1
|
Alvandi Z, Opas M. Osteogenic Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2520:261-264. [PMID: 34611818 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a unique model that allows the study of molecular pathways underlying commitment and differentiation. We have studied signaling pathways and their contributions to osteogenic differentiation. In addition to our previously published protocol where we recommended the addition of retinoic acid with later addition of dexamethasone to boost osteogenic lineage cells, here we describe an optimized protocol for osteogenic differentiation from R1 ESCs with suggestions for inhibition of Src activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alvandi
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mennen RH, Oldenburger MM, Piersma AH. Endoderm and mesoderm derivatives in embryonic stem cell differentiation and their use in developmental toxicity testing. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:44-59. [PMID: 34861400 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell differentiation models have increasingly been applied in non-animal test systems for developmental toxicity. After the initial focus on cardiac differentiation, attention has also included an array of neuro-ectodermal differentiation routes. Alternative differentiation routes in the mesodermal and endodermal germ lines have received less attention. This review provides an inventory of achievements in the latter areas of embryonic stem cell differentiation, with a view to possibilities for their use in non-animal test systems in developmental toxicology. This includes murine and human stem cell differentiation models, and also gains information from the field of stem cell use in regenerative medicine. Endodermal stem cell derivatives produced in vitro include hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, lung epithelium, and intestinal epithelium, and mesodermal derivatives include cardiac muscle, osteogenic, vascular and hemopoietic cells. This inventory provides an overview of studies on the different cell types together with biomarkers and culture conditions that stimulate these differentiation routes from embryonic stem cells. These models may be used to expand the spectrum of embryonic stem cell based new approach methodologies in non-animal developmental toxicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H Mennen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - A H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dai Z, Li R, Hou Y, Li Q, Zhao K, Li T, Li MJ, Wu X. Inducible CRISPRa screen identifies putative enhancers. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:917-927. [PMID: 34531148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers are critical cis-regulatory elements that regulate spatiotemporal gene expression and control cell fates. However, the identification of enhancers in native cellular contexts still remains a challenge. Here, we develop an inducible CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) system by transgenic expression of doxycycline (Dox)-inducible dCas9-VPR in mouse embryonic stem cells (iVPR ESC). With this line, a simple introduction of specific guide RNAs targeting promoters or enhancers allows us to realize the effect of CRISPRa in an inducible, reversible, and Dox concentration-dependent manner. Taking advantage of this system, we induce tiled CRISPRa across genomic regions (105 kilobases) surrounding T (Brachyury), one of the key mesodermal development regulator genes. Moreover, we identify several CRISPRa-responsive elements with chromatin features of putative enhancers, including a region the homologous sequence in which humans harbors a body height risk variant. Genetic deletion of this region in ESC does affect subsequent T gene activation and osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, our inducible CRISPRa ESC line provides a convenient platform for high-throughput screens of putative enhancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongye Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuying Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development of Premature Infants, Tianjin 300450, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pilquil C, Alvandi Z, Opas M. Calreticulin regulates a switch between osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages derived from murine embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6861-6875. [PMID: 32220932 PMCID: PMC7242707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is a highly conserved, ubiquitous Ca2+-buffering protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that controls transcriptional activity of various developmental programs and also of embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Calreticulin activates calcineurin, which dephosphorylates and induces the nuclear import of the osteogenic transcription regulator nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATC1). We investigated whether calreticulin controls a switch between osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in mouse ESCs through NFATC1. We found that in the absence of calreticulin, intranuclear transport of NFATC1 is blocked and that differentiation switches from osteogenic to chondrogenic, a process that could be mimicked by chemical inhibition of NFAT translocation. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) deactivation and nuclear localization of β-catenin critical to osteogenesis were abrogated by calreticulin deficiency or NFAT blockade. Chemically induced GSK3β inhibition bypassed the calreticulin/calcineurin axis and increased osteoblast output from both control and calreticulin-deficient ESCs, while suppressing chondrogenesis. Calreticulin-deficient ESCs or cells treated with an NFAT blocker had enhanced expression of dickkopf WNT-signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (Dkk1), a canonical Wnt pathway antagonist that blocks GSK3β deactivation. The addition of recombinant mDKK1 switched osteogenic ESC differentiation toward chondrogenic differentiation. The results of our study indicate a role for endoplasmic reticulum calcium signaling via calreticulin in the differentiation of ESCs to closely associated osteoblast or chondrocyte lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pilquil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zahra Alvandi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cruz ACC, Cardozo FTGDS, Magini RDS, Simões CMO. Retinoic acid increases the effect of bone morphogenetic protein type 2 on osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180317. [PMID: 30810639 PMCID: PMC6382324 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP-2) and retinoic acid (RA) are osteoinductive factors that stimulate endogenous mechanisms of bone repair which can be applied on management of osseous defects in oral and maxillofacial fields. OBJECTIVE Considering the different results of RA on osteogenesis and its possible use to substitute/potency BMP-2 effects, this study evaluated the outcomes of BMP-2, RA, and BMP-2+RA treatments on in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and the signaling pathway(s) involved. MATERIAL AND METHODS ASCs were treated every other day with basic osteogenic medium (OM) alone or supplemented with BMP-2, RA, or BMP-2+RA. