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Chang C, Liu H, Li X, Song D, Liu Y, Lu C, Zhen Y, Chen Y, Xu J, Li W, Jia X, Chen Z, Chen R. Combined ROS Responsive Polydopamine-Coated Berberine Nanoparticles Effective Against Ulcerative Colitis in Mouse Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1205-1224. [PMID: 38348171 PMCID: PMC10860565 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s442761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enhancing the efficacy of berberine (BBR) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) through the development of dopamine-coated berberine nanoparticles (PDA@BBR NPs) with ROS-responsive and adhesive properties. Methods Berberine nanoparticles (BBR NPs) were synthesized using the nonsolvent precipitation method, and their surfaces were coated with polydopamine (PDA) through oxidative polymerization. The PDA@BBR NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), size analysis, and zeta potential analysis. Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy. The responsiveness of these nanoparticles to reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed in vitro, while their adhesive properties and therapeutic efficacy on UC were evaluated in vivo. Results Physicochemical property studies showed that PDA coated BBR NPs nanoparticles have good dispersion and stability. In vitro results showed that PDA@BBR NPs could prolong the retention time of the drug at the colonic site and could realize the gradual drug release under ROS environment. In addition, animal studies showed that PDA@BBR NPs exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced colitis and effectively reduced intestinal mucosal damage. Conclusion PDA@BBR NPs are ROS-responsive nanoparticles that adhere well and have a high drug loading capacity. They have shown therapeutic effects in mice with UC, indicating that this formulation may be a promising treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqi Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, 671003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinguo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
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Derakhshan Nazari MH, Shahrokh S, Ghanbari-Maman L, Maleknia S, Ghorbaninejad M, Meyfour A. Prediction of anti-TNF therapy failure in ulcerative colitis patients by ensemble machine learning: A prospective study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21154. [PMID: 37928018 PMCID: PMC10623293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, anti-TNF therapy remarkably improves the medical management of ulcerative colitis (UC), but approximately 40 % of patients do not respond to this treatment. In this study, we used 79 anti-TNF-naive patients with moderate-to-severe UC from four cohorts to discover alternative therapeutic targets and develop a personalized medicine approach that can diagnose UC non-responders (UCN) prior to receiving anti-TNF therapy. To this end, two microarray data series were integrated to create a discovery cohort with 35 UC samples. A comprehensive gene expression and functional analysis was performed and identified 313 significantly altered genes, among which IL6 and INHBA were highlighted as overexpressed genes in the baseline mucosal biopsies of UCN, whose cooperation may lead to a decrease in the Tregs population. Besides, screening the abundances of immune cell subpopulations showed neutrophils' accumulation increasing the inflammation. Furthermore, the correlation of KRAS signaling activation with unresponsiveness to anti-TNF mAb was observed using network analysis. Using 50x repeated 10-fold cross-validation LASSO feature selection and a stack ensemble machine learning algorithm, a five-mRNA prognostic panel including IL13RA2, HCAR3, CSF3, INHBA, and MMP1 was introduced that could predict the response of UC patients to anti-TNF antibodies with an average accuracy of 95.3 %. The predictive capacity of the introduced biomarker panel was also validated in two independent cohorts (44 UC patients). Moreover, we presented a distinct immune cell landscape and gene signature for UCN to anti-TNF drugs and further studies should be considered to make this predictive biomarker panel and therapeutic targets applicable in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Derakhshan Nazari
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Ghanbari-Maman
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Maleknia
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ghorbaninejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zou W, Fu Z, Guo X, Yao L, Hong H, Luo Y, Tan Y. Whey Protein Hydrolysate Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects to Alleviate Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-Induced Colitis via Microbiome Restoration. Nutrients 2023; 15:4393. [PMID: 37892468 PMCID: PMC10610201 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) has been shown to have a variety of bioactivities. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of WPH on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. The results indicated that WPH intervention for 37 days was effective in delaying the development of colonic inflammation, and high doses of WPH significantly inhibited weight loss (9.16%, n = 8, p < 0.05), protected the colonic mucosal layer, and significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in mice with colitis (n = 8, p < 0.05). In addition, WPH intervention was able to up-regulate the short-chain fatty acids secretion and restore the gut microbiome imbalance in mice with colitis. Notably, high-dose WPH intervention increased the relative abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae by 1.52-fold and decreased the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Enterobacter by 3.77-fold and 2.45-fold, respectively, compared with the Model group. WPH intervention protected colitis mice mainly by reversing the microbiome imbalance and regulating the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway. This study showed that WPH has anti-inflammatory activity and a promising colitis management future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zixin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- Department of Product and Development, Hebei Dongkang Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 052165, China; (X.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Product and Development, Hebei Dongkang Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 052165, China; (X.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Hui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongkang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuqing Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
