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Mahapatra A, Samantara AK, Barik S, Sahoo MK, Behera JN, Sarkar M. Insight into the structure and transport properties of pyrrolidinium-based geminal dicationic-organic ionic crystals: inravelling the role of alkyl-chain length. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3510-3518. [PMID: 37145490 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study has been undertaken with an aim to design and develop safer and more efficient all solid-state electrolytes, so that the issues associated with the use of conventional room temperature ionic liquid-based electrolytes can be tackled. To fulfil this objective, a series of geminal di-cationic Organic Ionic Crystals (OICs), based on C3-, C6-, C8- and C9-alkylbridged bis-(methylpyrrolidinium)bromide are synthesized, and the structural features, thermal properties and phase behaviours of these as synthesized OICs have been investigated. Additionally, a number of electro-analytical techniques have been employed to assess their suitability as an efficient electrolyte composite (OIC:I2:TBAI) for all solid-state dye sensitised solar cells (DSSCs). The structural analysis has revealed that along with excellent thermal stability and well-defined surface morphology, all thsese OICs exhibit a well-ordered three-dimensional network of cations and anions that can serve as a conducting channel for the diffusion of iodide ions. Electrochemical investigations have shown that OICs with an intermediate length of alkyl bridge (C6- and C8-alkyl bridged) show better electrolytic performance than those that are based on OICs with a relatively shorter (C3-) or longer (C9-) alkyl-bridge chain. A careful analysis of the above data has essentially demonstrated that the length of the alkyl bridge chain plays a significant role in determining the structural organisation, morphology and eventually the ionic conductivity of OICs. Overall, the comprehensive knowledge on OICs that has been extracted from the current study is expected to be helpful to explore further new types of OIC-based all solid-state electrolytes with improved electrolytic performance for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Mahapatra
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Aneeya K Samantara
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Sahadev Barik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - J N Behera
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Jatani, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
- An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Mahapatra A, Barik S, Satish L, Chakraborty M, Sarkar M. Assessing the Suitability of a Dicationic Ionic Liquid as a Stabilizing Material for the Storage of DNA in Aqueous Medium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14857-14868. [PMID: 36394977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study has been undertaken with an objective to find out a suitable medium for the long-term stability and storage of the ct-DNA structure in aqueous solution. For this purpose, the potential of a pyrrolidinium-based dicationic ionic liquid (DIL) in stabilizing ct-DNA structure has been investigated by following the DNA-DIL interaction. Additionally, in order to understand the fundamental aspects regarding the DNA-DIL interaction in a comprehensive manner, studies are also done by employing structurally similar monocationic ionic liquids (MILs). The investigations have been carried out both at ensemble-average and single molecular level by using various spectroscopic techniques. The molecular docking study has also been performed to throw more light into the experimental observations. The combined steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and circular dichroism measurements have demonstrated that DILs can effectively be used as better storage media for ct-DNA as compared to MILs. Investigations have also shown that the extra electrostatic interaction between the cationic head group of DIL and the phosphate backbone of DNA is primarily responsible for providing better stabilization to ct-DNA, retaining its native structure in aqueous medium. The outcomes of the present study are also expected to provide valuable insights in designing new polycationic IL systems that can be used in nucleic acid-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Mahapatra
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
| | - Sahadev Barik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
| | - Lakkoji Satish
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
| | - Manjari Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar752050, Odisha, India
