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Xu J, Jia Z, Xiao S, Long C, Wang L. Effects of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge on Jejunal Morphology and Microbial Community Profiles in Weaned Crossbred Piglets. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2646. [PMID: 38004658 PMCID: PMC10672776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of bacterial diarrhea in weaning piglets, which are vulnerable to changes in environment and feed. This study aimed to determine the effects of the ETEC challenge on piglet growth performance, diarrhea rate, jejunal microbial profile, jejunal morphology and goblet cell distribution. A total of 13 piglets from one litter were selected on postnatal day 21 and assigned to treatments with or without ETEC challenge at 1 × 108 CFUs, as ETEC group or control group, respectively. On postnatal day 28, samples were collected, followed by the detection of serum biochemical indexes and inflammatory indicators, HE staining, PAS staining and 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results showed that the growth performance decreased, while the diarrhea rate increased for the ETEC group. The jejunum is the main segment of the injured intestine during the ETEC challenge. Compared with the control, the ETEC group displayed fewer goblet cells in the jejunum, where goblet cells are more distributed at the crypt and less distributed at the villus. In addition, ETEC piglets possessed higher abundances of the genus Desulfovibrio, genus Oxalobacter and genus Peptococus and lower abundances of the genus Prevotella 2, genus Flavonifractor and genus Blautra. In terms of alpha diversity, Chao 1 and observed features indexes were both increased for the ETEC group. Our study provides insights into jejunal histopathological impairment and microbial variation in response to ETEC infection for weaned piglets and is a valuable reference for researchers engaged in animal health research to select stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Shu Xiao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Cimin Long
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Leli Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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Yoneda I, Rozanah UN, Nishiyama M, Mith H, Watanabe T. Detection and genetic analysis of Escherichia coli from Tonle Sap Lake and its tributaries in Cambodia: Spatial distribution, seasonal variation, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120406. [PMID: 36252883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As an indicator of fecal contamination, Escherichia coli was monitored in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia, and its tributaries during low- and high-water seasons, focusing on the impacts on floating villagers inhabiting boathouses. E. coli concentrations in the floating villages (3.6 × 103 and 5.7 × 103 CFU/100 mL during the low- and high-water seasons, respectively) were significantly higher than those in other lake sites (4.0 × 101 and 7.0 × 100 CFU/100 mL during the low- and high-water seasons, respectively) and rivers (3.3 × 102 and 8.9 × 102 CFU/100 mL during the low- and high-water seasons, respectively), most likely because fecal materials from the boathouses were discharged without treatment. At most of the lake sampling sites remote from the boathouses, the E. coli concentration was lower during the high-water season than that during the low-water season, due to dilution by lake water. E. coli colonies detected during monitoring were isolated for pathotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, beta-lactamase gene detection, and multilocus sequencing typing (MLST). Of the 659 E. coli isolates, 101 (15.3%) were diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). The prevalence of DEC (52.2%) in the floating villages during the low-water season was higher than that during the high-water season (4.2%) and that in other sites during both seasons (10.6-21.3%). The DEC isolates from the floating villages during the low-water season showed high antimicrobial resistance, including ampicillin (83.4%) and ciprofloxacin (83.4%), and frequently possessed a beta-lactamase gene (blaTEM) (83.4%). MLST analysis indicated that the predominant sequence type (ST) of DEC isolates from the floating villages possibly originated from humans, whereas more diverse STs were detected in isolates from other sites. We revealed the wide presence of diarrheagenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in Tonle Sap Lake and identified a considerable infection risk in floating villages, especially during the low-water season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yoneda
- Department of Regional Environment Creation, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3-Chome, Morioka, 020-8850, Japan.
