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Yang S, Wang Y, Ren F, Li Z, Dong Q. Applying enzyme treatments in Bacillus cereus biofilm removal. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Yang S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Jia K, Zhang Z, Dong Q. Cereulide and Emetic Bacillus cereus: Characterizations, Impacts and Public Precautions. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040833. [PMID: 36832907 PMCID: PMC9956921 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereulide, which can be produced by Bacillus cereus, is strongly associated with emetic-type food poisoning outbreaks. It is an extremely stable emetic toxin, which is unlikely to be inactivated by food processing. Considering the high toxicity of cereulide, its related hazards raise public concerns. A better understanding of the impact of B. cereus and cereulide is urgently needed to prevent contamination and toxin production, thereby protecting public health. Over the last decade, a wide range of research has been conducted regarding B. cereus and cereulide. Despite this, summarized information highlighting precautions at the public level involving the food industry, consumers and regulators is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the current review is to summarize the available data describing the characterizations and impacts of emetic B. cereus and cereulide; based on this information, precautions at the public level are proposed.
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Cereulide Exposure Caused Cytopathogenic Damages of Liver and Kidney in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179148. [PMID: 34502057 PMCID: PMC8431326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereulide is one of the main food-borne toxins for vomiting synthesized by Bacillus cereus, and it widely contaminates meat, eggs, milk, and starchy foods. However, the toxicological effects and mechanisms of the long-time exposure of cereulide in vivo remain unknown. In this study, oral administration of 50 and 200 μg/kg body weight cereulide in the mice for 28 days caused oxidative stress in liver and kidney tissues and induce abnormal expression of inflammatory factors. In pathogenesis, cereulide exposure activated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) via the pathways of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/Xbox binding protein (XBP1) and PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and consequently led to the apoptosis and tissue damages in mouse liver and kidney. In vitro, we confirmed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by cereulide is the main factor leading to ER stress in HepaRG and HEK293T cells. Supplementation of sodium butyrate (NaB) inhibited the activations of IRE1α/XBP1 and PERK/eIF2α pathways caused by cereulide exposure in mice, and reduced the cell apoptosis in liver and kidney. In conclusion, this study provides a new insight in understanding the toxicological mechanism and prevention of cereulide exposure.
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020098. [PMID: 33525722 PMCID: PMC7911051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
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García‐Calvo J, Torroba T, Brañas‐Fresnillo V, Perdomo G, Cózar‐Castellano I, Li Y, Legrand Y, Barboiu M. Manipulation of Transmembrane Transport by Synthetic K
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Ionophore Depsipeptides and Its Implications in Glucose‐Stimulated Insulin Secretion in β‐Cells. Chemistry 2019; 25:9287-9294. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José García‐Calvo
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | | | - Germán Perdomo
- Department of Health SciencesSchool of Health SciencesUniversity of Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Irene Cózar‐Castellano
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics-IBGMUniversity of Valladolid-CSIC 47003 Valladolid Spain
| | - Yu‐Hao Li
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems GroupInstitut Européen des Membranes Place Eugène Bataillon, CC047 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Yves‐Marie Legrand
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems GroupInstitut Européen des Membranes Place Eugène Bataillon, CC047 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems GroupInstitut Européen des Membranes Place Eugène Bataillon, CC047 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Decleer M, Jovanovic J, Vakula A, Udovicki B, Agoua RSEK, Madder A, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Oxygen Consumption Rate Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Bacillus cereus Cereulide in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E266. [PMID: 30004412 PMCID: PMC6070949 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emetic syndrome of Bacillus cereus is a food intoxication caused by cereulide (CER) and manifested by emesis, nausea and in most severe cases with liver failure. While acute effects have been studied in the aftermath of food intoxication, an exposure to low doses of cereulide might cause unnoticed damages to the intestines and liver. The toxicity which relies on the mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed on Caco-2 and HepG2 cells after exposure of one, three and ten days to a range of low doses of cereulide. Oxygen consumption rate analyses were used to study the impact of low doses of CER on the bioenergetics functions of undifferentiated Caco-2 and HepG2 cells using Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer. Both Caco-2 and HepG2 cells experienced measurable mitochondrial impairment after prolonged exposure of 10 days to 0.25 nM of cereulide. Observed mitochondrial dysfunction was greatly reflected in reduction of maximal cell respiration. At 0.50 nM CER, mitochondrial respiration was almost completely shut down, especially in HepG2 cells. These results corresponded with a severe reduction in the amount of cells and an altered morphology, observed by microscopic examination of the cells. Accurate and robust quantification of basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and non-mitochondrial respiration allowed better understanding of the effects of cereulide in underlying respiratory malfunctions in low-dose exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Decleer
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anita Vakula
- Department of Food Preservation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Bozidar Udovicki
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11081 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Rock-Seth E K Agoua
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Mikkola R, Andersson MA, Grigoriev P, Heinonen M, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. The toxic mode of action of cyclic lipodepsipeptide fusaricidins, produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa, toward mammalian cells. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:436-449. [PMID: 28557348 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Toxigenic strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa were isolated from buildings connected with the symptoms of ill health. Our aim was to identify the toxic compounds of Paenibacillus polymyxa and to describe their toxic actions. METHODS AND RESULTS The toxins of Paenibacillus polymyxa were purified and analysed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Toxic fusaricidins A and B, and LI-F05a with mass ions at m/z 883·7, 897·6 and 897·6, respectively, were found. The cytotoxicity of purified fusaricidins A and B was measured using boar sperm, porcine tubular kidney epithelial cells and murine fibroblasts. The ion channel forming properties of fusaricidins were studied using the black lipid membrane (BLM) technique. Fusaricidins A and B depolarized the mitochondria of boar sperm, porcine tubular kidney epithelial cells and murine fibroblasts at concentrations of 0·5-1 μg ml-1 and caused nuclear fragmentation and induced apoptosis at concentrations of 2·5-5 μg ml-1 . Furthermore, fusaricidins A and B induced K+ permeating single channels. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that fusaricidins were toxic to mitochondria and induced apoptosis in mammalian cells. It was proposed that the observed toxicity of fusaricidins is due their ion channel forming properties. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This paper revealed, for the first time, the mode of action of Paenibacillus polymyxa fusaricidins toxins towards mammalian cells. Fusaricidins, due to their potassium ionophoricity and mitochondria depolarizing impacts, may have contributed to the health damage observed at sites where the producer strains were isolated at high density.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikkola
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - M A Andersson
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.,Department of Food and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Grigoriev
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biophysics of Cell, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - M Heinonen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M S Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Owlia MB. Tissue response to injury: Ubiquity of cell injury makes inflammation-mediated disorders ubiquitous. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x16674016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Phat C, Kim S, Park J, Lee C. Detection of Emetic Toxin Genes inBacillus cereusIsolated from Food and their Production of Cereulide in Liquid Culture. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanvorleak Phat
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Suhwan Kim
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Park
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Lee
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-Do 456-756 Republic of Korea
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Rasimus-Sahari S, Mikkola R, Andersson MA, Jestoi M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Streptomyces strains producing mitochondriotoxic antimycin A found in cereal grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 218:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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