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Yang S, Gao S, Zhuang Y, Hu W, Zhao J, Yi Z. Non-Destructive Sensor for Glucose Solution Concentration Detection Using Electromagnetic Technology. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:758. [PMID: 38930728 PMCID: PMC11205294 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, a sensor using a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is proposed for non-destructive testing of blood glucose. By depicting the complementary split ring structure on the ground, the electromagnetic field strength between the split rings can be enhanced effectively. The structure size of the sensor by CSRR is determined by simulation, so that the insertion loss curve of the device has a resonance point at the frequency of 3.419 GHz. With a special holder created by three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, the test platform was established when the concentration of the solution varied from 0 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL. The experimental results indicate that there is an obvious linear relationship between the insertion loss S21 and the glucose concentration at the resonant frequency. Similarly, the measured real part and imaginary part of the S21 both vary with glucose concentration linearly. Based on the above experimental results, the feasibility of the sensor using a CSRR proposed in this paper for non-destructive detection of blood glucose is preliminarily verified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenxiang Yi
- The Key Laboratory of MEMS, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (S.Y.); (S.G.); (Y.Z.); (W.H.); (J.Z.)
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2
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Qureshi MRA, Bain SC, Luzio S, Handy C, Fowles DJ, Love B, Wareham K, Barlow L, Dunseath GJ, Crane J, Masso IC, Ryan JAM, Chaudhry MS. Using Artificial Intelligence to Improve the Accuracy of a Wrist-Worn, Noninvasive Glucose Monitor: A Pilot Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024:19322968241252819. [PMID: 38757895 DOI: 10.1177/19322968241252819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-monitoring of glucose is important to the successful management of diabetes; however, existing monitoring methods require a degree of invasive measurement which can be unpleasant for users. This study investigates the accuracy of a noninvasive glucose monitoring system that analyses spectral variations in microwave signals. METHODS An open-label, pilot design study was conducted with four cohorts (N = 5/cohort). In each session, a dial-resonating sensor (DRS) attached to the wrist automatically collected data every 60 seconds, with a novel artificial intelligence (AI) model converting signal resonance output to a glucose prediction. Plasma glucose was measured in venous blood samples every 5 minutes for Cohorts 1 to 3 and every 10 minutes for Cohort 4. Accuracy was evaluated by calculating the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) between the DRS and plasma glucose values. RESULTS Accurate plasma glucose predictions were obtained across all four cohorts using a random sampling procedure applied to the full four-cohort data set, with an average MARD of 10.3%. A statistical analysis demonstrates the quality of these predictions, with a surveillance error grid (SEG) plot indicating no data pairs falling into the high-risk zones. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that MARD values approaching accuracies comparable to current commercial alternatives can be obtained from a multiparticipant pilot study with the application of AI. Microwave biosensors and AI models show promise for improving the accuracy and convenience of glucose monitoring systems for people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Charles Bain
- Joint Clinical Research Facility, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Stephen Luzio
- Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kathie Wareham
- Joint Clinical Research Facility, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Lucy Barlow
- Joint Clinical Research Facility, Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Gareth J Dunseath
- Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Joel Crane
- Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Fukada K, Nakamura M, Tajima T, Hayashi K. Noninvasive Glucose Sensing in Dielectrically Equivalent Multilayer Skin Phantoms. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15208-15214. [PMID: 37846062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The interstitial fluid of the skin contains glucose levels comparable to those of blood. Noninvasive glucose sensing by microwaves has great potential to relieve diabetics from the burden of daily blood sampling, but improving the selectivity of this method remains a challenge. This study reports a dielectrically equivalent multilayer skin phantom and provides insight into the criteria for noninvasive glucose sensing by conducting dielectric analysis. The skin phantom was a hydrogel composed of gelatin, glucose, sodium chloride, and water covered by paraffin-impregnated paper. Investigations conducted on a wide range of component concentrations revealed characteristic relative permittivity and dielectric loss determined by the amount of electrolyte and solution that was independent of the amount of glucose. Since the microwave response due to glucose tends to be buried in noise, we developed a flowchart that first identifies the amounts of electrolytes and proteins, which are the major components other than glucose, and then quantifies the remaining glucose content. This noninvasive glucose sensing method would not be limited to the medical healthcare field; it could potentially be used in food manufacturing processes, livestock farming, and plant cultivation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Fukada
- NTT Device Technology Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
- Bio-Medical and Informatics Research Center, NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahito Nakamura
- NTT Device Technology Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
- Bio-Medical and Informatics Research Center, NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuro Tajima
- NTT Device Technology Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
- Bio-Medical and Informatics Research Center, NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Hayashi
