1
|
Li Y, Liu H, Liang T, Han W, Bo Z, Qiu T, Li J, Xu M, Wang W, Yang S, Gui C. Importance of N-Glycosylation for the Expression and Function of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1347-1356. [PMID: 37854627 PMCID: PMC10580385 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Human organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is a membrane transporter widely expressed in organs crucial for drug absorption and disposition such as the intestine, liver, and kidney. Evidence indicates that OATP2B1 is a glycoprotein. However, the sites of glycosylation and their contribution to the function and expression of OATP2B1 are largely unknown. In this study, by site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that two of four potential N-glycosylation sites in OATP2B1, N176 and N538, are indeed glycosylated. Functional studies revealed that the transport activities of mutants N176Q and N538Q were greatly reduced as compared to that of wild-type OATP2B1. However, the reduced activity was not due to the impairment of transport function per se but due to the decreased surface expression as the Km and normalized Vmax values of N176Q and N538Q were comparable to those of OATP2B1. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that N176Q and N538Q mutations did not affect the expression of OATP2B1 at a transcriptional level. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that deglycosylated OATP2B1 was largely retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, which may activate the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system played a major role in the degradation of OATP2B1. Taken together, OATP2B1 is N-glycosylated, and N-glycosylation is essential for the surface expression of OATP2B1 but not critical for the transport function of OATP2B1 per se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wanjun Han
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zheyue Bo
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tian Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Mingming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Iusuf D, Sparidans RW, Wagenaar E, Wang Y, de Waart DR, Martins MLF, van Hoppe S, Lebre MC, van Tellingen O, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 knockout and humanized mice; insights into the handling of bilirubin and drugs. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106724. [PMID: 36907287 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1/SLCO2B1) facilitates uptake transport of structurally diverse endogenous and exogenous compounds. To investigate the roles of OATP2B1 in physiology and pharmacology, we established and characterized Oatp2b1 knockout (single Slco2b1-/- and combination Slco1a/1b/2b1-/-) and humanized hepatic and intestinal OATP2B1 transgenic mouse models. While viable and fertile, these strains exhibited a modestly increased body weight. In males, unconjugated bilirubin levels were markedly reduced in Slco2b1-/- compared to wild-type mice, whereas bilirubin monoglucuronide levels were modestly increased in Slco1a/1b/2b1-/- compared to Slco1a/1b-/- mice. Single Slco2b1-/- mice showed no significant changes in oral pharmacokinetics of several tested drugs. However, markedly higher or lower plasma exposure of pravastatin and the erlotinib metabolite OSI-420, respectively, were found in Slco1a/1b/2b1-/- compared to Slco1a/1b-/- mice, while oral rosuvastatin and fluvastatin behaved similarly between the strains. In males, humanized OATP2B1 strains showed lower conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels than control Slco1a/1b/2b1-deficient mice. Moreover, hepatic expression of human OATP2B1 partially or completely rescued the impaired hepatic uptake of OSI-420, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin in Slco1a/1b/2b1-/- mice, establishing an important role in hepatic uptake. Expression of human OATP2B1 in the intestine was basolateral and markedly reduced the oral availability of rosuvastatin and pravastatin, but not of OSI-420 and fluvastatin. Neither lack of Oatp2b1, nor overexpression of human OATP2B1 had any effect on fexofenadine oral pharmacokinetics. While these mouse models still have limitations for human translation, with additional work we expect they will provide powerful tools to further understand the physiological and pharmacological roles of OATP2B1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dilek Iusuf
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Els Wagenaar
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yaogeng Wang
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk R de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margarida L F Martins
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie van Hoppe
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laczkó-Rigó R, Bakos É, Jójárt R, Tömböly C, Mernyák E, Özvegy-Laczka C. Selective antiproliferative effect of C-2 halogenated 13α-estrones on cells expressing Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115704. [PMID: 34474082 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is a multispecific transporter mediating the cellular uptake of steroids and numerous drugs. OATP2B1 is abundantly expressed in the intestine and is also present in various tumors. Increased steroid hormone uptake by OATP2B1 has been suggested to promote progression of hormone dependent tumors. 