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Mahapatra A, Chakraborty M, Barik S, Sarkar M. Comparison between pyrrolidinium-based and imidazolium-based dicationic ionic liquids: intermolecular interaction, structural organization, and solute dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21029-21041. [PMID: 34522923 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02790e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With an aim to understand the difference in the behaviour of imidazolium and pyrrolidinium-based dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) in terms of the intermolecular interactions, microscopic-structure and dynamics, two DILs, the imidazolium-based 1,9-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)nonane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and the pyrrolidinium-based 1,9-bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)nonane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, have been synthesized and subsequently investigated by exploiting combined steady sate and time resolved fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. Data obtained for DILs have also been compared with their corresponding mono-cationic counterpart (MILs) to evaluate and understand the distinctive characteristics of the DILs in contrast with the corresponding MILs. Steady state emission and EPR data have revealed that the pyrrolidinium-based DIL is slightly less polar than the imidazolium-based DIL. Temperature-dependent fluorescence anisotropy decay of two probes, perylene and MPTS (8-methoxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate), has been measured in DILs as well as in MILs. Solute-solvent coupling constants obtained from the experimentally measured rotational correlation times with the aid of Stokes-Einstein-Debye hydrodynamic theory have indicated appreciable differences in the dynamics of both the solutes on going from MILs to DILs. More interestingly, the outcome of the NMR study has suggested that the alkyl spacer chain in the imidazolium-based DIL exists in the folded form, but the pyrrolidinium-based DIL remains in the straight chain conformation. Inherently, the outcomes of all of these studies have depicted that the microscopic structural organisations in imidazolium and pyrrolidinium-based DILs are different from each other as well as from their respective mono-cationic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Mahapatra
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Manjari Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Sahadev Barik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Shang J, Guo Y, He D, Qu W, Tang Y, Zhou L, Zhu R. A novel graphene oxide-dicationic ionic liquid composite for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125706. [PMID: 33813290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel graphene oxide-dicationic ionic liquid composite (GO-DIL) was prepared by modifying graphene oxide (GO) with a dicationic ionic liquid (DIL), 3,3'-(butane-1,4-diyl) bis (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) chloride ([C4(MIM)2]Cl2). GO and GO-DIL were characterized by SEM, BET, FTIR, and XPS, and the materials were used for Cr(VI) adsorption. Batch adsorption studies showed that adsorption reached equilibrium within 40 min, and the optimal pH was 3, where the electrostatic attraction between GO-DIL and Cr(VI) was maximized. The maximum theoretical Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (qm) was 271.08 mg g-1, and qm remained above 228.00 mg g-1 after five cycles. The adsorption data were fitted well by both the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model. Furthermore, thermodynamics calculations revealed that adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. Importantly, electrostatic attraction between Cr(VI) and the protonated imidazole N+ of GO-DIL played a critical role in Cr(VI) adsorption, and Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III). Thus, GO-DIL is predicted to be an effective adsorbent for Cr(VI) and other heavy metal ions in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yanni Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Deliang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Wei Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yining Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Rilong Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Pérez SA, Montalbán MG, Carissimi G, Licence P, Víllora G. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of monocationic and dicationic pyridinium-based ionic liquids on HeLa, MCF-7, BGM and EA.hy926 cell lines. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121513. [PMID: 31727529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) generally possess higher thermal and electrochemical stability than the analogous monocationic ILs, which makes them more suitable for high-temperature applications as solvents for organic reactions, lubricants or stationary phase in gas chromatography. However, knowledge on dicationic IL cytotoxicity is still scarce. Here we explore the cytotoxicity of twelve mono- and dicationic pyridinium-based ILs on HeLa, MCF-7, BGM and EA.hy926 cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell cycle arrest assays, apoptosis experiments and orange staining were carried out. The results showed that dicationic ILs are generally less cytotoxic than their monocationic counterparts. In monocationic ILs, cytotoxicity was stronger when they contain long alkyl chains, because of their higher lipophilicity. However, the full effect of the length of the linkage alkyl chain of dicationic ILs on cytotoxicity is not clear probably because the chain is "trapped" between both cationic moieties. IL cytotoxicity is highly dependent on the cell type, and HeLa cells exposed to [C12Pyr]Br die via apoptosis. The present study increases our knowledge of IL cytotoxicity on human and monkey cells and clarifies the cell death mechanism. The results suggest that dicationic ILs offer the potential to replace some monocationic ILs because of their lower cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pérez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - M G Montalbán
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain.