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Lu Q, Xie Y, Luo J, Gong Q, Li C. Natural flavones from edible and medicinal plants exhibit enormous potential to treat ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1168990. [PMID: 37324477 PMCID: PMC10268007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1168990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic aspecific gut inflammatory disorder that primarily involves the recta and colons. It mostly presents as a long course of repeated attacks. This disease, characterized by intermittent diarrhoea, fecal blood, stomachache, and tenesmus, severely decreases the living quality of sick persons. UC is difficult to heal, has a high recurrence rate, and is tightly related to the incidence of colon cancer. Although there are a number of drugs available for the suppression of colitis, the conventional therapy possesses certain limitations and severe adverse reactions. Thus, it is extremely required for safe and effective medicines for colitis, and naturally derived flavones exhibited huge prospects. This study focused on the advancement of naturally derived flavones from edible and pharmaceutical plants for treating colitis. The underlying mechanisms of natural-derived flavones in treating UC were closely linked to the regulation of enteric barrier function, immune-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, gut microflora, and SCFAs production. The prominent effects and safety of natural-derived flavones make them promising candidate drugs for colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuhong Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jingbin Luo
- China Traditional Chinese Medicine Holdings Company Limited, Foshan, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cailan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhang Y, Feng D, Zeng Y, Zhang H, Du X, Fu Y, Wang X, Lian D, Wang R, Xiao H, Wei N, Zhai F, Liu H. Xuedan Sustained Release Pellets Ameliorate Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Targeting Gut Microbiota and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:833972. [PMID: 35652042 PMCID: PMC9149600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.833972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbitacins have a variety of bioactivities, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant-like, and antiviral effects, but their pharmacological effect in ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been reported until now. Thus, this study aims to investigate the preventive effects of Xuedan sustained release pellets (XSPs) on UC rats and the underlying mechanisms. XSPs were prepared by extracting cucurbitacins from Hemsleya. Experimental UC rats were induced by the intake of 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for a week and treated with different doses of XSP (0.95, 1.90, and 3.8 mg/kg). The body weight, colon length, disease activity index (DAI), and histological changes of colonic tissue were measured. In addition, the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pathways involved in the intestinal inflammation were targeted by RNA-sequencing. Moreover, the changes of gut microbial diversity and composition were analyzed by the 16SrNA analysis and the contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were detected by GC-MS. The results revealed that XSP intervention greatly restored the weight loss and colonic shortening (p < 0.05) and reduced the raised DAI scores, myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide activities in UC in rats (p < 0.05). XSP administration also downregulated the protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Notably, it was found that XSP considerably suppressed the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, XSP treatment improved the balance of gut microbiota that was disturbed by DSS. The beneficial bacteria Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 group and Lactobacillus at the genus level significantly increased in the XSP group, which had decreased with the use of DSS (p < 0.05). Pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides in UC in rats were reduced by XSP intervention. Furthermore, XSP significantly elevated the production of SCFAs in UC in rats (p < 0.05). These alterations in inflammatory status were accompanied with changes in gut microbiota diversity and SCFA production. In conclusion, XSP exhibited protective effects against DSS-induced UC in rats. XSP treatment decreased inflammation via modulation of gut microbiota composition and SCFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dingyue Lian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruikang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Xiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhai
