (male: 35.36 ± 0.51%; female: 44.14 ± 0.36%) was significantly high, while appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM; male: 36.39 ± 0.30%, female: 30.32 ± 0.19%) was low in the SO group. Beef and pork consumption was negatively associated with ASM (%) but positively associated with body fat (%) in the normal group and positively associated with ASM (kg/m2: beta = 0.002, p = 0.02) and BFM (kg: beta = 0.012, p = 0.03) in the SO group, respectively. The highest quintile (Q5: 173.6 g/day) showed a decreased risk of SO prevalence (AORs: 0.46, CI: 0.22-0.94) compared with that in the lowest quintile (Q1: 21.6 g/day) among the people with inadequacy protein intake. Daily poultry and egg intake was positively linked with body composition in the participants with SO, while red meat showed a negative effect on imbalanced body composition in participants in the normal and SO groups. Furthermore, a lower intake of poultry and eggs was strongly associated with SO prevalence in people who consumed inadequate amounts of daily dietary protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Division of Korean Medicine Data, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsik Jeong
- Division of Korean Medicine Data, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Sueun Lim
- Division of Korean Medicine Data, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwoo Lee
- Division of Korean Medicine Data, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Baek
- Division of Korean Medicine Data, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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Resting Metabolic Rate for Diagnosing Tae-Eum Sasang Type and Unraveling the Mechanism of Type-Specific Obesity. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040672. [PMID: 36832160 PMCID: PMC9955353 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased resting metabolic rate (RMR), representing augmented energy expenditure, is a preferred physical characteristic; however, the Tae-Eum Sasang type, with a high incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases, has a higher RMR. This study scrutinized the physical characteristics of Sasang typology, a traditional Korean personalized medicine, to resolve this discrepancy, which can unravel the mechanism of Tae-Eum-type-specific obesity and improve the Tae-Eum Sasang-type diagnosis. A total of 395 healthy participants provided Sasang-type diagnosis using Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool and physical features, including skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and RMR, along with those standardized using body weight. The Tae-Eum-type group showed significantly higher body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and unstandardized RMR (kcal/day) than others, while their standardized measures of RMR per weigh (RMRw, kcal/day/kg) and percent skeletal muscle (PSM, %) were significantly lower. The logistic regression model revealed that the RMRw is pivotal for discriminating Tae-Eum type from others and explaining the developmental mechanism of Tae-Eum-type obesity. The aforementioned might provide a theoretical framework for Sasang-type diagnosis and Sasang-type-specific health promotion using bodily exercise and medical herbs.
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Baek Y, Lee S, Jeong K, Jang E. Sasang Constitution Type Combined with General Obesity May Act as a Risk Factor for Prediabetes Mellitus. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10112286. [PMID: 36421610 PMCID: PMC9690487 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sasang constitutional medicine is a traditional customized medicine in Korea that classifies people into four types: Taeeumin (TE), Taeyangin (TY), Soeumin (SE), and Soyangin (SY). This study explored whether Sasang constitution (SC) types combined with general obesity could be risk factors for prediabetes mellitus (pre-DM). This study was cross-sectional and was conducted from November 2007 to July 2011 in 23 Korean medical clinics. In total, 2185 eligible subjects participated. A t test, one-way ANOVA with Scheffé’s post hoc analysis, the chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were used. Significance was indicated by p < 0.05. The numbers of participants with normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels and pre-DM were 405 (75.3%) and 133 (24.7%) in the SE, 516 (70.3%) and 218 (29.7%) in the SY, and 590 (64.6%) and 323 (35.4%) in the TE (p < 0.001) groups, respectively. There was a significant difference in the proportion of each SC type among people with pre-DM and normal FPG levels in the normal BMI group. The odds ratios (ORs) of the TE type were significantly different from those of the SE type in the crude and Model 1. The distribution of the normal FPG and pre-DM individuals between the obese and normal BMI groups only for the SY type was significantly different. The SY type combined with general obesity had a higher OR (1.846, 95% CI 1.286−2.649) than that combined with normal BMI among participants with pre-DM, and this higher OR remained after adjusting for covariates (OR, 1.604, 95% CI, 1.093−2.354). This study revealed that the TE type might be a risk factor for pre-DM in the normal BMI group, and the SY type with general obesity could be a risk factor for pre-DM compared with the SY type with normal BMI. Accordingly, SC and BMI should be considered when managing pre-DM. To clarify the risk of SC and BMI, further study including epigenetic factors is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghwa Baek
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwoo Lee
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsik Jeong
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Jang
- Division of Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Jeong K, Lee S, Seo BN, Baek Y. Low nutritional status links to the prevalence of pre-metabolic syndrome and its cluster in metabolically high-risk Korean adults: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25905. [PMID: 34011058 PMCID: PMC8137084 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet plays a crucial role as a modifiable risk factor related to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its cluster. Constitution type of traditional Korean medicine has shown accuracy to predict the risk for MetS. We attempted to examine the association between nutritional status, pre-MetS, and its cluster in Korean adults by their constitution type.Participants aged 30 to 55 years who had no cancer or cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were assigned to join in the present study. Pre-MetS was defined as ≥2 of the following factors: abdominal obesity; elevated triglycerides (TG); reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); elevated blood pressure (BP); and elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Constitution type was categorized into Tae-Eumin (TE) or non-TE. Dietary assessment of the subjects were surveyed using a short-form of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the nutrition quotient (NQ), which uses 4 factors, namely, balance, diversity, moderation, and dietary behavior.A total of 986 subjects were evaluated by constitution type with MetS status. Of these subjects, 48.6% had pre-MetS, 89.5% were obese and had the highest waist circumference (WC) in Pre-MetS TE. BP, FPG, TG were higher, while HDL-C was lower, than normal TE or non-TE both in Pre-MetS TE and non-TE. The prevalence of pre-MetS was positively associated with lower status of dietary behavior (odds ratio [ORs]: 2.153, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.179-3.931) while negatively related to higher vegetables and fruits intakes (ORs: 0.594, 95% CI: 0.359-0.983) in TE. Lower status of NQ had about 2 times higher risk of Pre-MetS (ORs: 1.855, 95% CI: 1.018-3.380) and abdominal obesity (ORs: 2.035, 95% CI: 1.097-3.775) in TE compared with higher status of NQ after controlling for covariates.Poor diet was a key contributor to the development of Pre-MetS and abdominal obesity in Korean adults with TE. Customized nutrition care and integrated medicinal approaches are strongly suggested to conduct optimal preventive care for people who are vulnerable to health risk.
