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Fungo GBN, Uy JCW, Porciuncula KLJ, Candelario CMA, Chua DPS, Gutierrez TAD, Clokie MRJ, Papa DMD. "Two Is Better Than One": The Multifactorial Nature of Phage-Antibiotic Combinatorial Treatments Against ESKAPE-Induced Infections. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2023; 4:55-67. [PMID: 37350995 PMCID: PMC10282822 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2023.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS) has been extensively explored over the past decade, with the aim of developing more effective treatments against multidrug-resistant organisms. However, it remains unclear how to effectively combine these two approaches. To address this uncertainty, we assessed four main aspects of PAS interactions in this review, seeking to identify commonalities of combining treatments within and between bacterial species. We examined all literature on PAS efficacy toward ESKAPE pathogens and present an analysis of the data in papers focusing on: (1) order of treatment, (2) dose of both phage and antibiotics, (3) mechanism of action, and (4) viability of transfer from in vivo or animal model trials to clinical applications. Our analysis indicates that there is little consistency within phage-antibiotic therapy regimens, suggesting that highly individualized treatment regimens should be used. We propose a set of experimental studies to address these research gaps. We end our review with suggestions on how to improve studies on phage-antibiotic combination therapy to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale Bernice N. Fungo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - John Christian W. Uy
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kristiana Louise J. Porciuncula
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Chiarah Mae A. Candelario
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Deneb Philip S. Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tracey Antaeus D. Gutierrez
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Donna May D. Papa
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Bacteriophage Ecology, Aquaculture, Therapy and Systematics (BEATS) Research Group, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
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Yamabe K, Arakawa Y, Shoji M, Onda M, Miyamoto K, Tsuchiya T, Akeda Y, Terada K, Tomono K. Direct anti-biofilm effects of macrolides on Acinetobacter baumannii: comprehensive and comparative demonstration by a simple assay using microtiter plate combined with peg-lid. Biomed Res 2021; 41:259-268. [PMID: 33268670 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, opportunistic nosocomial infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. The pathogen often establishes biofilms that adhere to medical devices, causing chronic infections refractory to antimicrobial therapy. Clinical reports have indicated that some macrolide antibiotics are effective against chronic biofilm-related infections. In this study, we examined the direct anti-biofilm effects of seven macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, josamycin, spiramycin, fidaxomicin, and ivermectin) on A. baumannii using a simple and newly established in vitro assay system for the swift and serial spectrophotometric determinations of two biofilm-amount indexes of viability and biomass. These macrolides were found to possess direct anti-biofilm effects exerting specific anti-biofilm effects not exclusively depending on their bacteriostatic/bactericidal effects. The anti-biofilm effect of azithromycin was found to be the strongest, while those of fidaxomicin and ivermectin were weak and limited. These results provide insights into possible adjunctive chemotherapy with macrolides for A. baumannii infection. Common five macrolides also interfered with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL(pCF218) (pCF372) bioassay system of N-acyl homoserine lactones, providing insights into sample preparation for the bioassay, and putatively suggesting the actions of macrolides as remote signals in bacterial quorum sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamabe
- Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yukio Arakawa
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masaki Shoji
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Mitsuko Onda
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Katsushiro Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | | | - Kazunori Tomono
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
