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The Neurochaperonopathies: Anomalies of the Chaperone System with Pathogenic Effects in Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Disorders. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chaperone (or chaperoning) system (CS) constitutes molecular chaperones, co-chaperones, and chaperone co-factors, interactors and receptors, and its canonical role is protein quality control. A malfunction of the CS may cause diseases, known as the chaperonopathies. These are caused by qualitatively and/or quantitatively abnormal molecular chaperones. Since the CS is ubiquitous, chaperonopathies are systemic, affecting various tissues and organs, playing an etiologic-pathogenic role in diverse conditions. In this review, we focus on chaperonopathies involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems: the neurochaperonopathies (NCPs). Genetic NCPs are linked to pathogenic variants of chaperone genes encoding, for example, the small Hsp, Hsp10, Hsp40, Hsp60, and CCT-BBS (chaperonin-containing TCP-1- Bardet–Biedl syndrome) chaperones. Instead, the acquired NCPs are associated with malfunctional chaperones, such as Hsp70, Hsp90, and VCP/p97 with aberrant post-translational modifications. Awareness of the chaperonopathies as the underlying primary or secondary causes of disease will improve diagnosis and patient management and open the possibility of investigating and developing chaperonotherapy, namely treatment with the abnormal chaperone as the main target. Positive chaperonotherapy would apply in chaperonopathies by defect, i.e., chaperone insufficiency, and consist of chaperone replacement or boosting, whereas negative chaperonotherapy would be pertinent when a chaperone actively participates in the initiation and progression of the disease and must be blocked and eliminated.
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Do NT, Kim S, Kwak M, Lee TG, Jo DG, Lee SW, Kim SH. Length difference of multi-walled carbon nanotubes generates differential cytotoxic responses. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1414-1424. [PMID: 33398895 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have recently been rated as an effective biomaterial owing to their functionalization ability. However, the safety of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has yet to be clearly understood. To investigate how cells differentially react to minor geometric differences, we prepared well-dispersed and stable long and short MWCNTs showing an approximately 100-nm length difference in an in vitro system. Through an optimal combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) biosurfactants and ultrasonication, we first confirmed that the MWCNTs were maintained without aggregation throughout the experiments. Internalized MWCNTs in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were then quantified in a label-free manner using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, followed by an analysis of their localization via two-photon excitation fluorescence. Intracellular MWCNTs were found to primarily localize in mitochondria with abnormal morphologies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which was found to result from early stages of oxidative stress that consequently lead to cell death, was then proved via decreasing mitochondrial membrane potentials, with short MWCNTs showing significantly greater cytotoxicity than long MWCNTs. Our results suggest that even small length differences of MWCNTs may lead to differential responses in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhuan Thi Do
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Univsersity of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Suho Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Minjeong Kwak
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Univsersity of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Se-Hwa Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Physics, Univsersity of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Vitale AM, Conway de Macario E, Alessandro R, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Missense Mutations of Human Hsp60: A Computational Analysis to Unveil Their Pathological Significance. Front Genet 2020; 11:969. [PMID: 33014020 PMCID: PMC7461820 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two chaperonopathies have been linked to mutations in the human hsp60 (hHsp60; HSPD1) gene, but other existing variants might cause diseases, even if there is no comprehensive information about this possibility. To fill this vacuum, which might be at the basis of misdiagnoses or simply ignorance of chaperonopathies in patients who would benefit by proper identification of their ailments, we searched the sequenced human genomes available in public databases to determine the range of missense mutations in the single hsp60 gene. A total of 224 missense mutations were identified, including those already characterized. Detailed examination of these mutations was carried out to assess their possible impact on protein structure-function, considering: (a) the properties of individual amino acids; (b) the known functions of the amino acids in the human Hsp60 and/or in the highly similar bacterial ortholog GroEL; (c) the location of the mutant amino acids in the monomers and oligomers; and (d) structure-function relationships inferred from crystal structures. And we also applied a bioinformatics tool for predicting the impact of mutations on proteins. A portion of these genetic variants could have a deleterious impact on protein structure-function, but have not yet been associated with any pathology. Are these variants causing disease with mild clinical manifestations and are, therefore, being overlooked? Or are they causing overt disease, which is misdiagnosed? Our data indicate that more chaperonopathies might occur than is currently acknowledged and that awareness of chaperonopathies among medical personnel will increase their detection and improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