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Kim J, Jeong K, Lee S, Baek Y. Relationship between Low Vegetable Consumption, Increased High-Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Level, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Korean Adults with Tae-Eumin: A Cross-Sectional Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:3631445. [PMID: 34055004 PMCID: PMC8131133 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3631445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An anti-inflammatory diet has many beneficial effects on cardiometabolic diseases. Constitution type of traditional Korean medicine can predict cardiometabolic risk factors. We examined the relationship between vegetable consumption and the high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level on cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults by constitution types. Data from 1,983 eligible participants (mean age, 44.3 years) were included in the present cross-sectional study. The inflammatory status of the participants was categorized into low- (<3.0 mg/L) or high-risk (≥3.0 mg/L) groups based on their constitution types. Cardiometabolic risk factors (abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, and ≥2 concurrent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors) and dietary assessment of the participants were assessed. A total of 11.1% of Tae-eumin (TE) and 4.9% of non-TE groups had a higher hs-CRP level (TE: 6.6 ± 0.2, non-TE: 8.4 ± 0.3) than a low hs-CRP level TE and non-TE (TE: 0.9 ± 0.1, non-TE: 0.6 ± 0.1). Vegetable consumption of <91.5 g/day was highly associated with a high-risk hs-CRP level (adjusted odds ratio (ORs): second tertile (T2): 2.290, (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.285-4.082); first tertile (T1): 2.474 (95% CI: 1.368-4.475), P=0.003) compared with that of the highest (T3) in TE. Low (T1 and T2) vegetable consumption was associated with a 54-63% increased prevalence of more than two concurrent CVDs risk factors compared with that of the highest in the TE group (P=0.012). Higher vegetable consumption greatly decreased the prevalence of CVDs risk factors by 63-86% in the low-risk and high-risk hs-CRP TE groups. Our results highlight the cardioprotective effects of higher consumption of vegetables in Korean adults with TE. Evidence-based clinical risk factor management and multifaceted approaches at the community and population levels targeting prevention in high-burden groups are recommended to reduce the premature mortality attributed to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsik Jeong
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwoo Lee
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Baek
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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Urinary Function of the Sasang Type and Cold-Heat Subgroup Using the Sasang Urination Inventory in Korean Hospital Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7313581. [PMID: 32963570 PMCID: PMC7499285 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7313581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptom is pivotal for the Sasang type classification and pattern identification. The Sasang Urination and Defecation Inventory (SUDI) for urinary function analysis was developed; however, the clinical usefulness of urination-related subscales of SUDI in the Sasang type and Cold-Heat subgroup was not reported with acceptable validation analysis. Methods The clinical diagnosis of the Sasang type and Cold-Heat subgroup, responses to SUDI items, and weight and height of the 350 hospital patients were acquired retrospectively. The Sasang Urination Inventory (SUI) with SUI-CHR (problematic physical characteristics of urine), SUI-HSS (hypersensitivity of urinary urgency and high frequency), and SUI-DIS (urinary discomfort of hesitancy and residual urine sense) subscales using 12 items of SUDI were improvised. The item and construct validity of the SUI were examined using item response theory and confirmatory factor analysis, and the clinical usefulness of the SUI in Sasang type and Cold-Heat subgroup differentiation was attested. Results The SUI and its subscales showed acceptable structural validity and have clinical usefulness in the Tae-Eum type. The Tae-Eum type has a significantly higher SUI-CHR score than did the So-Yang type, and the Heat subgroup has a significantly higher SUI-HSS score than did the Cold subgroup in the Tae-Eum type. Discussion. The distinctive Sasang type- and Cold-Heat subscale-specific pathological symptoms in urinary function were revealed using the SUI. The SUI combined with objective Sasang typology measures might be useful for integrative precision medicine combining Eastern and Western practice and for evidence-based clinical education for medical professions.
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Lee SH, Hwang M, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Lee EJ, Kwon CY, Chung SY, Kim JW, Chang GT. Analysis of the bio-psychological characteristics of Sasang typology in Korean preschool children using the ponderal index and the temperament and character inventory. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 18:175-183. [PMID: 32845863 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2017-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify different physical and mental characteristics among three common Sasang types, Tae-eum, So-yang, and So-eum (except scarce type, Tae-Yang) in preschoolers, to improve constitutional diagnoses. METHODS Our study included 65 boys and 67 girls from six kindergartens in South Korea. The number of children who were categorized as Tae-Yang, Tae-Eum, So-Yang, and So-Eum types were 1, 56, 40, and 35, respectively. We measured height, weight, mid-parental height, predicted adult height, ponderal index (PI), and findings from the junior temperament and character inventory 3 to 6. RESULTS The Tae-eum type exhibited higher weight percentiles and PIs than the other types (p < 0.001), and the So-eum type displayed higher harm avoidance (HA) scores than the Tae-eum type (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Children with high PIs and low HA scores have a higher probability of being classified as the Tae-eum type than as the So-eum type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Haeng Lee
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Hwang
- Department of Sasang Constitution, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gang-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Choi
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joong Kim
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Young Kwon
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yong Chung
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gang-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Kim
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gang-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Chang
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gang-dong, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
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Analysis of Sasang Constitutional Medicine as an Optimal Preventive Care Strategy for Hemophilia Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4147803. [PMID: 32090089 PMCID: PMC7015185 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4147803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Medical improvements have allowed hemophilia patients to anticipate an increased quality of life and life expectancy similar to that of the general population. Analysis of the potential disease symptoms of hemophilia patients based on a survey of Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) is important for optimal preventive care and adjunctive therapy to avoid life-threating complications.
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Kim MJ, Lee DH, Ahn J, Jang YJ, Ha TY, Do E, Jung CH. Nutrikinetic study of fermented soybean paste ( Cheonggukjang) isoflavones according to the Sasang typology. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 14:102-108. [PMID: 32256984 PMCID: PMC7075739 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In Oriental medicine, certain foods may be beneficial or detrimental based on an individual's constitution; however, the scientific basis for this theory is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body constitution, based on the Sasang type of Korean traditional medical classification system, on the bioavailability of soy isoflavones of Cheonggukjang, a quick-fermented soybean paste. SUBJECTS/METHODS A pilot study was conducted on 48 healthy Korean men to evaluate the bioavailability of isoflavone after ingestion of food based on constitution types classified by the Sasang typology. The participants were classified into the Taeeumin (TE; n = 15), Soyangin (SY; n = 15), and Soeumin (SE; n = 18) groups. Each participant ingested 50 g of Cheonggukjang per 60 kg body weight. Thereafter, blood was collected, and the soy isoflavone metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ntrikinetic analysis of individual isoflavone-derived metabolites was performed. RESULTS Our nutrikinetic analysis identified 21 metabolites derived from isoflavones in the blood samples from 48 healthy Korean men (age range, 21-29 years). Significant differences were observed in the time to maximum concentration (T max) and elimination half-life (t 1/2) for nine metabolites among the three groups. The T max and t 1/2 of the nine metabolites were higher in the SE group than in the other groups. Moreover, the absorption rates, as determined by the area under the plasma-level curve (AUC) values of intact isoflavone, were 5.3 and 9.4 times higher in the TE group than in the SY and SE groups, respectively. Additionally, the highest AUC values for phase I and II metabolites were observed in the TE group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that isoflavone bioavailability, following Cheonggukjang insgestion, is high in individuals with the TE constitution, and relatively lower in those with the SE and SY constitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Do
- Clinical Trial Convergence Commercialization Team, Korea Medicine Industry Support Center, Daegu Technopark, Susung-gu, Daegu 42158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
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Oh H, Shin S, Koh BH, Hwang M. Heart rate variability in middle-aged adults: Use of Sasang typology to distinguish individuals susceptible to stress. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17764. [PMID: 31689836 PMCID: PMC6946513 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While stress is known to cause many diseases, there is no established method to determine individuals vulnerable to stress. Sasang typology categorizes humans into four Sasang types (So-Eum, Tae-Eum, So-Yang, and Tae-Yang), which have unique pathophysiologies because of their differential susceptibilities to specific stimuli, including stress. The purpose of this study was to determine if Sasang typology can be used identify individuals who are vulnerable to stress by evaluation of heart rate variability (HRV).This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 399 healthy men and women aged 30 to 49 years were recruited. Physical examinations for stress included HRV measurement and blood tests. The subjects also completed questionnaires about psychological stress, self-awareness, and lifestyle. HRV was analyzed using frequency-domain analysis. Subjects were divided into So-Eum (SE) and non-So-Eum (non-SE) groups according to their diagnosis.The weight and body mass index in the SE group were significantly lower than those in the non-SE group (both, P = .000). There were no significant between-group differences in any other demographic variables. In HRV analysis, the normalized high frequency (nHF) was higher (P = .008) while the normalized low frequency (nLF; P = .008) and LF:HF ratio (LF/HF; P = .002) were lower in the SE group than in the non-SE group.Although there was no difference in variables affecting HRV, HRV values were significantly different between groups. The LF/HF value for the SE group was at the lower limit of the normal range, although there were no associated clinical problems. These findings suggest that individuals with the SE type are more susceptible to stress than those with the other types. Thus, middle-aged individuals who are vulnerable to stress can be identified using Sasang typology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoo Oh
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University
- Medical & Oriental Comprehensive Healthcare Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital
| | | | - Byung-Hee Koh
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Hwang
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
According to the Sasang theory, humans can be categorized into one of the four Sasang constitution (SC) types. The four SC types are Tae-Yang (TY), Tae-Eum (TE), So-Yang (SY), and So-Eum (SE), which are determined mainly on the basis of anthropometric characteristics, personality, and the balance of the physiological functions of the major organ systems. There is a growing recognition in the complementary and alternative medicine area that SC types have the potential to be a useful scientific tool for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases (Cooper, Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 6 (Suppl. 1), 2009, pp. 1–3). The main purposes of the present study are to estimate genetic and environmental influences on SC types, and to explore genetic and environmental correlations that affect phenotypic associations among the SC types. In total, 1,742 (365 monozygotic male, 173 dizygotic male, 675 monozygotic female, 271 dizygotic female, and 258 opposite-sex dizygotic) twins (mean age = 19.1 ± 3.1 year) completed a Sasang questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate model-fitting analyses were performed. Total (additive and non-additive) genetic influences were 71% for males and 81% for females in TE, 70% for males and 71% for females in SE, and 47% for both sexes in SY. Non-additive genetic effects were substantial, and shared environmental influences were negligible in most SC types. Multivariate model-fitting analysis revealed that non-additive genetic and individual-specific environmental correlations between TE and SE were -0.92 (95% CI [-0.89, -0.93]) and -0.62 (95% CI [-0.57, -0.68]), respectively. The corresponding estimates were -0.55 (95% CI [-0.48, -0.61]) and -0.44 (95% CI [-0.37, -0.51]) between TE and SY and 0.19 (95% CI [0.09, 0.29]) and -0.40 (95% CI [-0.32, -0.47]) between SE and SY. These results suggest that the phenotypic associations among SC types may be mediated by pleiotropic mechanism of genes.