13α-estrones are effective inhibitors of endogenous estrogen formation and are potential candidates to inhibit proliferation of hormone dependent cancers. Recently, we have identified a variety of 13α/β-estrone-based inhibitors of OATP2B1. However, the nature of this interaction, whether these inhibitors are potential transported substrates of OATP2B1 and hence may be enriched in OATP2B1-overexpressing cells, has not yet been investigated. In the current study we explored the antiproliferative effect of the most effective OATP2B1 inhibitor 13α/β-estrones in control and OATP2B1-overexpressing A431 carcinoma cells. We found an increased antiproliferative effect of 3-O-benzyl 13α/β-estrones in both mock transfected and OATP2B1-overexpressing cells. However, C-2 halogenated 13α-estrones had a selective OATP2B1-mediated cell growth inhibitory effect. In order to demonstrate that increased sensitization can be attributed to OATP2B1-mediated cellular uptake, tritium labeled 2-bromo-13α-estrone was synthesized for direct transport measurements. These experiments revealed increased accumulation of [3H]2-bromo-13α-estrone due to OATP2B1 function. Our results indicate that C-2 halogenated 13α-estrones are good candidates in the design of anti-cancer drugs targeting OATP2B1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Réka Laczkó-Rigó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Center, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Éva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Center, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Rebeka Jójárt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Center, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jójárt R, Tahaei SAS, Trungel-Nagy P, Kele Z, Minorics R, Paragi G, Zupkó I, Mernyák E. Synthesis and evaluation of anticancer activities of 2- or 4-substituted 3-( N-benzyltriazolylmethyl)-13α-oestrone derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:58-67. [PMID: 33121276 PMCID: PMC7598997 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1838500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
2- or 4-Substituted 3-N-benzyltriazolylmethyl-13α-oestrone derivatives were synthesised via bromination of ring A and subsequent microwave-assisted, Pd-catalysed C(sp2)–P couplings. The antiproliferative activities of the newly synthesised brominated and phosphonated compounds against a panel of human cancer cell lines (A2780, MCF-7, MDA-MB 231) were investigated by means of MTT assays. The most potent compound, the 3-N-benzyltriazolylmethyl-4-bromo-13α-oestrone derivative exerted substantial selective cell growth-inhibitory activity against A2780 cell line with a submicromolar IC50 value. Computational calculations reveal strong interactions of the 4-bromo derivative with both colchicine and taxoid binding sites of tubulin. Disturbance of tubulin function has been confirmed by photometric polymerisation assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Jójárt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - Zoltán Kele
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Minorics
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Paragi
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mezlini AM, Das S, Goldenberg A. Finding associations in a heterogeneous setting: statistical test for aberration enrichment. Genome Med 2021; 13:68. [PMID: 33892787 PMCID: PMC8066476 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most two-group statistical tests find broad patterns such as overall shifts in mean, median, or variance. These tests may not have enough power to detect effects in a small subset of samples, e.g., a drug that works well only on a few patients. We developed a novel statistical test targeting such effects relevant for clinical trials, biomarker discovery, feature selection, etc. We focused on finding meaningful associations in complex genetic diseases in gene expression, miRNA expression, and DNA methylation. Our test outperforms traditional statistical tests in simulated and experimental data and detects potentially disease-relevant genes with heterogeneous effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz M. Mezlini
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Genetics and genome biology, Hospital for sick children, Toronto, Canada
- The Vector Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Evidation Health, Inc., San Mateo, CA USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Genetics and genome biology, Hospital for sick children, Toronto, Canada
- The Vector Institute, Toronto, Canada
- CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jójárt R, Laczkó-Rigó R, Klement M, Kőhl G, Kecskeméti G, Özvegy-Laczka C, Mernyák E. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel estrone phosphonates as high affinity organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104914. [PMID: 33932771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is a multispecific membrane transporter mediating the cellular uptake of various exo- and endobiotics, including drugs and steroid hormones. Increased uptake of steroid hormones by OATP2B1 may increase tumor proliferation. Therefore, understanding OATP2B1's substrate/inhibitor recognition and inhibition of its function, e.g., in hormone-dependent tumors, would be highly desirable. To identify the crucial structural features that correlate with OATP2B1 inhibition, here we designed modifications at four positions of the estrane skeleton. 13α- or 13β-estrone phosphonates modified at ring A or ring D were synthesized. Hirao and Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne click reactions served in the syntheses as key steps. 13β-Derivatives displayed outstanding OATP2B1 inhibitory action with IC50 values in the nanomolar range (41-87 nM). A BODIPY-13α-estrone conjugate was additionally synthesized, modified at C-3-O of the steroid, containing a four-carbon linker between the triazole moiety and the BODIPY core. The fluorescent conjugate displayed efficient, submicromolar OATP2B1 inhibitory potency. The newly identified inhibitors and the structure-activity relationships specified here promote our understanding about drug recognition of OATP2B1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Jójárt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Laczkó-Rigó