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A novel missense pathogenic variant in NEFH causing rare Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2CC. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:757-763. [PMID: 32780247 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to explore the underlying genes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT). Technologies such as electrophysiological testing and gene sequencing have been applied. We identified a novel variant NEFH c.2215C>T(p.P739S)(HGNC:7737) in a heterozygous state, which was considered to be pathogenic for CMT2CC(OMIM:616924).The proband and his brothers presented with muscle atrophy of hand and calf and moderately decreased conduction velocities. By whole exome sequencing analysis, we found the novel missense pathogenic variant in the proband, his brother and mother. This report broadened current knowledge about intermediate CMT and the phenotypic spectrum of defects associated with NEFH. In addition, the proband carried other five variants {HSPD1c.695C>A (p.S232X), FLNCc.1073A>G (p.N358S), GUSBc.323C>A (p.P108Q), ACY1 c.1063-1G>A and APTX c.484-2A>T}, which have not been reported until now. The NEFH c.2215C>T (p.P739S) give us a new understanding of CMT, which might provide new therapeutic targets in the future.
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Scalia F, Marino Gammazza A, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Cappello F. Myelin Pathology: Involvement of Molecular Chaperones and the Promise of Chaperonotherapy. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110297. [PMID: 31671529 PMCID: PMC6896170 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of axon myelination involves various proteins including molecular chaperones. Myelin alteration is a common feature in neurological diseases due to structural and functional abnormalities of one or more myelin proteins. Genetic proteinopathies may occur either in the presence of a normal chaperoning system, which is unable to assist the defective myelin protein in its folding and migration, or due to mutations in chaperone genes, leading to functional defects in assisting myelin maturation/migration. The latter are a subgroup of genetic chaperonopathies causing demyelination. In this brief review, we describe some paradigmatic examples pertaining to the chaperonins Hsp60 (HSPD1, or HSP60, or Cpn60) and CCT (chaperonin-containing TCP-1). Our aim is to make scientists and physicians aware of the possibility and advantages of classifying patients depending on the presence or absence of a chaperonopathy. In turn, this subclassification will allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies (chaperonotherapy) by using molecular chaperones as agents or targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
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Miyamoto Y, Kawahara K, Torii T, Yamauchi J. Defective myelination in mice harboring hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-associated HSPD1 mutation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 11:6-7. [PMID: 28377887 PMCID: PMC5369331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan
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Bross P, Fernandez-Guerra P. Disease-Associated Mutations in the HSPD1 Gene Encoding the Large Subunit of the Mitochondrial HSP60/HSP10 Chaperonin Complex. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:49. [PMID: 27630992 PMCID: PMC5006179 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) forms together with heat shock protein 10 (HSP10) double-barrel chaperonin complexes that are essential for folding to the native state of proteins in the mitochondrial matrix space. Two extremely rare monogenic disorders have been described that are caused by missense mutations in the HSPD1 gene that encodes the HSP60 subunit of the HSP60/HSP10 chaperonin complex. Investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders have revealed that different degrees of reduced HSP60 function produce distinct neurological phenotypes. While mutations with deleterious or strong dominant negative effects are not compatible with life, HSPD1 gene variations found in the human population impair HSP60 function and depending on the mechanism and degree of HSP60 dys- and mal-function cause different phenotypes. We here summarize the knowledge on the effects of disturbances of the function of the HSP60/HSP10 chaperonin complex by disease-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bross
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paula Fernandez-Guerra
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
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