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Pulmonary Function Difference in Sasang Constitutional Types. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9074613. [PMID: 29853979 PMCID: PMC5954875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9074613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in pulmonary function among Sasang constitutional types in young adults. The Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool (SCAT), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and cardiopulmonary exercise tests were conducted in 417 participants from 2009 to 2015. Subjects with the Tae-Eum (TE) type had significantly higher inspiratory capacity (IC) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) values than those with the So-Yang (SY) and So-Eum (SE) types (P < 0.0001). The TE and SY types showed higher forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) values than the SE type (P < 0.0001). An increase in IRV and a decrease in expiratory reserve volume (ERV) in TE type males remained even after adjusting for covariate factors. These results indicate that young adults with the TE type have weaker lung function than those with the other constitutional types, suggesting its innate physiological pulmonary features.
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Shim EB, Leem CH, Kim JJ, Kim JY. Lower cellular metabolic power can be an explanation for obesity trend in Tae-Eum type: hypothesis and clinical observation. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:254-259. [PMID: 28951839 PMCID: PMC5605387 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Those classified as Tae-Eum (TE)-type people in Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) are prone to obesity. Although extensive clinical observations have confirmed this tendency, the underlying physiological mechanisms are unknown. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis using integrative physiology to explain this phenomenon. Methods Hypoactive lung function in the TE type indicates that respiration is attenuated at the cellular level—specifically, mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Because a functional reduction in cellular energy metabolism is suggestive of intrinsic hypoactivity in the consumption (or production) of metabolic energy, we reasoned that this tendency can readily cause weight gain via an increase in anabolism. Thus, this relationship can be derived from the graph of cellular metabolic power plotted against body weight. We analyzed the clinical data of 548 individuals to test this hypothesis. Results The statistical analysis revealed that the cellular metabolic rate was lower in TE-type individuals and that their percentage of obesity (body mass index >25) was significantly higher compared to other constitutional groups. Conclusion Lower cellular metabolic power can be an explanation for the obesity trend in TE type people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bo Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Chae Hun Leem
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Jae Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Devices, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Xu F, Zhang Y, Cui W, Yi T, Tang Z, Dong J. The association between metabolic syndrome and body constitution in traditional Chinese medicine. Eur J Integr Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yoon J, Nam J, Leem CH, Kim JY. Body composition and personality traits in so-Yang type males. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:417. [PMID: 28830412 PMCID: PMC5568216 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to examine the body composition of So-Yang type males according to Sasang constitutional medicine, which is popular in Korea. Different Sasang constitutional types are associated with different muscle distributions, body shapes, and disease susceptibilities. We used the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) as a measure of the temperament of each Sasang type. METHODS In total, 953 subjects aged over 20 years were recruited in Korea. We collected anthropometric parameters and bioimpedence information from the subjects and administered the SPQ. A logistic regression was conducted to calculate propensity scores. RESULTS The percentage of skeletal muscle mass in So-Yang (SY) and non-So-Yang (non-SY) males was 45.8 ± 2.7 and 44.2 ± 3.3, respectively, before matching and 45.8 ± 2.6 and 44.9 ± 3.0, respectively, after propensity score matching. The extracellular water (ECW)/intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW)/total body water (TBW) ratios and SPQ scores were significantly different between the SY and non-SY types. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the SY type may be significantly and independently associated with body composition and could be associated with personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yoon
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Nam
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Hun Leem
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 43-Gil Olympic-Ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054 Republic of Korea
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Kim HK, Lee H, So JH, Jeong SH, Seo DY, Kim JY, Kim S, Han J. Energy metabolism and whole-exome sequencing-based analysis of Sasang constitution: a pilot study. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:165-178. [PMID: 28664140 PMCID: PMC5478259 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Korean Sasang constitutional (SC) medicine categorizes individuals into four constitutional types [Tae-eum (TE), So-eum (SE), Tae-yang (TY), or So-yang (SY)] based on biological and physiological characteristics. As these characteristics are closely related to the bioenergetics of the human body, we assessed the correlation between SC type and energy metabolism features. METHODS Forty healthy, young (22.3 ± 1.4 years) males volunteered to participate in this study. Participants answered an SC questionnaire, and their face shape, voice tone, and body shape were assessed using an SC analysis tool. Thirty-one participants (10 TE, 10 SE, 3 TY, and 8 SY) were selected for further analysis. Collected blood samples were subjected to blood composition analysis, mitochondrial function analysis, and whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS The SY type showed significantly lower total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than the SE type. Cellular and mitochondrial Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were similar across types. All types showed similar basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, whereas the TE type showed a significantly lower ATP-linked oxygen consumption rate than the other types. Whole-exome sequencing identified several genes variants that were exclusively detected in particular SC types, including 19 for SE, seven for SY, 11 for TE, and six for TY. CONCLUSION SC type-specific differences in mitochondrial function and gene mutations were detected in a small group of healthy, young Korean males. These results are expected to greatly improve the accurate screening and utilization of SC medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Heetak Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Ji Ho So
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Jeong
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Kim
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Four Loci for Lipid Ratios in the Korean Population and the Constitutional Subgroup. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168137. [PMID: 28046027 PMCID: PMC5207643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating lipid ratios are considered predictors of cardiovascular risks and metabolic syndrome, which cause coronary heart diseases. One constitutional type of Korean medicine prone to weight accumulation, the Tae-Eum type, predisposes the consumers to metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc. Here, we aimed to identify genetic variants for lipid ratios using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and followed replication analysis in Koreans and constitutional subgroups. GWASs in 5,292 individuals of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study and replication analyses in 2,567 subjects of the Korea medicine Data Center were performed to identify genetic variants associated with triglyceride (TG) to HDL cholesterol (HDLC), LDL cholesterol (LDLC) to HDLC, and non-HDLC to HDLC ratios. For subgroup analysis, a computer-based constitution analysis tool was used to categorize the constitutional types of the subjects. In the discovery stage, seven variants in four loci, three variants in three loci, and two variants in one locus were associated with the ratios of log-transformed TG:HDLC (log[TG]:HDLC), LDLC:HDLC, and non-HDLC:HDLC, respectively. The associations of the GWAS variants with lipid ratios were replicated in the validation stage: for the log[TG]:HDLC ratio, rs6589566 near APOA5 and rs4244457 and rs6586891 near LPL; for the LDLC:HDLC ratio, rs4420638 near APOC1 and rs17445774 near C2orf47; and for the non-HDLC:HDLC ratio, rs6589566 near APOA5. Five of these six variants are known to be associated with TG, LDLC, and/or HDLC, but rs17445774 was newly identified to be involved in lipid level changes in this study. Constitutional subgroup analysis revealed effects of variants associated with log[TG]:HDLC and non-HDLC:HDLC ratios in both the Tae-Eum and non-Tae-Eum types, whereas the effect of the LDLC:HDLC ratio-associated variants remained only in the Tae-Eum type. In conclusion, we identified three log[TG]:HDLC ratio-associated variants, two LDLC:HDLC ratio-associated variants, and one non-HDLC:HDLC-associated variant in Koreans and the constitutional subgroups.
