Dataset of the aqueous solution and petrochemical wastewater treatment containing ammonia using low cost and efficient bio-adsorbents

A review of the application of fungi as an effective and attractive bio-adsorbent for biosorption of heavy metals from wastewater

One of the most hazardous environmental pollutants is the pollution risen by heavy metal ions in effluents, which is increasing due to the increasing human activity and the development of urbanization. Notwithstanding the economic challenges to control the pollution of effluent treatment processes, it seems necessary to provide effective approaches. The sorption method is widely used due to low-cost, flexibility in design and operation, repeatability, and significant performance. Hence, the need for more environmentally friendly sorbents to eliminate metal ions is greater than ever. Due to the unique features such as the presence of chitin and chitosan in the cell wall, high absorption capacity, environmental friendliness, availability, and cheapness, the use of fungi as adsorbent has received much attention. Therefore, this work tries to address the use of fungi as biosorbents to remove these metals, the dangers of heavy metals, and their sources. Moreover, equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic behaviors of the heavy metal ion adsorption process in the literature are briefly studied.

Review of Clay-Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals

Due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and surge in modern human activities, water contamination is a major threat to humanity globally. Contaminants ranging from organic compounds, dyes, to inorganic heavy metals have been of major concern in recent years. This necessitates the development of affordable water remediation technologies to improve water quality. There is a growing interest in nanotechnology recently because of its application in eco-friendly, cost-effective, and durable material production. This study presents a review of recent nanocomposite technologies based on clay, applied in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, and highlights the shortcomings of existing methods. Recently published reports, articles, and papers on clay-based nanocomposites for the removal of heavy metals have been reviewed. Currently, the most common methods utilized in the removal of heavy metals are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion exchange, and activated carbon. These methods, however, suffer major shortcomings such as inefficiency when trace amounts of contaminant are involved, uneconomical costs of operation and maintenance, and production of contaminated sludge. The abundance of clay on the Earth’s surface and the ease of modification to improve adsorption capabilities have made it a viable candidate for the synthesis of nanocomposites. Organoclay nanocomposites such as polyacrylamide-bentonite, polyaniline-montmorillonite, and β-cyclodextrin-bentonite have been synthesized for the selective removal of various heavy metals such as Cu2+, Co2+, among others. Bacterial clay nanocomposites such as E. coli kaolinite nanocomposites have also been successfully synthesized and applied in the removal of heavy metals. Low-cost nanocomposites of clay using biopolymers like chitosan and cellulose are especially in demand due to the cumulative abundance of these materials in the environment. A comparative analysis of different synthetic processes to efficiently remove heavy metal contaminants with clay-based nanocomposite adsorbents is made.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of zeolite/activated carbon@MnO2 composite as a novel adsorbent for treatment of wastewater containing methylene blue and brilliant blue

In this study, zeolite/activated carbon@MnO₂ composite was used as a novel adsorbent to eliminate methylene blue (MB) and brilliant blue (BB) dyes from aqueous media. To this end, activated carbon (AC) was produced by Ziziphus Spina-Christi leaves and then used to synthesize zeolite/AC@MnO₂ composite. Various analyses such as BET, SEM, EDX, Map, FTIR, and XRD were performed to determine the surface features of the above composite. BET analysis indicated that the aforementioned composite has a mesoporous structure. Also, the best conditions for the adsorption of MB and BB dyes were obtained at pH of 9 and 2, temperature of 25 °C, adsorbent dosage of 1 and 2 g/L, initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L, and contact time of 40 and 60 min, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the utmost removal efficiency of MB and BB dyes using the zeolite/AC@MnO₂ composite was 98.43% and 96.54%, respectively, indicating significant adsorption efficiencies. Moreover, the utmost adsorption capacity of MB and BB dyes was 67.56 and 66.22 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, intraparticle and film diffusion mechanisms were very important in the adsorption process. Besides, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies indicated that the adsorption process is exothermic, physical, and spontaneous. Generally, the aforementioned composite has a significant adsorption capacity and can be a suitable adsorbent to eliminate cationic dyes from industrial effluents.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of natural clay/Fe3O4/graphene oxide for enhance removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous media

In this study, Fe3O4/graphene oxide (GO)/clay composite was used to remove chromium (VI) ion from aqueous media. The structure and characteristics of the Fe3O4/GO/clay composite were investigated using FT-IR, SEM, EDX/Map, VSM, BET, and XRD analyses. The BET analysis indicated that the specific surface area and mean pore size of the Fe3O4/GO/clay composite were calculated as 61.64 m2/g and 16.2 nm respectively, which indicate that the composite has a mesoporous structure. Also, the VSM analysis showed that the Fe3O4/GO/clay composite has a superparamagnetic property. Moreover, the highest removal efficiency of Cr (VI) from aqueous media was obtained to be 98.84%, which achieved at pH 3, Cr (VI) ion concentration of 10 mg/L, the composite dosage of 1 g/L, contact time of 60 min, and temperature of 25 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic and equilibrium studies showed that the quasi second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model could better describe the sorption behavior of the clay and the Fe3O4/clay composite, while the behavior of the Fe3O4/GO/clay composite can be better explained by the Freundlich model. Besides, the maximum sorption capacities of the clay, Fe3O4/clay, and Fe3O4/GO/clay composite were obtained to be 49.61, 62.26, and 71.47 mg/g, respectively, which shows that the maximum sorption capacity of the clay increases with improving the surface properties of the clay. Also, the thermodynamic study indicated that the Cr (VI) sorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature. In general, the results indicated that the Fe3O4/GO/clay composite was more effective than the clay and the Fe3O4/clay in Cr (VI) ion removal.

The role of bentonite clay and bentonite clay@MnFe2O4 composite and their physico-chemical properties on the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous media

In this investigation, bentonite clay (BC) and bentonite clay@MnFe2O4 composite (BCMFC) were applied as efficient adsorbents for adsorbing Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous media. Different analyses such as FTIR, SEM, EDX, Map, BET, and XRD were used to characterize the adsorbents. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using BC were found to be 95.21 and 95.74%, while the corresponding values to the BCMFC were 97.37 and 98.65%, respectively. Also, the equilibrium and kinetic studies showed that the Freundlich isotherm model and the quasi-second-order kinetic model could better describe the equilibrium and kinetic behaviors of the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of the BC for the adsorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions were evaluated as 151.5 mg/g (25oC, pH 6, 90 min, and 1 g/L) and 161.3 mg/g (25oC, pH 3, 90 min, and 1 g/L), respectively, while the BCMFC showed the maximum capacities of 175.4 mg/g (25oC, pH 6, 60 min, and 1.5 g/L) and 178.6 mg/g (25oC, pH 3, 60 min, and 1.5 g/L) for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions, respectively, which were remarkable amounts. In addition, the thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption process was physical, spontaneous, and exothermic. High removal efficiency, high chromium adsorption capacity, and low-cost magnetic adsorbent were significant features of the BCMFC for removal of Cr (III) and Cr (VI).