- Drug Resistance Research Group instead of Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Klement
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kőhl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group instead of Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Unger MS, Schumacher L, Enzlein T, Weigt D, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Schwab M, Nies AT, Drewes G, Schulz S, Reinhard FBM, Hopf C. Direct Automated MALDI Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Cellular Transporter Function: Inhibition of OATP2B1 Uptake by 294 Drugs. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11851-11859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Unger
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Cellzome - a GlaxoSmithKline company, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69177 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Schumacher
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Weigt
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maciej J. Zamek-Gliszczynski
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne T. Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome - a GlaxoSmithKline company, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69177 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schulz
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ali Y, Shams T, Wang K, Cheng Z, Li Y, Shu W, Bao X, Zhu L, Murray M, Zhou F. The involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in drug-herb/food interactions. Chin Med 2020; 15:71. [PMID: 32670395 PMCID: PMC7346646 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are important transporter proteins that are expressed at the plasma membrane of cells, where they mediate the influx of endogenous and exogenous substances including hormones, natural compounds and many clinically important drugs. OATP1A2, OATP2B1, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are the most important OATP isoforms and influence the pharmacokinetic performance of drugs. These OATPs are highly expressed in the kidney, intestine and liver, where they determine the distribution of drugs to these tissues. Herbal medicines are increasingly popular for their potential health benefits. Humans are also exposed to many natural compounds in fruits, vegetables and other food sources. In consequence, the consumption of herbal medicines or food sources together with a range of important drugs can result in drug-herb/food interactions via competing specific OATPs. Such interactions may lead to adverse clinical outcomes and unexpected toxicities of drug therapies. This review summarises the drug-herb/food interactions of drugs and chemicals that are present in herbal medicines and/or food in relation to human OATPs. This information can contribute to improving clinical outcomes and avoiding unexpected toxicities of drug therapies in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Ali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Tahiatul Shams
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhengqi Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Yue Li
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Wenying Shu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 511400 China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226019 China
| | - Ling Zhu
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Laczkó-Rigó R, Jójárt R, Mernyák E, Bakos É, Tuerkova A, Zdrazil B, Özvegy-Laczka C. Structural dissection of 13-epiestrones based on the interaction with human Organic anion-transporting polypeptide, OATP2B1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105652. [PMID: 32147459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human OATP2B1 encoded by the SLCO2B1 gene is a multispecific transporter mediating the cellular uptake of large, organic molecules, including hormones, prostaglandins and bile acids. OATP2B1 is ubiquitously expressed in the human body, with highest expression levels in pharmacologically relevant barriers, like enterocytes, hepatocytes and endothelial cells of the blood-brain-barrier. In addition to its endogenous substrates, OATP2B1 also recognizes clinically applied drugs, such as statins, antivirals, antihistamines and chemotherapeutic agents and influences their pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, OATP2B1 is also overexpressed in various tumors. Considering that elevated hormone uptake by OATP2B1 results in increased cell proliferation of hormone dependent tumors (e.g. breast or prostate), inhibition of OATP2B1 can be a good strategy to inhibit the growth of these tumors. 13-epiestrones represent a potential novel strategy in the treatment of hormone dependent cancers by the suppression of local estrogen production due to the inhibition of the key enzyme of estrone metabolism, 17ß-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17ß1). Recently, we have demonstrated that various phosphonated 13-epiestrones are dual inhibitors also suppressing OATP2B1 function. In order to gain better insights into the molecular determinants of OATP2B1 13-epiestrone interaction we investigated the effect of C-2 and C-4 halogen or phenylalkynyl modified epiestrones on OATP2B1 transport function. Potent inhibitors (with EC50 values in the low micromolar range) as well as non-inhibitors of OATP2B1 function were identified. Based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the various 13-epiestrone derivatives we could define structural elements important for OATP2B1 inhibition. Our results may help to understand the drug/inhibitor interaction profile of OATP2B1, and also may be a useful strategy to block steroid hormone entry into tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Réka Laczkó-Rigó