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Yousefpour Z, Davarzani F, Owlia P. Evaluating of the Effects of Sub-MIC Concentrations of Gentamicin on Biofilm Formation in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 16:403-410. [PMID: 34567189 PMCID: PMC8463752 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.20201.524220.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: The ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to form biofilm has an important role in establishment of chronic phase of infections. Biofilm formation can be affected by antibiotics sub-MIC concentrations. The principal aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gentamicin at sub-MIC concentrations on biofilm formation in 100 Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Methods: Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin for clinical isolates was done using micro broth dilution method. The amount of biofilm formation in the treated and untreated isolates with gentamicin sub-MIC (1/2&1/4MIC) concentrations was evaluated using microtitre plate assay. pelA and pslA genes were detected in clinical isolates by PCR method. Results: 99% of clinical isolates were biofilm producer. Different changes in amount of biofilm formation were observed in the treated clinical isolates with sub-MIC concentrations of gentamicin. Two dominant changes were observed in 80% of clinical isolates. These concentrations had inhibitory effect on biofilm formation in 46.4% of isolates and caused a significant decrease in its amount. While in 31.3% of the isolates, the biofilm formation was significantly increased. The frequency of pelA and pslA genes among clinical isolates was 100%. Conclusion: gentamicin sub-MIC concentrations cause different changes on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Therefore, further studies are needed for discovering new treatment strategies and using sub-MIC concentrations of the antibiotic in prevention and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yousefpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine. Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Davarzani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine. Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Owlia
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center (MMRC), Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Antibiotics as a Stressing Factor Triggering the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori J99 within Candida albicans ATCC10231. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030382. [PMID: 33806815 PMCID: PMC8004595 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
First-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori includes amoxicillin and clarithromycin or metronidazole plus a proton pump inhibitor. Treatment failure is associated with antibiotic resistance and possibly also with internalization of H. pylori into eukaryotic cells, such as yeasts. Factors triggering the entry of H. pylori into yeast are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether clarithromycin or amoxicillin trigger the entry of H. pylori into C. albicans cells. METHODS H. pylori J99 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 were co-cultured in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin and clarithromycin as stressors. Bacterial-bearing yeasts were observed by fresh examination. The viability of bacteria within yeasts was evaluated, confirming the entry of bacteria into Candida, amplifying, by PCR, the H. pylori16S rRNA gene in total yeast DNA. RESULTS Amoxicillin significantly increased the entry of H. pylori into C. albicans compared to the control. CONCLUSION the internalization of H. pylori into C. albicans in the presence of antibiotics is dependent on the type of antibiotic used, and it suggests that a therapy including amoxicillin may stimulate the entry of the bacterium into Candida, thus negatively affecting the success of the treatment.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: targeting cell-wall metabolism for new antibacterial discovery and development. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:975-92. [PMID: 27228070 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections and is resistant to most antibiotics. With therapeutic options against P. aeruginosa dwindling, and the lack of new antibiotics in advanced developmental stages, strategies for preserving the effectiveness of current antibiotics are urgently required. β-Lactam antibiotics are important agents for treating P. aeruginosa infections, thus, adjuvants that potentiate the activity of these compounds are desirable for extending their lifespan while new antibiotics - or antibiotic classes - are discovered and developed. In this review, we discuss recent research that has identified exploitable targets of cell-wall metabolism for the design and development of compounds that hinder resistance and potentiate the activity of antipseudomonal β-lactams.
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Nešuta O, Hexnerová R, Buděšínský M, Slaninová J, Bednárová L, Hadravová R, Straka J, Veverka V, Čeřovský V. Antimicrobial Peptide from the Wild Bee Hylaeus signatus Venom and Its Analogues: Structure-Activity Study and Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1073-1083. [PMID: 26998557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Venoms of hymenopteran insects have attracted considerable interest as a source of cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In the venom of the solitary bee Hylaeus signatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), we identified a new hexadecapeptide of sequence Gly-Ile-Met-Ser-Ser-Leu-Met-Lys-Lys-Leu-Ala-Ala-His-Ile-Ala-Lys-NH2. Named HYL, it belongs to the category of α-helical amphipathic AMPs. HYL exhibited weak antimicrobial activity against several strains of pathogenic bacteria and moderate activity against Candida albicans, but its hemolytic activity against human red blood cells was low. We prepared a set of HYL analogues to evaluate the effects of structural modifications on its biological activity and to increase its potency against pathogenic bacteria. This produced several analogues exhibiting significantly greater activity compared to HYL against strains of both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa even as their hemolytic activity remained low. Studying synergism of HYL peptides and conventional antibiotics showed the peptides act synergistically and preferentially in combination with rifampicin. Fluorescent dye propidium iodide uptake showed the tested peptides were able to facilitate entrance of antibiotics into the cytoplasm by permeabilization of the outer and inner bacterial cell membrane of P. aeruginosa. