1
|
Giuliani L, Genova C, Stagno V, Paoletti L, Matulac AL, Ciccola A, Di Fazio M, Capuani S, Favero G. Multi-Technique Assessment of Chelators-Loaded PVA-Borax Gel-like Systems Performance in Cleaning of Stone Contaminated with Copper Corrosion Products. Gels 2024; 10:455. [PMID: 39057477 PMCID: PMC11276506 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, one of the most important challenges for the conservation of stone artworks is the removal of metal corrosion products on their surfaces. Traditional cleaning methods, which typically involve the application of aqueous solutions containing chelating agents capable of complexing these metal ions, have shown some weaknesses. These weaknesses become apparent when such methods are applied to statues and other vertical surfaces or when aiming to limit the cleaning process to a specific area with controlled application times. Furthermore, the porosity of the stone surface plays a role concerning the cleaning efficiency. To address these issues, chelating agents can be incorporated into gel-like materials. This study is a proof of concept to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of various gel formulations composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), borax (B), and agarose (AG), loaded with two chelators: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and potassium sodium tartrate (PST or Rochelle salt). Three types of carbonate stones (travertine, Lecce stone, and Carrara marble) characterized by different porosities were artificially stained with copper sulphates and treated with the different PVA-B-AG formulations. The effectiveness of the treatment was directly monitored on the stones using a multi-technique approach that included scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and non-invasive portable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Additionally, the rheological properties of the gels were investigated, and the Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR ATR) was used to analyse the chemical structure of the gel before and after treatment, aiming to understand the changes induced by the cleaning process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giuliani
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Chiara Genova
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (A.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Valeria Stagno
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Luca Paoletti
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Louise Matulac
- Erasmus Mundus Joint Master’s Degrees Archmat, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ciccola
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (A.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Melania Di Fazio
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.G.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Silvia Capuani
- National Research Council Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC) c/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (A.C.); (G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gabriele F, Casieri C, Spreti N. Efficacy of Chitosan-Carboxylic Acid Hydrogels in Reducing and Chelating Iron for the Removal of Rust from Stone Surface. Gels 2024; 10:359. [PMID: 38920906 PMCID: PMC11202951 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of stone conservation, the removal of iron stains is one of the most challenging issues due to the stability and low solubility of the ferrous species. In the present paper, three different chitosan-based hydrogels added with acetic, oxalic or citric acids are applied on different lithotypes, i.e., granite, travertine and marble, widely diffused in monumental heritages, and artificially stained by deposition of a rust dispersion. The reducing power of carboxylic acids is combined with the good chelating properties of chitosan to effectively remove rust from stone surfaces. As evidenced by colorimetry on three samples of each lithotype and confirmed by 1H-NMR relaxometry and SEM/EDS analyses, the chitosan-oxalic acid hydrogel shows the best performance and a single application of 24 h is enough to get a good restoration of the stone original features. Lastly, the chitosan-oxalic acid hydrogel performs well when a rusted iron grid is placed directly on the lithic surfaces to simulate a more realistic pollution. Current work in progress is devoted to finding better formulations for marble, which is the most challenging to clean or, with a different approach, to developing protective agents to prevent rust deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gabriele
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (C.C.); (N.S.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suffo-Pino M, Cauqui-López MÁ, Pérez-Muñoz C, Goma-Jiménez D, Fernández-Delgado N, Herrera-Collado M. Biphasic Bioceramic Obtained from Byproducts of Sugar Beet Processing for Use in Bioactive Coatings and Bone Fillings. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:499. [PMID: 37888165 PMCID: PMC10607742 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite synthesized from a CaCO3-rich byproduct of sugar beet processing called Carbocal® using a hydrothermal reactor. The purpose of this biomaterial is to enhance the osteoinductivity of implantable surfaces and serve as a bone filler, providing a sustainable and economically more affordable alternative. This research involved compositional analysis and micro- and macrostructural physicochemical characterization, complemented with bioactivity and live/dead assays. The biphasic nature of the Carbocal®-derived sample was significant within the context of the bioactivity concept previously proposed in the literature. The bioactivity of the biomaterial was demonstrated through a viability test, where the cell growth was nearly equivalent to that of the positive control. For comparison purposes, the same tests were conducted with two additional samples: hydroxyapatite obtained from CaCO3 and commercial hydroxyapatite. The resulting product of this process is biocompatible and possesses properties similar to natural hydroxyapatite. Consequently, this biomaterial shows potential as a scaffold in tissue engineering and as an adhesive filler to promote bone regeneration within the context of the circular bioeconomy in the geographical area proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Suffo-Pino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, High Engineering School, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Cauqui-López
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Celia Pérez-Muñoz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, High Engineering School, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Daniel Goma-Jiménez
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Natalia Fernández-Delgado
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Miriam Herrera-Collado
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Non-Invasive Assessment of PVA-Borax Hydrogel Effectiveness in Removing Metal Corrosion Products on Stones by Portable NMR. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040265. [PMID: 34940325 PMCID: PMC8701805 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cleaning of buildings, statues, and artworks composed of stone materials from metal corrosion is an important topic in the cultural heritage field. In this work the cleaning effectiveness of a PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel in removing metal corrosion products from different porosity stones has been assessed by using a multidisciplinary and non-destructive approach based on relaxation times measurement by single-sided portable Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman Spectroscopy. To this end, samples of two lithotypes, Travertine and Carrara marble, have been soiled by triggering acidic corrosion of some copper coins in contact with the stone surface. Then, a PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel was used to clean the stone surface. NMR data were collected in untreated, soiled with corrosion products, and hydrogel-cleaned samples. Raman spectroscopy was performed on PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel before and after cleaning of metal corrosion. Furthermore, the characterization of the dirty gel was obtained by SEM-EDS. The combination of NMR, SEM-EDS and Raman results suggests that the mechanism behind the hydrogel cleaning action is to trap heavy metal corrosion products, such as Cu2+ between adjacent boron ions cross-linked with PVA. Moreover, the PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel cleaning effectiveness depends on the stone porosity, being better in Carrara marble compared to Travertine.
Collapse
|
5
|
Stagno V, Genova C, Zoratto N, Favero G, Capuani S. Single-Sided Portable NMR Investigation to Assess and Monitor Cleaning Action of PVA-Borax Hydrogel in Travertine and Lecce Stone. Molecules 2021; 26:3697. [PMID: 34204336 PMCID: PMC8235598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the potential of PVA-borax hydrogel for cleaning limestones and the dependence of the cleaning on the porosity of the rock and on the action time of the hydrogel treatment. Towards this goal, we used a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, developed for non-invasive and non-destructive applications on cultural heritage. T2-NMR parameters were quantified on different samples of Lecce stone and Travertine cut perpendicular (Pe) and parallel (Pa) to the bedding planes under different experimental conditions: untreated samples, treated with Paraloid B72 and cleaned with PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel applied for 4 min and 2 h. The T2 results suggest that the effectiveness of the cleaning strongly depended on the porosity of the stones. In Lecce stone, the hydrogel seemed to eliminate both the paramagnetic impurities (in equal measure with 4 min and 2 h treatment) and Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pe, characterized by a smaller pore size compared to Lecce stone, no significant effects were found regarding both the cleaning and the treatment with Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pa, characterized by a larger pore size than the other two samples, the hydrogel seemed to clean the paramagnetic agents (it worked better if applied for a longer time) but it did not appear to have any effect on Paraloid B72 removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Stagno
- Earth Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- National Research Council Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC) c/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Chiara Genova
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nicole Zoratto
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Capuani
- National Research Council Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC) c/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|