| | - Ulya Nur Rozanah
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Masateru Nishiyama
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-Machi, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hasika Mith
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Russian Federation Blvd., P.O. Box 86, Phnom Penh, 12156, Cambodia
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-Machi, Tsuruoka, 997-8555, Japan
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Yang C, Li Y, Zuo L, Jiang M, Zhang X, Xie L, Luo M, She Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Wu S, Cai R, Shi X, Cui Y, Wan C, Hu Q. Genomic Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli From Outpatients With Diarrhea in Shenzhen, China, 2015-2020. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732068. [PMID: 34777281 PMCID: PMC8581654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children and the most common cause of diarrhea in travelers. However, most ETEC infections in Shenzhen, China were from indigenous adults. In this study, we characterized 106 ETEC isolates from indigenous outpatients with diarrhea (77% were adults aged >20 years) in Shenzhen between 2015 and 2020 by whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Shenzhen ETEC isolates showed a remarkable high diversity, which belonged to four E. coli phylogroups (A: 71%, B1: 13%, E: 10%, and D: 6%) and 15 ETEC lineages, with L11 (25%, O159:H34/O159:H43, ST218/ST3153), novel L2/4 (21%, O6:H16, ST48), and L4 (15%, O25:H16, ST1491) being major lineages. Heat-stable toxin (ST) was most prevalent (76%, STh: 60% STp: 16%), followed by heat-labile toxin (LT, 17%) and ST + LT (7%). One or multiple colonization factors (CFs) were identified in 68 (64%) isolates, with the common CFs being CS21 (48%) and CS6 (34%). Antimicrobial resistance mutation/gene profiles of genomes were concordant with the phenotype testing results of 52 representative isolates, which revealed high resistance rate to nalidixic acid (71%), ampicillin (69%), and ampicillin/sulbactam (46%), and demonstrated that the novel L2/4 was a multidrug-resistant lineage. This study provides novel insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ETEC infections in indigenous adults for the first time, which further improves our understanding on ETEC epidemiology and has implications for the development of vaccine and future surveillance and prevention of ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Zuo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianglilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miaomiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiying She
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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Margulieux KR, Srijan A, Ruekit S, Nobthai P, Poramathikul K, Pandey P, Serichantalergs O, Shrestha SK, Bodhidatta L, Swierczewski BE. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase prevalence and virulence factor characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli responsible for acute diarrhea in Nepal from 2001 to 2016. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:87. [PMID: 30038780 PMCID: PMC6053774 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial species are an increasingly dangerous public health threat, and are now endemic in many areas of South Asia. However, there are a lack of comprehensive data from many countries in this region determining historic and current MDR prevalence. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of both acute infant diarrhea and traveler’s diarrhea in Nepal. The MDR prevalence and associated resistance mechanisms of ETEC isolates responsible for enteric infections in Nepal are largely unknown. Methods A total of 265 ETEC isolates were obtained from acute diarrheal samples (263/265) or patient control samples (2/265) at traveler’s clinics or regional hospitals in Nepal from 2001 to 2016. Isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance, to include extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, via the Microscan Automated Microbiology System. ETEC virulence factors, specifically enterotoxins and colonization factors (CFs), were detected using multiplex PCR, and prevalence in the total isolate population was compared to ESBL-positive isolates. ESBL-positive isolates were assessed using multiplex PCR for genetic markers potentially responsible for observed resistance. Results A total of 118/265 (44.5%) ETEC isolates demonstrated resistance to ≥2 antibiotics. ESBL-positive phenotypes were detected in 40/265 isolates, with isolates from 2008, 2013, 2014, and 2016 demonstrating ESBL prevalence rates of 1.5, 34.5, 31.2, and 35.0% respectively. No difference was observed in overall enterotoxin characterization between the total ETEC and ESBL-positive populations. The CFs CS2 (13.6%), CS3 (25.3%), CS6 (30.2%), and CS21 (62.6%) were the most prevalent in the total ETEC population. The ESBL-positive ETEC isolates exhibited a higher association trend with the CFs CS2 (37.5%), CS3 (35%), CS6 (42.5%), and CS21 (67.5%). The primary ESBL gene identified was blaCTX-M-15 (80%), followed by blaSHV-12 (20%) and blaCTX-M-14 (2.5%). The beta-lactamase genes blaTEM-1 (40%) and blaCMY-2 (2.5%) were also identified. It was determined that 42.5% of the ESBL-positive isolates carried multiple resistance genes. Conclusion Over 30% of ETEC isolates collected post-2013 and evaluated in this study demonstrated ESBL resistance. Persistent surveillance and characterization of enteric ETEC isolates are vital for tracking the community presence of MDR bacterial species in order to recommend effective treatment strategies and help mitigate the spread of resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Margulieux