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that treatment of P. aeruginosa with one of the HYL analogues caused total disintegration of bacterial cells. NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate the structure-activity relationship for the effect of amino acid residue substitution in HYL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Nešuta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rozálie Hexnerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Slaninová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Hadravová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Viničná 7, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Veverka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Čeřovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Krämer A, Herzer J, Overhage J, Meyer-Almes FJ. Substrate specificity and function of acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 17:4. [PMID: 26956223 PMCID: PMC4784309 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-016-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus bacterium is an opportunistic human pathogen and worldwide the fourth most common cause of hospital-acquired infections which are often high mortality such as ventilator-associated pneumoniae. The polyamine metabolism of P. aeruginosa and particularly the deacetylation of acetylpolyamines has been little studied up to now. Results with other bacterial pathogens e.g., Y. pestis suggest that polyamines may be involved in the formation of biofilms or confer resistance against certain antibiotics. Results To elucidate the role of acetylpolyamines and their enzymatic deacetylation in more detail, all three putative acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases (APAHs) from P. aeruginosa have been expressed in enzymatic active form. The APAHs PA0321 and PA1409 are shown to be true polyamine deacetylases, whereas PA3774 is not able to deacetylate acetylated polyamines. Every APAH can hydrolyze trifluoroacetylated lysine-derivatives, but only PA1409 and much more efficiently PA3774 can also process the plain acetylated lysine substrate. P. aeruginosa is able to utilize acetylcadaverine and acetylputrescine as a carbon source under glucose starvation. If either the PA0321 or the PA1409 but not the PA3774 gene is disrupted, the growth of P. aeruginosa is reduced and delayed. In addition, we were able to show that the APAH inhibitors SAHA and SATFMK induce biofilm formation in both PA14 and PAO1 wildtype strains. Conclusions P. aeruginosa has two functional APAHs, PA0321 and PA1409 which enable the utilization of acetylpolyamines for the metabolism of P. aeruginosa. In contrast, the physiological role of the predicted APAH, PA3774, remains to be elucidated. Its ability to deacetylate synthetic acetylated lysine substrates points to a protein deacetylation functionality with yet unknown substrates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12858-016-0063-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Krämer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Herzer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joerg Overhage
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Shi HQ, Sun FJ, Chen JH, Yong XL, Ou QY, Feng W, Xia PY. Opposite effects of cefoperazone and ceftazidime on S‑ribosylhomocysteine lyase/autoinducer-2 quorum sensing and biofilm formation by an Escherichia coli clinical isolate. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2334-40. [PMID: 25189202 PMCID: PMC4214345 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of subminimum inhibitory concentrations of cephalosporins on bacterial biofilm formation, the biofilm production of 52 Escherichia (E.) coli strains was examined following treatment with cephalosporin compounds at 1/4 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Ceftazidime (CAZ) inhibited biofilm formation in seven isolates, while cefoperazone (CFP) enhanced biofilm formation in 18 isolates. Biofilm formation of E. coli E42 was inhibited by CAZ and induced by CFP. Therefore, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the expression of the biofilm-modulating genes of this isolate was investigated. To monitor the production of the autoinducer of quorum sensing in E. coli, autoinducer-2 (AI-2) production was detected by measuring the bioluminescence response of Vibrio harveyi BB170. Antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) targeting S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase (luxS) inhibited the expression of the luxS gene in E. coli. CAZ at 1/4 MIC reduced luxS mRNA levels and the production of AI-2, whereas CFP at 1/4 MIC had the opposite effect. AS-ODNs