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Changes in Body Water Caused by Sleep Deprivation in Taeeum and Soyang Types in Sasang Medicine: Prospective Intervention Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2105343. [PMID: 28676829 PMCID: PMC5476891 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a negative relationship between sleep deprivation and health. However, no study has investigated the effect of sleep deprivation on individuals with different body composition. The aim of this study was to determine the differential effect of sleep deprivation in individuals with different body compositions (fluid) according to Soyang type (SY) and Taeeum type (TE). Methods Sixty-two cognitively normal, middle-aged people with normal sleep patterns were recruited from the local population. The duration of participants' sleep was restricted to 4 h/day during the intervention phase. To examine the physiological changes brought on by sleep deprivation and recovery, 10 ml of venous blood was obtained. Results Total Body Water (TBW) and Extracellular Water (ECW) were significantly different between the groups in the intervention phase. Physiological parameters also varied from the beginning of the resting phase to the end of the experiment. Potassium levels changed more in SY than TE individuals. Conclusion Participants responded differently to the same amount of sleep deprivation depending on their Sasang constitution types. This study indicated that SY individuals were more sensitive to sleep deprivation and were slower to recover from the effects of sleep deprivation than TE individuals.
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Lee HY, Lee WJ, Kim HW, Jang ES, Ahn YC, Ku BC, Kang W, Lee SW, Son CG. A Systematic Review on Sasang Constitutional Type-Associated Susceptibility to Disorders in Korea. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22:950-956. [PMID: 27754711 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Sasang constitutional medicine is a component of traditional Korean medicine that classifies individuals into four Sasang constitutional types (SCTs) by their physical and psychological traits. Each SCT is known to show different susceptibilities to disorders. This systematic review investigated the effect of SCT as a risk factor for various disorders. METHODS A systematic literature survey was conducted by searching seven databases for all articles on the prevalence rates of disorders according to SCT and sex. RESULTS From 14,272 relevant articles, 15 studies (13 disorders) were ultimately identified to verify different prevalence rates by SCT. Of the 13 disorders, 6 (prehypertension, general obesity, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and irritable bowel syndrome [IBS]) had a significantly different prevalence by SCT. Metabolic syndrome and its associated disorders showed the highest prevalence in Taeumin-type individuals, whereas IBS was most prevalent in Soeumin-type individuals. In general, these findings were consistent with the results obtained in an analysis of male and female participants. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that susceptibility to disorders was affected by SCT to some extent. Further studies are needed to determine the concrete features of SCT-related susceptibility, which may be helpful in preventive medicine with Sasang constitutional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Yong Lee
- 1 College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Lee
- 1 College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- 1 College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Jang
- 1 College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Chan Ahn
- 2 Department of Health Service Management, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Cho Ku
- 3 KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Weechang Kang
- 4 Department of Statistics, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Woo Lee
- 5 Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- 1 College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lee SK, Yoon DW, Choi KM, Lee SW, Kim JY, Kim JK, Hong JH, Cho NH, Shin C. The association of Sasang constitutional types with metabolic syndrome: A pooled analysis of data from three cohorts. Eur J Integr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Han YR, Lee HB, Han SY, Kim BJ, Lee SJ, Chae H. Systematic review of type-specific pathophysiological symptoms of Sasang typology. Integr Med Res 2015; 5:83-98. [PMID: 28462102 PMCID: PMC5381423 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the Sasang typology have focused on the differential diagnosis of each Sasang type with type-specific pathophysiological symptoms (TSPS). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the latent physiological mechanism related to these clinical indicators. We searched six electronic databases for articles published from 1990 to 2015 using the Sasang typology-related keywords, and found and analyzed 35 such articles. The results were summarized into six TSPS categories: perspiration, temperature preference, sleep, defecation, urination, and susceptibility to stress. The Tae-Eum and So-Eum types showed contrasting features with TSPS, and the So-Yang type was in the middle. The Tae-Eum type has good digestive function, regular bowel movement and defecation, high sleep quality, and low susceptibility to stress and cold. The Tae-Eum type has relatively large volumes of sweat and feels fresh after sweating; however, the urine is highly concentrated. These clinical features might be related to the biopsychological traits of the Tae-Eum type, including a low trait anxiety level and high ponderal and body mass indices. This study used the autonomic reactivity hypothesis for explaining the pathophysiological predispositions in the Sasang typology. The Tae-Eum and So-Eum Sasang types have a low threshold in parasympathetic and sympathetic activation, respectively. This study provides a foundation for integrating traditional Korean personalized medicine and Western biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Ri Han
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Han Byul Lee
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Han
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Psychotherapy, School of Nursing and Public Health, Kyungil University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Han Chae
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Korea
- Corresponding author. Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 50610, Korea.
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Jang E, Baek Y, Kim Y, Park K, Lee S. Sasang constitution may act as a risk factor for prehypertension. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:231. [PMID: 26169174 PMCID: PMC4501065 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Prehypertension (pre-HTN), similar to hypertension, has been associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Sasang constitution (SC) types could also be independent risk factors for pre-HTN. Methods A total of 2,806 eligible subjects, older than 20 years old from 25 medical clinics, participated. Clinical data, including the blood pressure, age, height, weight, and data from blood tests, were collected. One-way ANOVA with Scheffé’s post-hoc analysis and the chi-square test were used, according to the SC and sex. Logistic regression was used to generate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for pre-HTN. Results The pre-HTN prevalence rates of the Soeumin type, Soyangin type and Tae-eumin type were 59.4 %, 60.1 % and 74.9 %, respectively, in men (p < 0.001) and 41.7 %, 44.4 % and 58.3 % in women (p < 0.001). The Soyangin type was not more associated with increased ORs than the Soeumin type in any of the subjects with pre-HTN. Even after adjusting for sex, BMI, FBG, TC, TGs, HDL, and LDL, the Tae-eumin type in men was associated with increased ORs of pre-HTN compared with the Soeumin type (OR 1.57, 95 % CI 1.03–2.39), but the Tae-eumin type in women was not associated with pre-HTN. Conclusions This study suggested that the Tae-eumin type combined with sex might be significantly and independently associated with pre-HTN, especially high pre-HTN.