- NTT Device Technology Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
- Bio-Medical and Informatics Research Center, NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato, Wakamiya, Atsugi 243-0198, Kanagawa, Japan
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Yue W, Kim ES, Zhu BH, Chen J, Liang JG, Kim NY. Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120508. [PMID: 34940265 PMCID: PMC8699625 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a high-performance resonator-based biosensor for mediator-free glucose identification. The biosensor is characterized by an air-bridge capacitor and fabricated via integrated passive device technology on gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The exterior design of the structure is a spiral inductor with the air-bridge providing a sensitive surface, whereas the internal capacitor improves indicator performance. The sensing relies on repolarization and rearrangement of surface molecules, which are excited by the dropped sample at the microcosmic level, and the resonance performance variation corresponds to the difference in glucose concentration at the macroscopic level. The air-bridge capacitor in the modeled RLC circuit serves as a bio-recognition element to glucose concentration (εglucoseC0), generating resonant frequency shifts at 0.874 GHz and 1.244 GHz for concentrations of 25 mg/dL and 300 mg/dL compared to DI water, respectively. The proposed biosensor exhibits excellent sensitivity at 1.38 MHz per mg/dL with a wide detection range for glucose concentrations of 25-300 mg/dL and a low detection limit of 24.59 mg/dL. Additionally, the frequency shift and concentration are highly linear with a coefficient of determination of 0.98823. The response time is less than 3 s. We performed multiple experiments to verify that the surface morphology reveals no deterioration and chemical binding, thus validating the reusability and reliability of the proposed biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yue
- Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (W.Y.); (E.-S.K.); (B.-H.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (W.Y.); (E.-S.K.); (B.-H.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Bao-Hua Zhu
- Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (W.Y.); (E.-S.K.); (B.-H.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jian Chen
- Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (W.Y.); (E.-S.K.); (B.-H.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jun-Ge Liang
- Engineering Research Center of IoT Technology Applications (Ministry of Education), Department of Electronic Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (J.-G.L.); (N.-Y.K.)
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (W.Y.); (E.-S.K.); (B.-H.Z.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.-G.L.); (N.-Y.K.)
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Jang C, Park JK, Lee HJ, Yun GH, Yook JG. Sensitivity-Enhanced Fluidic Glucose Sensor Based on a Microwave Resonator Coupled With an Interferometric System for Noninvasive and Continuous Detection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:1017-1026. [PMID: 34570708 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a microwave fluidic glucose sensor based on a microwave resonator coupled with an interferometric system is proposed for sensitivity enhancement. The proposed glucose sensor consists of two parts: a sensing part and a sensitivity enhancement part. The former is composed of a rectangular complementary split ring resonator (CSRR), and the latter is composed of a variable attenuator, a variable phase shifter, two hybrid couplers, and an RF power detector. Because the variation in the electrical properties, which is utilized in the microwave detection scheme, with glucose concentration over the possible concentration range in the human body is very small, improvement of the sensitivity is critical for practical use. Thus, the effective sensing area of the rectangular CSRR is determined by considering the electric field distribution. In addition, magnitude and phase conditions for the effective sensitivity enhancement are derived from a mathematical analysis of the proposed interferometric system. In the present experiment, aimed at demonstrating the detection performance as a function of the glucose concentration in the range of 0 mg/dL to 400 mg/dL, the sensitivity is significantly improved by 48 times by applying the derived conditions for effective sensitivity enhancement. Furthermore, the accuracy of the proposed glucose sensor for glucose concentrations at a step of 100 mg/dL is verified by the Clarke error grid. Based on the measurement results, the proposed glucose sensor is demonstrated to be applicable to noninvasive and continuous monitoring in practical environments.
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6
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Study of Two Constraints Impacting Measurements of Human Glycemia Using a Microwave Sensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11030083. [PMID: 33804224 PMCID: PMC8000743 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of glycemia is impacted by several constraints; those constraints have to be identified and quantified when designing an electromagnetic noninvasive sensor. The second phase concerns the level of the influence of these constraints. In this work, we investigated the impact of vein radius located in the forearm on a resonant microwave sensor to measure glycemia. We performed a numerical simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics of a proposed tissue model that was in contact with a microwave resonator. Some other factors affect the measurement, such as temperature, perfusion, sensor positioning and motion, tissue heterogeneity, and other biological activity. The sensor must be robust to the above-mentioned constraints. Because vein size changes from one person to another, the dielectric properties seen by the sensor will be different. This has been demonstrated by the change created in the resonance frequency of the simulated sensor for different vein sizes. The second constraint that was assessed is the dosimetry. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of any electromagnetic device should be evaluated and compared with SAR limits in the safety standards to ensure the safety of the user. Simulation results are in good agreement with SAR limits in the safety standards.