targeting luxS significantly decreased the aforementioned inhibitory effects of CAZ and the induction effects of CFP on E. coli biofilm formation. Therefore, biofilm formation by the E. coli clinical isolate E42 was evoked by CFP but attenuated by CAZ at sub-MICs, via a luxS/AI-2-based quorum sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Yong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Yi Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Tarquinio K, Confreda K, Shurko J, LaPlante K. Activities of tobramycin and polymyxin E against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-coated medical grade endotracheal tubes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1723-9. [PMID: 24379207 PMCID: PMC3957908 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01178-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Indwelling medical devices have become a major source of nosocomial infections, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, which remain the most common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in neonates and children. Using medical grade polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tubes (ETTs), the activity of tobramycin and polymyxin E was quantified in a simulated prevention and treatment static time-kill model using biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa. The model simulated three clinical conditions: (i) planktonic bacteria grown in the presence of antibiotics (tobramycin and polymyxin E) without ETTs, (ii) planktonic bacteria grown in the presence of P. aeruginosa, antibiotic, and ETTs (simulating prevention), and (iii) a 24-h-formed P. aeruginosa biofilm grown on ETTs prior to antibiotic exposure (simulating treatment). In the model simulating "prevention" (conditions 1 and 2 above), tobramycin alone or in combination with polymyxin E was more bactericidal than polymyxin E alone at 24 h using a concentration of greater than 2 times the MIC. However, after a 24-h-old biofilm was allowed to form on the ETTs, neither monotherapy nor combination therapy over 24 h exhibited bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects. Against the same pathogens, tobramycin and polymyxin E, alone or in combination, exhibited bactericidal activity prior to biofilm attachment to the ETTs; however, no activity was observed once biofilm formed on ETTs. These findings support surveillance culturing to identify pathogens for a rapid and targeted approach to therapy, especially when P. aeruginosa is a potential pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tarquinio
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases (RIID) Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kelsey Confreda
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases (RIID) Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - James Shurko
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kerry LaPlante
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases (RIID) Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Efficacy and safety of liposomal clarithromycin and its effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2694-704. [PMID: 23545534 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00235-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy and safety of liposomal clarithromycin formulations with different surface charges against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The liposomal clarithromycin formulations were prepared by the dehydration-rehydration method, and their sizes were measured using the dynamic-light-scattering technique. Encapsulation efficiency was determined by microbiological assay, and the stabilities of the formulations in biological fluid were evaluated for a period of 48 h. The MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of free and liposomal formulations were determined with P. aeruginosa strains isolated from CF patients. Liposomal clarithromycin activity against biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa was compared to that of free antibiotic using the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD). The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of free and liposomal clarithromycin on bacterial virulence factors and motility on agar were investigated on clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. The cytotoxicities of the liposome preparations and free drug were evaluated on a pulmonary epithelial cell line (A549). The average diameter of the formulations was >222 nm, with encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 5.7% to 30.4%. The liposomes retained more than 70% of their drug content during the 48-h time period. The highly resistant strains of P. aeruginosa became susceptible to liposome-encapsulated clarithromycin (MIC, 256 mg/liter versus 8 mg/liter; P < 0.001). Liposomal clarithromycin reduced the bacterial growth within the biofilm by 3 to 4 log units (P < 0.001), significantly attenuated virulence factor production, and reduced bacterial twitching, swarming, and swimming motilities. The clarithromycin-entrapped liposomes were less cytotoxic than the free drug (P < 0.001). These data indicate that our novel formulations could be a useful strategy to enhance the efficacy of clarithromycin against resistant P. aeruginosa strains that commonly affect individuals with cystic fibrosis.