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Lee CH, Li TC, Tsai CI, Lin SY, Lee IT, Lee HJ, Wu YC, Su YC. Yang Deficiency Body Constitution Acts as a Predictor of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Taichung Diabetic Body Constitution Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:940898. [PMID: 26167195 PMCID: PMC4475744 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), can cause severe visual impairment and blindness. To prevent the development of DR, identifying the associated risk factors for patient classification is critical. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine whether body constitution (BC) is an independent predictor of DR. Method. 673 type 2 DM (T2DM) patients were recruited from a medical center, all received DR examination and body constitution questionnaire to assess BC. Other risk factors for DR were also recorded, including life style, history of diabetes, and blood pressure, etc. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for DR. Results. The prevalence of DR was significantly lower in Yang deficiency patients compared with non-Yang deficiency patients (24.69% versus 38.18% P = 0.02). After adjusting for other risk factors, we observed that patients exhibiting Yang deficiency BC were less likely to present with DR (OR = 0.531; 95% confidence interval = 0.312-0.903, P = 0.018). Conclusion. In addition to traditional risk factors, Yang deficiency BC might be an independent predictor of DR among T2DM patients and the results can be used as evidence for traditional Chinese medicine patient classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Lee
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Han Ming Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health Administration, College of Health Science, Asian University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Tsai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Te Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Division of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Wu
- Division of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Su
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Cha S, Yu H, Park AY, Oh SA, Kim JY. The obesity-risk variant of FTO is inversely related with the So-Eum constitutional type: genome-wide association and replication analyses. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:120. [PMID: 25888059 PMCID: PMC4432511 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Body constitutional types described in the traditional Korean medicine system, Sasang constitutional medicine, are heritable, as has been revealed by twin and family studies. Thus, individuals with the same constitution type usually have similar pathophysiological and psychological traits. In several recent genome-wide association (GWA) analyses performed to identify constitution-associated variants, the association signals were not replicated due to small sample size and dissimilar, non-objective methods for classification of the constitutional types. Methods We conducted GWA analysis and followed replication analysis in two large populations (5,490 subjects: 3,810 subjects at discovery stage and 1,680 subjects at replication stage) to identify the replicable constitution-associated variants, wherein subjects with the highest tertile of constitution probability values versus the reference with the lowest tertile of the values obtained from a recently developed constitution analysis tool were compared. Results We found that the obesity-risk variant in intron 1 of the fat mass and obesity–associated (FTO) gene was replicably inversely associated with the So-Eum (SE) type, characterized by reduced appetite, slim body, and cautious personality (rs7193144 in combined samples: odds ratio = 0.729, p = 1.47 × 10−7), and substantial association signal remained after controlling for body mass index (BMI). In contrast, the association of the variant with the Tae-Eum type, characterized by high body mass, disappeared after controlling BMI. Conclusions In summary, the obesity-risk variant in FTO intron 1 was inversely associated with the SE type, independent of BMI, which corresponded well with the characteristics of the SE type, such as the lowest body mass and lowest susceptibility to metabolic disorders among the constitutional types. Therefore, the obesity-risk variant of FTO associated with body mass increase might be involved in the determination of body constitution type. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0609-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Jin HJ, Baek Y, Kim HS, Ryu J, Lee S. Constitutional multicenter bank linked to Sasang constitutional phenotypic data. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:46. [PMID: 25887924 PMCID: PMC4378550 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Biobanks are more important in medical area because they can give researchers data for demonstrating and validating their research. In this study, we developed a biobank called the Korea Constitutional Multicenter Bank (KCMB) based on Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM). The aim of the KCMB was a foundation to providing the scientific basis of SCM. Methods The KCMB has been constructed since 2006 in 24 Korean medical clinics with collection of questionnaire data, physical measurements and biological information comprised the results from blood test and DNA analyses. All participants were prescribed Sasang Constitution (SC)-specific herbal remedies for the treatment, and showed improvement of original symptoms as confirmed by Korean medicine doctor. Collected data went through de-identification process using the electronic case report form system. For calculation of several SC type specific tendencies, we used the direct standardization and Chi-square tests. Results The KCMB collected clinical information from 3,711 study participants (1,353 men and 2,358 women) aged more than 10 years. The mean age (± standard deviation) was 47.1 (±16.6) and 47.7 (±15.8) years for men and women respectively. After applying the direct standardization, the estimated constitutional distributions for the SC types were as follows: 39.2% for Tae-eumin(TE), 27.1% for Soeumin(SE), 33.7% for Soyangyin(SY), and non-zero but below 0.1% for Taeyangyin(TY). The estimated distribution of TE was about 10% less, while that of SY and SE were slightly more than the distribution reported by Jema Lee established the SCM. Based on the participants’ medical history within the KCMB, each SC type had notably different frequencies for some diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, stroke, and obesity (P < 0.001). Conclusions The KCMB may serve to verify and validate SCM theories and practices. It may also provide new insights into SCM mechanisms. The results from many studies using the KCMB data are of great importance and value for making decisions in healthcare policy and developing novel therapies.
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Chae H, Kown Y. Best-fit index for describing physical perspectives in Sasang typology. Integr Med Res 2014; 4:20-28. [PMID: 28664105 PMCID: PMC5481759 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the best-fit index for describing the constitutional or physical characteristics of Sasang typology for its universal application. METHODS Ponderal index (PI), body mass index (BMI), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the nationwide participants (n = 1663; age, 31-60 years) were calculated. We described and analyzed the usefulness of each index for maximizing the differences between Sasang types across age and sex using box plots, Pearson's correlation, and analysis of variance. RESULTS We found that the So-Eum, So-Yang, and Tae-Eum Sasang types were significantly (p < 0.001) different from each other in terms of PI, BMI, and BMR by the World Health Organization with weight (BMR-WHOw). The BMI was significantly correlated with PI (r = 0.933) and BMR-WHOw (r = 0.577). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These study results show that PI, BMR, and BMI have their own clinical values, and could contribute to the study of the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the Sasang typology as the hypothalamus hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chae
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National Universtiy, Busan, Korea
| | - Youngkyu Kown
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National Universtiy, Busan, Korea
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Kim JY, Noble D. Recent progress and prospects in Sasang constitutional medicine: a traditional type of physiome-based treatment. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 116:76-80. [PMID: 25240519 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The history of the constitution perspective in medical care dates back thousands of years and extends from the East to the West. Among the various forms of constitutional medicine, Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) is a holistic, tailored medical approach that is based on a well-structured theoretical system that includes physiopathological disciplines. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that SCM typology has a constitution-specific basis in anthropometrics, physiological characteristics, disease vulnerability, and genetic origins. Furthermore, the recent rise of systems biology, which requires whole body modeling, uses a state-of-the-art approach in interpreting the holistic spirit of Oriental medicine. This article aims to provide an overview of the recent achievements in SCM research and to discuss how the concept of balance in SCM may contribute to the development of large scale modeling in systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeol Kim
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Noble
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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Lee SJ, Park SH, Cloninger CR, Kim YH, Hwang M, Chae H. Biopsychological traits of Sasang typology based on Sasang personality questionnaire and body mass index. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:315. [PMID: 25164072 PMCID: PMC4247217 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of present study was to examine biological and psychological characteristics of people according to the Sasang typology, which is popular in Korea. We evaluated the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) as a measure of temperament, and Body Mass Index (BMI) as a measure of the somatic properties of each Sasang type. Methods Subjects were 2506 (877 males, 1629 females) outpatients between the ages of 20 through 70 who requested traditional medical assessment and treatment in Korea. The structural validity of the SPQ was examined and its correlation with BMI was analyzed. The SPQ and BMI measures of each Sasang type across age and gender were presented and their differences were analyzed with Analysis of Variance. Results Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis identified an acceptable three-factor structure of the SPQ measuring differences in individual’s behavior, emotion, and cognition. SPQ scores (29.71 ± 1.00, 28.29 ± 0.19 and 26.14 ± 0.22) and BMI scores (22.92 ± 0.09, 25.56 ± 0.10 and 21.44 ± 0.10) were significantly (p < 0.001) different among So-Yang, Tae-Eum and So-Eum Sasang types, respectively. Conclusions The results showed that the SPQ and BMI is a reliable measure for quantifying the biopsychological characteristics of each types, and useful for guiding personalized and type-specific treatment with medical herbs and acupuncture.