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7
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Tang L, Chang SJ, Chen CJ, Liu JT. Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Technology: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6925. [PMID: 33291519 PMCID: PMC7731259 DOI: 10.3390/s20236925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the rise of global diabetes, a growing number of subjects are suffering from pain and infections caused by the invasive nature of mainstream commercial glucose meters. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology has become an international research topic and a new method which could bring relief to a vast number of patients. This paper reviews the research progress and major challenges of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology in recent years, and divides it into three categories: optics, microwave and electrochemistry, based on the detection principle. The technology covers medical, materials, optics, electromagnetic wave, chemistry, biology, computational science and other related fields. The advantages and limitations of non-invasive and invasive technologies as well as electrochemistry and optics in non-invasives are compared horizontally in this paper. In addition, the current research achievements and limitations of non-invasive electrochemical glucose sensing systems in continuous monitoring, point-of-care and clinical settings are highlighted, so as to discuss the development tendency in future research. With the rapid development of wearable technology and transdermal biosensors, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring will become more efficient, affordable, robust, and more competitive on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tang
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Shwu Jen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jen-Tsai Liu
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
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8
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Govind G, Akhtar MJ. Design of an ELC resonator-based reusable RF microfluidic sensor for blood glucose estimation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18842. [PMID: 33139802 PMCID: PMC7606440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Design of a reusable microfluidic sensor for blood glucose estimation at microwave frequencies is presented. The sensing unit primarily comprises a complementary electric LC (CELC) resonator, which is made reusable by filling the test sample in a glass capillary before mounting it inside a groove cut in the central arm of the resonator. The use of glass capillary in the present situation to contain the blood sample actually eliminates the possibility of any direct contact of the sensor with the test sample, and hence wards off any coincidental contamination of the sensor. Usage of the capillary provides additional benefits as only microliters of the sample are required, besides offering sterile measuring environment since these capillaries are disposable. The capillary made of borosilicate glass is highly biocompatible and exhibits exceptionally high chemical resistance in corrosive environments. Apart from reusability, the novelty of the proposed sensor also lies in its enhanced sensitivity which is quite an essential factor when it comes to the measurement of glucose concentration in the human physiological range. The applicability of the proposed scheme for glucose sensing is demonstrated by performing RF measurements of aqueous glucose solutions and goat blood samples using the fabricated sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greeshmaja Govind
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India.
| | - M Jaleel Akhtar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
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9
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Vélez P, Muñoz-Enano J, Gil M, Mata-Contreras J, Martín F. Differential Microfluidic Sensors Based on Dumbbell-Shaped Defect Ground Structures in Microstrip Technology: Analysis, Optimization, and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3189. [PMID: 31331078 PMCID: PMC6679327 DOI: 10.3390/s19143189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A microstrip defect ground structure (DGS) based on a pair of dumbbell-shaped slots is used for sensing. The device is a differential sensor consisting of a pair of mirrored lines loaded with a dumbbell-shaped DGS, and the output variable is the cross-mode transmission coefficient. Such a variable is very sensitive to asymmetries in the line pair, e.g., caused by an asymmetric dielectric load in the dumbbell-shaped DGSs. Therefore, the sensor is of special interest for the dielectric characterization of solids and liquids, or for the measurement of variables related to complex permittivity changes. It is shown in this work that by adding fluidic channels on top of the dumbbell-shaped DGSs, the device is useful for liquid characterization, particularly for the measurement of solute concentration in very diluted solutions. A sensitivity analysis useful for sensor design is carried out in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Vélez
- CIMITEC, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jonathan Muñoz-Enano
- CIMITEC, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Gil
- Departamento de Ingenieria Audiovisual y Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Mata-Contreras
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ferran Martín
- CIMITEC, Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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10