| | - G Carissimi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Licence
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - G Víllora
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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Kusumahastuti DKA, Sihtmäe M, Kapitanov IV, Karpichev Y, Gathergood N, Kahru A. Toxicity profiling of 24 l-phenylalanine derived ionic liquids based on pyridinium, imidazolium and cholinium cations and varying alkyl chains using rapid screening Vibrio fischeri bioassay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:556-565. [PMID: 30776578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A library of 24 pyridinium-, imidazolium-, and cholinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with varying alkyl chain from C2 to C16 was toxicologically profiled using naturally luminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The toxicity (30-min EC50) of studied ILs to Vibrio fischeri ranged from 7.82 µM (4.2 mg/L) (PyC12Phe) to 3096 µM (1227 mg/L) (ImidC2Phe), i.e. from "toxic" (EC50 1-10 mg/L) to "not harmful" (EC50 > 100 mg/L). Inhibition of the bacterial luminescence upon 30-min exposure to ILs correlated well with bacterial viability (exposure for 4 h). The toxicity of studied ILs was largely driven by the length of the alkyl chain (hydrophobicity) and not the type of cationic part of the IL: starting from C10 all the ILs irrespective of the cationic part proved "toxic". The toxicity of the studied ILs was increasing in parallel to their hydrophobicity up to log Kow = 1 (C8-C10) and then levelling up, being consistent with the previously obtained analogous data sets. The "cut-off" effect reported in this study for longer chain length members of the ILs series leads to the "limit" toxicity level for this type of ILs to be ca. 8 mM. Two open-access online tools (www.molinspiration.com and www.vcclab.org) have been applied for the calculation of the Kow values for the 24 ILs reported in this study and 21 ILs reported in the literature. This lead to plotting two nonlinear monotonic correlations between the values of experimental log (1/EC50) and calculated log Kow. The limitation of the online tools and an effect of the ILs structure on the "cut-off" effect have been discussed. The challenge of developing low microbial toxicity surface active ILs remains a significant task to overcome. Our results shed light on the new approaches for designing environmentally benign ILs and functional surfactants. As the hydrophobicity of the ILs significantly correlated with the toxicity, the Vibrio fischeri assay could be considered a powerful tool in providing toxicity data for building and evaluating the QSAR toxicity models for ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi K A Kusumahastuti
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Department of Chemistry, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga 50711, Indonesia
| | - Mariliis Sihtmäe
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Illia V Kapitanov
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Yevgen Karpichev
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Nicholas Gathergood
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia.
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Rocco D, Chiarotto I, D'Anna F, Mattiello L, Pandolfi F, Rizzo C, Feroci M. Cathodic Behaviour of Dicationic Imidazolium Bromides: The Role of the Spacer. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rocco
- Department Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria (SBAI)Sapienza University of Rome via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Department Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria (SBAI)Sapienza University of Rome via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Università degli Studi di PalermoDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Leonardo Mattiello
- Department Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria (SBAI)Sapienza University of Rome via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Fabiana Pandolfi
- Department Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria (SBAI)Sapienza University of Rome via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Carla Rizzo
- Università degli Studi di PalermoDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Marta Feroci
- Department Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria (SBAI)Sapienza University of Rome via Castro Laurenziano, 7 00161 Roma Italy
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Han HY, Geng X, Zhang BX, Meng J, Liu X, He XM, Liu ZG, Gao YF, Liu D, Hu XM. Synthesis of novel functional ionic liquids and their application in biomass. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29652-29658. [PMID: 35531511 PMCID: PMC9072004 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) including [PF6][(PYR)C4(MIM)][Cl], [PF6][(PYR)C4(PYR)][Cl], [PF6][(PYR)C5(MIM)][Cl], and [PF6][(PYR)C5(PYR)][Cl], and monocationic ILs including [(PYR)C4Cl][PF6], [(PYR)C5Cl][PF6], [(MIM)C2COOH][PF6] and [(PYR)C2COOH][PF6] were synthesized. Their thermal stability and melting points were determined. Their solubility with organic solvents and the miscibility with water were investigated. These functional ILs are hydrophilic at high temperatures and they are hydrophobic at low temperatures, which enable the effective isolation of the resulting reducing sugar. High yields of reducing sugar were obtained for corn stalk after 8 h (20.73%) and potato starch after 6 h (72.50%) by the treatment with the mixture of [PF6][(PYR)C4(PYR)][Cl] and [(PYR)C2COOH][PF6]. The reuse of dicationic and monocationic ILs was successfully performed and no significant reduction in yields of reducing sugar was observed. These functional ILs have important implications in the design of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems with water and organic solvents, which could be used to satisfy some specific applications. A series of dicationic and monocationic ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized and investigated and it was found that these functional ILs have important implications in the design of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Han
- College of Life Sciences
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Xin Geng
- College of Life Sciences
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Bi-Xian Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jing Meng
- College of Life Sciences
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Life Sciences
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- China
| | - Xin-Miao He
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs
- Harbin
- China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Zi-Guang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs
- Harbin
- China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Yun-Fei Gao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Harbin
- China
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs
- Harbin
- China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Xiao-Mei Hu
- College of Life Sciences
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- China
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