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Baek Y, Park K, Lee S, Jang E. The prevalence of general and abdominal obesity according to sasang constitution in Korea. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:298. [PMID: 25123680 PMCID: PMC4155100 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and could affect mortality rates. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) have been used to classify obesity, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) has recently emerged as a discriminator of cardiovascular disease. Sasang constitution (SC) is a kind of well-known traditional Korean medicine: Tae-eumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), Taeyangin (TY) and Soyangin (SY) carrying a different level of susceptibility to chronic diseases. We aimed to examine the prevalence in general and abdominal obesity (AO) using BMI, WC and WHR according to SC in the Korean population. Methods A total of 3,348 subjects were recruited from 24 Korean medicine clinics. Obesity was divided into three categories: general obesity by BMI, abdominal obesity by waist circumference (WC AO) and abdominal obesity by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR AO). A Chi-square test was performed to compare prevalence, and logistic regression was conducted to generate odds ratios (ORs) according to SC (p < .05). Results The prevalence of general obesity was significantly higher in males than in females. The highest prevalence of general obesity, WC AO and WHR AO were all observed in the TE type, and the SY and SE types were followed in order, for both males and females respectively. The TE type was highly associated with increased risk of general obesity (OR = 20.2, 95% CI: 12.4-32.9 in males and OR = 14.3, 95% CI: 10.1-20.2 in females), of WC AO (OR = 10.7, 95% CI: 7.2-15.9 in males and OR = 7.5, 95% CI: 5.8-9.6 in females), and of WHR AO (OR = 4.6, 95% CI: 3.3-6.4 in males and OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 2.9-4.9 in females) compared with the SE type. In addition, after controlling for age, social status and eating habits, the ORs were similar to the crude model according to gender and SC. Conclusions This study shows that the prevalence of obesity varies according to SC in the Korean population. In particular, the TE type was highly associated with increased ORs for general obesity, WC AO and WHR AO in both genders.
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Chung SK, Yu H, Park AY, Kim JY, Cha S. Genetic loci associated with changes in lipid levels leading to constitution-based discrepancy in Koreans. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:230. [PMID: 25005712 PMCID: PMC4098692 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal lipid concentrations are risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The pathological susceptibility to cardiovascular disease risks such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, insulin resistance, and so on differs between Sasang constitutional types. Methods We used multiple regression analyses to study the association between lipid-related traits and genetic variants from several genome-wide association studies according to Sasang constitutional types, considering that the Tae-Eum (TE) has predominant cardiovascular risk. Results By analyzing 26 variants of 20 loci in two Korean populations (8,597 subjects), we found that 12 and 5 variants, respectively, were replicably associated with lipid levels and dyslipidemia risk. By analyzing TE and non-TE type (each 2,664 subjects) populations classified on the basis of Sasang constitutional medicine, we found that the minor allele effects of three variants enriched in TE type had a harmful influence on lipid risk (near apolipoprotein A-V (APOA5)-APOA4-APOC3-APOA1 on increased triglyceride: p = 8.90 × 10-11, in APOE-APOC1-APOC4 on increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: p = 1.63 × 10-5, and near endothelial lipase gene on decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: p = 4.28 × 10-3), whereas those of three variants (near angiopoietin-like 3 gene, APOA5-APOA4-APOC3-APOA1, and near lipoprotein lipase gene on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) associated in non-TE type had neutral influences because of a compensating effect. Conclusions These results implied that the minor allele effects of lipid-associated variants may predispose TE type subjects to high cardiovascular disease risk because of their genetic susceptibility to lipid-related disorders.
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Cho NH, Kim JY, Kim SS, Lee SK, Shin C. Predicting type 2 diabetes using Sasang constitutional medicine. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 5:525-32. [PMID: 25411620 PMCID: PMC4188110 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) has existed in traditional Korean medicine for more than 100 years. SCM consists of four different types: So‐Eum (SE), So‐Yang (SY), Tae‐Eum (TE) and
Tae‐Yang (TY). It is of great importance
that the Sasang constitution type
(SCT) be evaluated accurately and recognized by
medical communities. Materials and Methods From the Ansung–Ansan prospective
cohort study, 10,038 participants were recruited from the years 2001–2002. Of 10,038 original
participants, 2,460 participants underwent SCT
evaluation. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to predict diabetes during the 10‐year
follow‐up period. Results During 10 years of follow up (22,007 person‐years), 472 incidence
cases (215/10,000 Incidence Density) of type 2 diabetes mellitus were documented. We identified that
the TE group was significantly older, more
obese, and had higher blood pressure, glucose metabolic values and lipid profiles levels. Relative
risk (RR) and 95% confident intervals
(CI) for type 2 diabetes were 1.696 (95%
CI 1.204–2.39,
P = 0.003) for TE
when compared with the SE type. After
controlling all potential confounders, the Cox proportional hazard model showed that RR was 1.635 (95% CI 1.111–2.406) in non‐obese (body mass index <25) TE, and RR
was 1.725 (95% CI 1.213–2.452) in obese
(body mass index ≥25) TE when compared
with the SE type. We did not find any
differences when comparing SE and
SY types. The findings shows that
TE is a higher risk factor for type 2 Diabetes,
independent of obesity level. Conclusions The present study suggests that the TE type, independent of obesity level, is a strong risk factor of type 2
diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam H Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine and Diagnosis Research Group Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine Daejeon Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Korean National Genome Institute The Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention Cheongwon-gun Korea
| | - Seung Ku Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study College of Medicine Korea University Ansan Hospital Ansan Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study College of Medicine Korea University Ansan Hospital Ansan Korea
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The sasang constitution as an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome: propensity matching analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:492941. [PMID: 24348702 PMCID: PMC3853938 DOI: 10.1155/2013/492941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
THE SASANG CONSTITUTIONAL MEDICINE IS A TRADITIONAL KOREAN CUSTOMIZED MEDICINE THAT CLASSIFIES PEOPLE INTO FOUR TYPES: Tae-eumin (TE), Soyangin (SY), Soeumin (SE), and Taeyangin. The aim of this study was to show whether the Sasang Constitution (SC) could be an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome (MS). Totally, 3,334 subjects from 24 Korean medicine clinics participated in this study. A one-way ANOVA for the continuous variables and a chi-square test for the prevalence of MS were conducted. A logistic regression was conducted to calculate the propensity score and the odds ratios (ORs). The prevalence for MS in TE, SY, and SE was 50.6%, 30.9%, and 17.7% (P < 0.001) before matching, and 36.7%, 28.6% and 28.2% (P = 0.042) after matching, respectively. The TE was associated with an increased OR for MS compared with the SE and SY in both crude (OR 4.773, 95% CI 3.889-5.859, and OR 2.292, 95% CI 1.942-2.704, resp.) and matched groups (OR 1.476, 95% CI 1.043-2.089, and OR 1.452, 95% CI 1.026-2.053, resp.). This study reveals that the SC, especially the TE type, could be considered as a risk element for MS even in people with otherwise similar physical characteristics.