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Mehrotra P, Chatterjee B, Sen S. EM-Wave Biosensors: A Review of RF, Microwave, mm-Wave and Optical Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1013. [PMID: 30818865 PMCID: PMC6427747 DOI: 10.3390/s19051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a broad review on optical, radio-frequency (RF), microwave (MW), millimeter wave (mmW) and terahertz (THz) biosensors. Biomatter-wave interaction modalities are considered over a wide range of frequencies and applications such as detection of cancer biomarkers, biotin, neurotransmitters and heart rate are presented in detail. By treating biological tissue as a dielectric substance, having a unique dielectric signature, it can be characterized by frequency dependent parameters such as permittivity and conductivity. By observing the unique permittivity spectrum, cancerous cells can be distinguished from healthy ones or by measuring the changes in permittivity, concentration of medically relevant biomolecules such as glucose, neurotransmitters, vitamins and proteins, ailments and abnormalities can be detected. In case of optical biosensors, any change in permittivity is transduced to a change in optical properties such as photoluminescence, interference pattern, reflection intensity and reflection angle through techniques like quantum dots, interferometry, surface enhanced raman scattering or surface plasmon resonance. Conversely, in case of RF, MW, mmW and THz biosensors, capacitive sensing is most commonly employed where changes in permittivity are reflected as changes in capacitance, through components like interdigitated electrodes, resonators and microstrip structures. In this paper, interactions of EM waves with biomatter are considered, with an emphasis on a clear demarcation of various modalities, their underlying principles and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shreyas Sen
- ECE, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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11
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Real-time Humidity Sensor Based on Microwave Resonator Coupled with PEDOT:PSS Conducting Polymer Film. Sci Rep 2018; 8:439. [PMID: 29323214 PMCID: PMC5764980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time humidity sensor based on a microwave resonator coupled with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conducting polymer (CP) film is proposed in this paper. The resonator is patterned on a printed circuit board and is excited by electromagnetic field coupling. To enhance the sensitivity of the sensor, the CP film is located in the area with the strongest electric field in the resonator. To investigate the performance, the proposed sensor is placed alongside a reference sensor in a humidity chamber, and humidity is injected at room temperature. The experimental results indicate that the electrical properties of the resonator with the CP film, such as the transmission coefficient (S21) and resonance frequency, change with the relative humidity (RH). Specifically, as the RH changes from 5% to 80%, S21 and the resonance frequency change simultaneously. Moreover, the proposed sensor exhibits great repeatability in the middle of the sensing range, which is from 40% to 60% RH. Consequently, our resonator coupled with the CP film can be used as a real-time humidity-sensing device in the microwave range, where various radio-frequency devices are in use.
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Dhakal R, Kim ES, Jo YH, Kim SS, Kim NY. Characterization of micro-resonator based on enhanced metal insulator semiconductor capacitor for glucose recognition. Med Eng Phys 2017; 41:55-62. [PMID: 28159448 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a concept for the characterization of micro-fabricated based resonator incorporating air-bridge metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitor to continuously monitor an individual's state of glucose levels based on frequency variation. The investigation revealed that, the micro-resonator based on MIS capacitor holds considerable promise for implementation and recognition as a glucose sensor for human serum. The discrepancy in complex permittivity as a result of enhanced capacitor was achieved for the detection and determination of random glucose concentration levels using a unique variation of capacitor that indeed results in an adequate variation of the resonance frequency. Moreover, the design and development of micro-resonator with enhanced MIS capacitor generate a resolution of 112.38 × 10-3pF/mg/dl, minimum detectable glucose level of 7.45mg/dl, and a limit of quantification of 22.58mg/dl. Additionally, this unique approach offers long-term reliability for mediator-free glucose sensing with a relative standard deviation of less than 0.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Dhakal
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | - E S Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwa Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyung-Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyung-Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Ferrando ML, Schultsz C. A hypothetical model of host-pathogen interaction of Streptococcus suis in the gastro-intestinal tract. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:154-62. [PMID: 26900998 PMCID: PMC4856463 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1144008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (SS) is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause systemic infection in pigs and humans. The ingestion of contaminated pig meat is a well-established risk factor for zoonotic S. suis disease. In our studies, we provide experimental evidence that S. suis is capable to translocate across the host gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) using in vivo and in vitro models. Hence, S. suis should be considered an emerging foodborne pathogen. In this addendum, we give an overview of the complex interactions between S. suis and host-intestinal mucosa which depends on the host origin, the serotype and genotype of S. suis, as well as the presence and expression of virulence factors involved in host-pathogen interaction. Finally, we propose a hypothetical model of S. suis interaction with the host-GIT taking in account differences in conditions between the porcine and human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Ferrando
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Center for Infection and Immunity,Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (NL)
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Center for Infection and Immunity,Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (NL)
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Rydosz A, Brzozowska E, Górska S, Wincza K, Gamian A, Gruszczynski S. A broadband capacitive sensing method for label-free bacterial LPS detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 75:328-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bjarnadottir S, Lunde K, Alvseike O, Mason A, Al-Shamma'a A. Assessing quality parameters in dry-cured ham using microwave spectroscopy. Meat Sci 2015; 108:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee HJ, Yook JG. Recent research trends of radio-frequency biosensors for biomolecular detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:448-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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