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Apichai Srijan
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Sirigade Ruekit
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Panida Nobthai
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Kamonporn Poramathikul
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Prativa Pandey
- CIWEC Hospital and Travel Medicine Clinic, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Oralak Serichantalergs
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | | | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Brett E Swierczewski
- 1Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithee Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,4Present Address: Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD USA
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Li Y, Luo Q, Shi X, Lin Y, Qiu Y, Lv D, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Jiang M, Ma H, Cheng J, Hu Q. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Clinical Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Shenzhen, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:333-340. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiman Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongyue Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiongcheng Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanwu Ma
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Shanghai, China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:835-9. [PMID: 27164463 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in children. Also, antibiotic resistance among DEC is becoming a critical area of concern in clinical settings. METHODS This study was conducted in 4 hospitals in Shanghai from June 2012 to October 2013. DEC isolates from stool samples of patients with diarrhea were examined to determine their antimicrobial susceptibilities and presence of virulence genes, in order to identify high risk clones. RESULTS A total of 735 (10.2%) DEC isolates were identified from 7204 stool samples from patients with diarrhea, including 374 enteropathogenic E. coli, 318 enterotoxigenic E. coli, 36 Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli and 7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Among the 735 DEC isolates, 299 (40.7%) were isolated from children less than 5 years old. High resistance rates were observed to streptomycin (90.7%), ampicillin (63.4%), nalidixic acid (61.1%), sulfisoxazole (49.1%), tetracycline (41.2%), trimethoprim (35.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (35.4%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (27.2%), cefotaxime (24.5%), cefepime (23.5%), gentamicin (16.7%), ceftazidime (12.4%), chloramphenicol (10.6%), ciprofloxacin (7.2%) and ofloxacin (3.4%). All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. In addition, potential virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 15 enterotoxigenic E. coli belonging to the same clone were identified to be associated with nosocomial neonatal diarrhea and resistant to greater than 10 antimicrobials. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that active surveillance programs combining both phenotypic and genetic data would help identify disease outbreaks and strengthen antibiotic management.
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Ren W, Yin J, Chen S, Duan J, Liu G, Li T, Li N, Peng Y, Tan B, Yin Y. Proteome analysis for the global proteins in the jejunum tissues of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli -infected piglets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25640. [PMID: 27157636 PMCID: PMC4860632 DOI: 10.1038/srep25640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause of diarrhea in humans and livestock. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with multidimensional liquid chromatography (LC) and MS analysis was used for screening the differentially expressed proteins in piglet jejunum after ETEC infection. Totally 1,897 proteins were identified with quantitative information in piglet jejunum. We identified 92 differentially expressed proteins in ETEC-induced diarrhea, of which 30 were up regulated and 62 down regulated. Most of the differentially expressed proteins were involved in intestinal function of binding, metabolic process, catalytic activity and immune responses. The inhibition of intestinal immune responses in the jejunum in ETEC-induced diarrhea was also validated by immunobloting and RT-PCR. Our study is the first attempt to analyze the protein profile of ETEC-infected piglets by quantitative proteomics, and our findings could provide valuable information with respect to better understanding the host response to ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Jielin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Nengzhang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage &Herbivorce, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage &Herbivorce, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients; Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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