- Research Institute for New Materials and Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanru Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ouyang W, Wu M, Wu A, Xiao H. Circular RNA_0001187 participates in the regulation of ulcerative colitis development via upregulating myeloid differentiation factor 88. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12863-12875. [PMID: 35609334 PMCID: PMC9275921 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2077572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) had been confirmed to participate in ulcerative colitis (UC) development. Circular RNA_0001187 (Circ_0001187) had been found to be overexpressed in patients with Crohn disease. Therefore, circ_0001187 might be an important circRNA regulating intestinal inflammatory diseases. However, the role and mechanism of circ_0001187 in UC progression remains unclear. The colonic mucosal tissues were obtained from 23 UC patients and 23 healthy normal controls. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was used to mimic UC cell model in vitro. Cell function was assessed by cell counting kit 8 assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry, ELISA assay and oxidative stress detection. RNA interaction was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. Serum exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscope. Circ_0001187 was overexpressed in UC patients. Circ_0001187 knockdown enhanced the proliferation, while suppressed apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress of TNF-α-induced FHC cells. Circ_0001187 acted as miR-1236-3p sponge, and the effects of circ_0001187 downregulation on TNF-α-induced FHC cell injury were overturned by miR-1236-3p inhibitor. MYD88 was targeted by miR-1236-3p, and circ_0001187 sponged miR-1236-3p to regulate MYD88. MYD88 knockdown alleviated TNF-α-induced FHC cell injury, and its upregulation revoked the inhibition effect of miR-1236-3p on TNF-α-induced FHC cell injury. High expression of circ_0001187 also was observed in the serum exosomes of UC patients. Our data confirmed that circ_0001187 facilitated UC progression through miR-1236-3p/MYD88 axis, which might be a potential treatment and diagnosis biomarker for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou City, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Emergency, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou City, China
| | - Anshan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou City, China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Anorectal, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou City, China
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Liu S, Eisenstein S. State-of-the-art surgery for ulcerative colitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2021; 406:1751-1761. [PMID: 34453611 PMCID: PMC8481179 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-021-02295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an autoimmune-mediated colitis which can present in varying degrees of severity and increases the individual’s risk of developing colon cancer. While first-line treatment for UC is medical management, surgical treatment may be necessary in up to 25–30% of patients. With an increasing armamentarium of biologic therapies, patients are presenting for surgery much later in their course, and careful understanding of the complex interplay of the disease, its management, and the patient’s overall health is necessary when considering he appropriate way in which to address their disease surgically. Surgery is generally a total proctocolectomy either with pelvic pouch reconstruction or permanent ileostomy; however, this may need to be spread across multiple procedures given the complexity of the surgery weighed against the overall state of the patient’s health. Minimally invasive surgery, employing either laparoscopic, robotic, or transanal laparoscopic approaches, is currently the preferred approach in the elective setting. There is also some emerging evidence that appendectomy may delay the progression of UC in some individuals. Those who treat these patients surgically must also be familiar with the numerous potential pitfalls of surgical intervention and have plans in place for managing problems such as pouchitis, cuffitis, and anastomotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanglei Liu
- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Health System, 3855 Health Sciences Dr. #0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Samuel Eisenstein
- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Health System, 3855 Health Sciences Dr. #0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Discovery of chiral N-2'-aryletheryl-1'-alkoxy-ethyl substituted arylisoquinolones with anti-inflammatory activity from the nucleophilic addition reactions of the thiophenols and oxazolinium. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113583. [PMID: 34119832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclosed the novel nucleophilic addition reactions of the thiophenols and oxazolinium (DCZ0358) to produce N-2'-aryletheryl-1'-alkoxy-ethyl substituted arylisoquinolones. After evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, 2d was found having significant anti-TNFα activity. Through the amplified synthesis of 2d, four monomers (3a-b and 4a-d) were obtained by chiral separation of the product. The reaction mechanism was proposed and explored by the control experiments. However, only the R-stereoisomers 3b and 4b have significant anti-TNFα activity in vitro (IC50 = 56 and 14 nM, respectively). Moreover, 4b exerts potent therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis in vivo (30 mg/kg bw, qd, i. g.). The subsequent bio-target exploration of compound 4bvia molecular docking and the experimental validation disclosed that 4b has 3-fold selectivity of binding activity on estrogen receptor (ER) beta (β) (Ki = 760.86 nM) vs. alpha (α) (Ki = 2320.58 nM). Thus, it provides a novel type of non-steroidal leads for developing anti-inflammatory drugs.
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