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Inhibition of biofilm formation by esomeprazole in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4360-4. [PMID: 22664967 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00544-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common nosocomial pathogens responsible for biofilm-associated infections. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI), such as esomeprazole, may have novel antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to assess whether esomeprazole prevents sessile bacterial growth and biofilm formation and whether it may have synergistic killing effects with standard antibiotics. The antibiofilm activity of esomeprazole at 0.25 mM was tested against two strains each of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Bacterial biofilms were prepared using a commercially available 96-peg-plate Calgary biofilm device. Sessile bacterial CFU counts and biomass were assessed during 72 hours of esomeprazole exposure. The killing activities after an additional 24 hours of vancomycin (against S. aureus) and meropenem (against P. aeruginosa) treatment with or without preexposure to esomeprazole were also assessed by CFU and biomass analyses. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains exposed to esomeprazole displayed decreased sessile bacterial growth and biomass (P < 0.001, each parameter). After 72 h of exposure, there was a 1-log(10) decrease in the CFU/ml of esomeprazole-exposed P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains compared to controls (P < 0.001). After 72 h of exposure, measured absorbance was 100% greater in P. aeruginosa control strains than in esomeprazole-exposed strains (P < 0.001). Increased killing and decreased biomass were observed for esomeprazole-treated bacteria compared to untreated controls exposed to conventional antibiotics (P < 0.001, each parameter). Reduced biofilm growth after 24 h was visibly apparent by light micrographs for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolates exposed to esomeprazole compared to untreated controls. In conclusion, esomeprazole demonstrated an antibiofilm effect against biofilm-producing S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.
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Kádár B, Szász M, Kristóf K, Pesti N, Krizsán G, Szentandrássy J, Rókusz L, Nagy K, Szabó D. In vitro activity of clarithromycin in combination with other antimicrobial agents against biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2010; 57:235-45. [PMID: 20870595 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.57.2010.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the biofilm-production of 60 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical samples and to examine the effect of different antimicrobials and their combinations with clarithromycin on biofilm-formation. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs), and antibiotic synergy by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index were determined for the following antibiotics: ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, netilmicin and clarithromycin. A total of 14 (23.3%) isolates out of 60 isolates of P. aeruginosa were biofilm positive. Cefepime, imipenem and meropenem had the lowest MIC 90 values. Piperacillin/tazobactam and clarithromycin had the highest MIC 90 values. Imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and clarithromycin had the lowest MBIC 90 values. For biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa strains 2-fold to 128-fold higher MBIC values than MIC values were obtained for ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, amikacin and netilmicin. The MBIC was 2-fold to 512-fold lower then the MIC values in the case of piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and clarithromycin. Synergy was generally demonstrated for clarithromycin in combination with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones or ceftazidime. However, surprisingly it was found that combinations of clarithromycin with carbapenems or cefepime led to an antagonistic interaction: combination of clarithromycin with imipenem, meropenem or ertapenem showed antagonism in 37.5%, 50% and 62.5% of the strains tested whereas its combination with cefepime expressed antagonism in 75% of the strains, respectively. To the best of our knowledge no one has previously described this phenomenon so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kádár
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
Killing by beta-lactams is well known to be reduced against a dense bacterial population, commonly known as the inoculum effect. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not well understood. We proposed a semi-mechanistic mathematical model to account for the reduced in vitro killing observed. Time-kill studies were performed with 4 baseline inocula (ranging from approximately 1 × 10(5) to 1 × 10(8) CFU/ml) of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC, 2 mg/liter). Constant but escalating piperacillin concentrations used ranged from 0.25× to 256× MIC. Serial samples were taken over 24 h to quantify viable bacterial burden, and all the killing profiles were mathematically modeled. The inoculum effect was attributed to a reduction of effective drug concentration available for bacterial killing, which was expressed as a function of the baseline inoculum. Biomasses associated with different inocula were examined using a colorimetric method. Despite identical drug-pathogen combinations, the baseline inoculum had a significant impact on bacterial killing. Our proposed mathematical model was unbiased and reasonable in capturing all 28 killing profiles collectively (r(2) = 0.88). Biomass was found to be significantly more after 24 h with a baseline inoculum of 1 × 10(8) CFU/ml, compared to one where the initial inoculum was 1 × 10(5) CFU/ml (P = 0.002). Our results corroborated previous observations that in vitro killing by piperacillin was significantly reduced against a dense bacterial inoculum. This phenomenon can be reasonably captured by our proposed mathematical model, and it may improve prediction of bacterial response to various drug exposures in future investigations.
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