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined using the r-nitrophenol method. Extracellular matrix mineralization was evaluated using von Kossa staining and calcium quantification. Expression of osteonectin and osteocalcin mRNA were determined using qPCR. Smad1, Smad4, phosphorylated Smad1/5/8, BMP-4, and BMP-7 proteins expressions were analyzed using western blotting. Signaling pathway was evaluated using the IPA® software. RESULTS RA promoted the highest ALP activity at days 7, 14, 21, and 28, in comparison to BMP-2 and BMP-2+RA. BMP-2+RA best stimulated phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 protein expression at day 7 and Smad4 expression at days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Osteocalcin and osteonectin mRNA expressions were best stimulated by BMP-2+RA at day 7. Matrix mineralization was most improved by BMP-2+RA at days 12 and 32. Additionally, BMP-2+RA promoted the highest BMP signaling pathway activation at days 7 and 14, and demonstrated more activation of differentiation of bone-forming cells than OM alone. CONCLUSIONS In summary, RA increased the effect of BMP-2 on osteogenic differentiation of human ASCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Cristiane Cabral Cruz
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina,Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo de Souza Magini
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina,Brasil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina,Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pluripotent stem cells as a source of osteoblasts for bone tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2018; 196:31-45. [PMID: 29456164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate and abundant sources of bone-forming osteoblasts are essential for bone tissue engineering. Pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and thereby offer a potentially unlimited supply of osteoblasts, a significant advantage over other cell sources. We generated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from transgenic mice expressing rat 2.3 kb type I collagen promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (Col2.3GFP), a reporter of the osteoblast lineage. We demonstrated that Col2.3GFP ESCs and iPSCs can be successfully differentiated to osteoblast lineage cells that express Col2.3GFP in vitro. We harvested GFP+ osteoblasts differentiated from ESCs. Genome wide gene expression profiles validated that ESC- and iPSC-derived osteoblasts resemble calvarial osteoblasts, and that Col2.3GFP expression serves as a marker for mature osteoblasts. Our results confirm the cell identity of ESC- and iPSC-derived osteoblasts and highlight the potential of pluripotent stem cells as a source of osteoblasts for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao C, Peng S, Feng P, Shuai C. Bone biomaterials and interactions with stem cells. Bone Res 2017; 5:17059. [PMID: 29285402 PMCID: PMC5738879 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone biomaterials play a vital role in bone repair by providing the necessary substrate for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation and by modulating cell activity and function. In past decades, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing bone biomaterials with a focus on the following issues: (1) developing ideal biomaterials with a combination of suitable biological and mechanical properties; (2) constructing a cell microenvironment with pores ranging in size from nanoscale to submicro- and microscale; and (3) inducing the oriented differentiation of stem cells for artificial-to-biological transformation. Here we present a comprehensive review of the state of the art of bone biomaterials and their interactions with stem cells. Typical bone biomaterials that have been developed, including bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers, and biodegradable metals, are reviewed, with an emphasis on their characteristics and applications. The necessary porous structure of bone biomaterials for the cell microenvironment is discussed, along with the corresponding fabrication methods. Additionally, the promising seed stem cells for bone repair are summarized, and their interaction mechanisms with bone biomaterials are discussed in detail. Special attention has been paid to the signaling pathways involved in the focal adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells on bone biomaterials. Finally, achievements regarding bone biomaterials are summarized, and future research directions are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuping Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hypoxia enhances osteogenic differentiation in retinoic acid-treated murine-induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 13:547-553. [PMID: 30603435 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-9127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic condition influences biological responses in various cell types. However, a hypoxic regulating osteogenic differentiation remains controversy. Here, an influence of short-term culture in hypoxic condition on osteogenic marker gene expression by retinoic acid-treated murine gingival fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (RA-miPS) was investigated. Results demonstrated that hypoxic condition significantly upregulated Vegf, Runx2, Osx, and Ocn mRNA expression by RA-miPS in normal culture medium at day 3. Further, desferrioxamine significantly downregulated pluripotent marker (Nanog and Oct4) and enhanced osteogenic marker (Runx2, Osx, Dlx5, and Ocn) gene expression as well as promoted in vitro mineral deposition. However, the effect of cobalt chloride on osteogenic differentiation of RA-miPS was not robust. In summary, the results imply that hypoxic condition may be useful in the enhancement of osteogenic differentiation in RA-miPS. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13770-016-9127-9 and is accessible for authorized users.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The bone is a regenerative tissue, capable of healing itself after fractures. However, some circumstances such as critical-size defects, malformations, and tumor destruction may exceed the skeleton's capacity for self-repair. In addition, bone mass and strength decline with age, leading to an increase in fragility fractures. Therefore, the ability to generate large numbers of patient-specific osteoblasts would have enormous clinical implications for the treatment of skeletal defects and diseases. This review will highlight recent advances in the derivation of pluripotent stem cells, and in their directed differentiation towards bone-forming osteoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., S-025, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA,
| |
Collapse
|