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Yoon DW, Lee SK, Yi H, Hong JH, Soichiro M, Lee SW, Kim JY, Shin C. Total nasal resistance among Sasang constitutional types: a population-based study in Korea. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:302. [PMID: 24180585 PMCID: PMC4228428 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background There have been many attempts to find an objective phenotype by Sasang constitutional types (SCTs) on an anatomical, physiological, and psychological basis, but there has been no research on total nasal resistance (TNR) among SCTs. Methods We assessed the value of the TNR in the SCTs classified by an integrated diagnostic model. Included in the study were 1,346 individuals (701 males, 645 females) who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). The TNR was measured by active anterior rhinomanometry (AAR) at transnasal pressures of 100 and 150 Pascal (Pa). Results The average TNR was 0.186 ± 0.004 Pa/cm3/second at 100 Pa in the Tae-eum (TE), 0.193 ± 0.007 in the So-eum (SE), and 0.208 ± 0.005 in the So-yang (SY) types. Under condition of 150 Pa the TE type had a TNR value of 0.217 ± 0.004, the SE type was 0.230 ± 0.008, and the SY type was 0.243 ± 0.005. Higher values of TNR were more likely to be reported in the SY type at 100 Pa and 150 Pa. In the stratified analysis by sex, the SY type in males and females tended to have higher TNR value than the TE and SE types at transnasal pressure of both 100 Pa and 150 Pa. Conclusions These results provide new approaches to understand the functional characteristics among the SCTs in terms of nasal physiology. Further studies are required to clarify contributing factors for such a difference.
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Cho NH, Kim JY, Kim SS, Shin C. The relationship of metabolic syndrome and constitutional medicine for the prediction of cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2013; 7:226-232. [PMID: 24290090 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The concept of Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) has been in existence in Traditional Korean Medicine for more than 100 years. SCM consists of 4 different types; So-Eum (SE), So-Yang (SY), Tae-Eum (TE), and Tae-Yang (TY). In Western medicine, it is more like stratifying individuals according to phenotypic expression. It is of great importance that the Sasang constitution type be evaluated accurately and recognized by the medical communities for prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS From the Ansung-Ansan prospective cohort study, 10,038 participants were recruited from years 2001-2002. Of 10,038 original participants, 3022 subjects underwent Sasang Constitutional Type (SCT) evaluation. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to predict CVD during the ten year follow-up period. RESULTS Of 3022 participants, SCT classified into 364 (12%) SE, 1053 (34.8%) SY, 1605 (53.1%) TE, and no TY. Three hundred seventy nine (16%) newly developed CVD during the following period, yielding 10-year cumulative incidence of 160/1000 person. The frequency of CVD within three SCT without metabolic syndrome (MetS) shows 13.4% in SE, 13.6% in SY, and 14.3% in TE, respectively (p=NS). The CVD events were significantly different among the types when MetS was present. The demographic and clinical characteristics revealed the TE group was significantly older, more obese, higher blood pressure, glucose values, and lipid profiles levels. The frequency of MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was also higher in TE type than either SE and SY types (all p<0.001). The Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed age, female gender, rural residence, higher ALT level, and lower beta-cell function remain as an independent risk factor, as well as SY with MetS (RR=1.838 (95% CI 1.23-2.74), p=0.003). Furthermore, 10 year CVD survival rate was 86.4% in no MetS group, 83.4% in TE, 79.6% in SE, and 76.4% in SY all with MetS (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest MetS increases risk for CVD in certain physical conditions like SY type. Therefore, we would like to suggest that SCT is a strong indicator for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam H Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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Kim SH, Lee Y, Koh BH, Jang E. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of the Questionnaire for Sasang Constitutional Classification II (QSCC II): A systematic review. Eur J Integr Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Development and validation of the digestive function assessment instrument for traditional korean medicine: sasang digestive function inventory. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:263752. [PMID: 24187572 PMCID: PMC3800668 DOI: 10.1155/2013/263752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study was conducted for development and validation of the Sasang Digestive Function Inventory (SDFI) with type-specific digestive function-related symptoms for identification of Sasang type and pathological pattern. Methods and Materials. We selected questionnaire items for pathophysiological symptoms using internal consistency analysis and examined construct validity using 193 healthy participants. Test-retest reliability with a four-week interval as well as convergent validity was examined using the Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean (NDIK), Functional Dyspepsia-Related Quality of Life (FDQOL), Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and Body Mass Index (BMI). Results. The 21-item SDFI showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.743) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.886, P < 0.001). Three extracted subscales, SDFI-Digestion, SDFI-Appetite, and SDFI-Eating pattern, explained 56.02% of the total variance. The SDFI showed significant (P < 0.001) correlation with total symptom score of NDIK, FDRQOL-Eating status, DEBQ-External Eating scale, and BMI. The SDFI score of the Tae-Eum (50.62 ± 8.05) type was significantly (P < 0.001) larger than that of the So-Eum (43.11 ± 11.26) type. Conclusion. Current results demonstrated the reliability and validity of the SDFI and its subscales, which can be utilized as an objective instrument for diagnosis of Sasang types and assessment of the type-specific digestive function.
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Jang E, Baek Y, Park K, Lee S. Could the Sasang constitution itself be a risk factor of abdominal obesity? BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:72. [PMID: 23548105 PMCID: PMC3635926 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Abdominal obesity (AO) is a medical condition in which excess body fat accumulates in the abdomen. It may cause adverse effects on health and result in reduced life expectancy or increased health problems. While various genetic approaches have explained the risks of AO in Western society, the Sasang constitution (SC) has been identified as a risk factor in Korean medicine. Different SC types are associated with different fat distribution, body shapes and susceptibility to diseases. We evaluated whether the SC type could be a risk for AO in a cross-sectional study among Koreans. Methods In total, 2,528 subjects aged over 30 years were recruited from 23 medical clinics. We collected waist circumference (WC), weight, height, and some clinical information for AO from the subjects. A Chi-square test and a one-way ANOVA were performed according to SC type (p < .05), while multiple logistic regression was used to produce odds ratios (ORs). Results The rates of AO in Tae-eumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), and Soyangin (SY) types were 63.7%, 14.7%, and 32.8% in males and 84.8%, 41.7%, and 52.8% in females, respectively. The TE type was associated with increased AO prevalence compared with the SE and SY types in males (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.02–3.15, p = 0.044 and OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.18–2.58, p = 0.006, respectively) and females (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.03–2.23, p = 0.037 and OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.32–2.68, p < 0.001, respectively) after adjusting for age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol. Conclusions This study suggested that SC, particularly the TE type, might be significantly and independently associated with AO and could be considered a risk factor in predicting AO.
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Pham DD, Cha S, Kim JY. Re-interpretation of traditional Asian medicine with constitutional perspective. Integr Med Res 2013; 2:1-6. [PMID: 28664047 PMCID: PMC5481680 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in tailored medicine that emphasizes the complex inter-individual interactions, and this increase has paralleled recent significant achievements in genomics and Systems Biology. However, attempts to create a virtual human have been limited to low-levels of organization, such as gene-protein networks, due to the lack of systematic concepts at the higher levels of organisms (organ, individual, and environment). Constitutional perspective of various forms of traditional Asian medicine through the ancient, middle, and modern eras, particularly the holistic approach of Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM), may provide a novel framework for creating tailored medicine. This article aims to review the theoretical development of traditional Chinese medicine and the initiation of SCM in addition to summarizing current evidence on the genetic basis, bio-physiological features, and risk of disease of different SCM phenotypes. We also suggest that the patho-physiological principle and scientific evidence underlying SCM, particularly for the TaeEum type, can be effective in dealing with obesity-linked disease, which is a predominant disease in today's society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Duc Pham
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,National Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Seongwon Cha
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Analysis of Sasang constitutional types using facial features with compensation for photographic distance. Integr Med Res 2012; 1:26-35. [PMID: 28664044 PMCID: PMC5481682 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Facial features are regarded as representative and reliable characteristics for diagnosing a person's Sasang Constitution (SC). However, the description of these features tends to depend on the interpretation and the opinion of the doctor that follows the SC approach. In this paper, we performed a facial feature analysis of SC types in an objective and quantitative manner. Here, site-to-site variability can be an obstacle to properly analyzing facial features when images are taken from various sites, which may have different experimental environments. A compensation technique to reduce the site-to-site variability was proposed before performing the feature analysis. Methods The frontal and profile images of 1464 patients recruited from various oriental medical clinics (19 sites) were used. Candidate feature variables were created, which were inspired by the facial characteristics of the SC types described in the Sasang constitutional medicine literature. To resolve the problems involved in processing data collected from various sites with heterogeneous experimental environments, a compensation technique was proposed. Statistical analysis techniques were employed to observe the differences among the SC types and to demonstrate how effectively the site-to-site variability was reduced. Results The facial features that were significant for diagnosing the SC types were identified by a statistical analysis, and it was verified that the compensation technique reduced the site-to-site variability produced by the differences in photographic distance. Conclusion It is noted that the significant facial features represent common characteristics of each SC type in the sense that we collected extensive opinions from many Sasang constitutional medicine doctors with various points of view. Additionally, a compensation method for the photographic distance is needed to find the significant facial features. We expect these findings and the related compensation technique to contribute to establishing a scientific basis for the precise diagnosis of SC types in clinical practice.
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Lee J, Lee J, Shin H, Kim KS, Lee E, Koh B, Jang HJ. Suggestion of new possibilities in approaching individual variability in appetite through constitutional typology: a pilot study. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:122. [PMID: 22889232 PMCID: PMC3502388 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Appetite is intricately connected to eating behaviors and shows a high individual variability. In an attempt to approach the problem of gut hormone profiles, appetite, and eating behaviors at the individual level, we have adopted a constitutional typing system widely used in traditional East-Asian medicine, the Sasang constitutional typology, in order to determine the individual variations in appetite, eating behavior, and weight change. Methods This pilot study was designed to investigate the variability of appetite among individuals by tracking the gut hormone patterns across different constitutional types. Pre- and post-prandial concentrations of anorectic (peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)) and orexigenic (active ghrelin) gut hormones were measured in healthy, normal-weight (18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <23 kg/m2) male subjects aged 20–35 (Soyang (SY) (n = 9), Taeeum (TE) (n = 9), and Soeum (SE) (n = 10) constitutional types). Results Significant differences were found only in the PYY concentrations across the three groups (p = 0.031). The PYY concentration peaked at 30-min post-prandial in the SE group and was significantly higher compared to the other two groups (p = 0.004). The GLP-1 concentration peaked at 15-min post-prandial in the SE group (not significant). The ghrelin levels at 30-min pre-prandial were relatively lower in the TE group compared to the other groups (not significant). Conclusions In conclusion, although with weak statistical power, meaningful gut hormone patterns specific to each constitutional type were discovered in this pilot study, which could offer a new method of approaching the problem of appetite and eating behavior from the angle of individual variability in appetite.
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Kim BY, Yu SG, Kim JY, Song KH. Pathways involved in sasang constitution from genome-wide analysis in a Korean population. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:1070-80. [PMID: 22889377 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sasang constitution (SC) medicine, a branch of Korean traditional medicine, classifies the individual into one of four constitutional types (Taeum, TE; Soeum, SE; Soyang, SY; and Taeyang, TY) based on physiologic characteristics. The authors of the current article recently reported individual genetic elements associated with SC types via genome-wide association (GWA) analysis. However, to understand the biologic mechanisms underlying constitution, a comprehensive approach that combines individual genetic effects was applied. DESIGN Genotypes of 1222 subjects of defined constitution types were measured for 341,998 genetic loci across the entire genome. The biologic pathways associated with SC types were identified via GWA analysis using three different algorithms--namely, the Z-static method, a restandardized gene set assay, and a gene set enrichment assay. RESULTS Distinct pathways were associated (p<0.05) with each constitution type. The TE type was significantly associated with cytoskeleton-related pathways. The SE type was significantly associated with cardio- and amino-acid metabolism-related pathways. The SY type was associated with enriched melanoma-related pathways. TY subjects were excluded because of the small size of that sample. Among these functionally related pathways, core-node genes regulating multiple pathways were identified. TJP1, PTK2, and SRC were selected as core-nodes for TE; RHOA, and MAOA/MAOB for SE; and GNAO1 for SY (p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The current authors systematically identified the biologic pathways and core-node genes associated with SC types from the GWA study; this information should provide insights regarding the molecular mechanisms inherent in constitutional pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Yeo Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Lee BJ, Ku B, Park K, Kim KH, Kim JY. A new method of diagnosing constitutional types based on vocal and facial features for personalized medicine. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:818607. [PMID: 22899890 PMCID: PMC3415144 DOI: 10.1155/2012/818607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to develop an accurate constitution diagnostic method based solely on the individual's physical characteristics, irrespective of psychologic traits, characteristics of clinical medicine, and genetic factors. In this paper, we suggest a novel method for diagnosing constitutional types using only speech and face characteristics. Based on 514 subjects, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) values of classification models in age and gender groups ranged from 0.64 to 0.89. We identified significant features showing statistical differences among three constitutional types by performing statistical analysis. Also, we selected a compact and discriminative feature subset for constitution diagnosis in each age and gender group. Our method may support the direction of improved diagnosis prediction and will serve to develop a personal and automatic constitution diagnosis software for improvement of the effectiveness of prescribed medications and development of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Ju Lee
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Park
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Ho Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Pham DD, Lee J, Ku BC, Kim YY, Kim JY. Relation between body mass index and resting metabolic rate, cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity in Sasang typology for young male persons: An observational study. Eur J Integr Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Oh HA, Ryu JG, Cha WS, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Therapeutic effects of traditional Korean medicine, Jeechool-Whan in allergic rhinitis model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5667/tang.2011.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome according to Sasang Constitutional Medicine in Korean Subjects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:646794. [PMID: 22454673 PMCID: PMC3290894 DOI: 10.1155/2012/646794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension; the condition is recognized as a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the effects of the Sasang constitution group (SCG) on the risk of MS in Korean subjects. We have analyzed 1,617 outpatients of Korean oriental medicine hospitals who were classified into three SCGs, So-Yang, So-Eum, and Tae-Eum. Significant differences were noted in the prevalence of MS and the frequencies of all MS risk factors among the three SCGs. The odds ratios for MS as determined via multiple logistic regression analysis were 2.004 for So-Yang and 4.521 for Tae-Eum compared with So-Eum. These results indicate that SCG may function as a significant risk factor of MS; comprehensive knowledge of Sasang constitutional medicine may prove helpful in predicting susceptibility and developing preventive care techniques for MS.
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Association of the Apolipoprotein A5 Gene -1131T>C Polymorphism with Serum Lipids in Korean Subjects: Impact of Sasang Constitution. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:598394. [PMID: 21860654 PMCID: PMC3157201 DOI: 10.1155/2012/598394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) was identified as a strong modulator of serum lipids. Moreover, an APOA5 gene −1131T>C polymorphism has been associated with serum lipids, but the results are inconsistent according to ethnic and racial groups. We have genotyped and analyzed 1,619 outpatients of Korean oriental medicine hospitals who were classified into three Sasang constitution groups (SCGs), So-Yang (SY), So-Eum (SE), and Tae-Eum (TE). There were no significant difference in the distribution of the APOA5 −1131T>C genotype among the three SCGs. Subjects with the C allele in SY and TE showed significantly lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and higher triglyceride (TG) levels than noncarriers of the C allele. These results show the differences in the prevalence of decreasing serum HDL-C and elevating serum TG levels along with APOA5 −1131T>C polymorphism according to SCG and suggest that SCG may act as a significant risk factor for hypo-HDL-C-emia and hypertriglyceridemia susceptibility.
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