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Jójárt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Alzbeta Tuerkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Windt T, Tóth S, Patik I, Sessler J, Kucsma N, Szepesi Á, Zdrazil B, Özvegy-Laczka C, Szakács G. Identification of anticancer OATP2B1 substrates by an in vitro triple-fluorescence-based cytotoxicity screen. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:953-964. [PMID: 30863990 PMCID: PMC6510822 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The cellular accumulation of many drugs is the result of the net function of efflux and influx transporters. Efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 have been shown to confer multidrug resistance in cancer. Although expression of uptake transporters has been confirmed in cancer cells, their role in chemotherapy response has not been systematically investigated. In the present study we have adapted a fluorescence-based cytotoxic assay to characterize the influence of key drug-transporters on the toxicity of approved anticancer drugs. Co-cultures of fluorescently labeled parental and transporter-expressing cells (expressing ABCB1, ABCG2 or OATP2B1) were screened against 101 FDA-approved anticancer drugs, using a novel, automated, triple fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assay. By measuring the survival of parental and transporter-expressing cells in co-cultures, we identify those FDA-approved anticancer drugs, whose toxicity is influenced by ABCB1, ABCG2 or OATP2B1. In addition to confirming known substrates of ABCB1 and ABCG2, the fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assays identified anticancer agents whose toxicity was increased in OATP2B1 expressing cells. Interaction of these compounds with OATP2B1 was verified in dedicated transport assays using cell-impermeant fluorescent substrates. Understanding drug-transporter interactions is needed to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Our results highlight the potential of the fluorescence-based HT screening system for identifying transporter substrates, opening the way for the design of therapeutic approaches based on the inhibition or even the exploitation of transporters in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Windt
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Tóth
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Izabel Patik
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Judit Sessler
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Nóra Kucsma
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Áron Szepesi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for National Sciences, HAS, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schulte RR, Ho RH. Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides: Emerging Roles in Cancer Pharmacology. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:490-506. [PMID: 30782852 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a superfamily of drug transporters involved in the uptake and disposition of a wide array of structurally divergent endogenous and exogenous substrates, including steroid hormones, bile acids, and commonly used drugs, such as anti-infectives, antihypertensives, and cholesterol lowering agents. In the past decade, OATPs, primarily OATP1A2, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3, have emerged as potential mediators of chemotherapy disposition, including drugs such as methotrexate, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan and its important metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, and certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, OATP family members are polymorphic and numerous studies have shown OATP variants to have differential uptake, disposition, and/or pharmacokinetics of numerous drug substrates with important implications for interindividual differences in efficacy and toxicity. Additionally, certain OATPs have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of human solid tumors, including breast, liver, colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers, suggesting potential roles for OATPs in tumor development and progression and as novel targets for cancer therapy. This review focuses on the emerging roles for selected OATPs in cancer pharmacology, including preclinical and clinical studies suggesting roles in chemotherapy disposition, the pharmacogenetics of OATPs in cancer therapy, and OATP overexpression in various tumor tissues with implications for OATPs as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael R Schulte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard H Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jójárt R, Pécsy S, Keglevich G, Szécsi M, Rigó R, Özvegy-Laczka C, Kecskeméti G, Mernyák E. Pd-Catalyzed microwave-assisted synthesis of phosphonated 13α-estrones as potential OATP2B1, 17β-HSD1 and/or STS inhibitors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2838-2845. [PMID: 30498534 PMCID: PMC6244214 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 2- or 4-phosphonated 13α-estrone derivatives were synthesized via the Hirao reaction. Bromo regioisomers (2- or 4-) of 13α-estrone and its 3-benzyl or 3-methyl ether were reacted with diethyl phosphite or diphenylphosphine oxide using Pd(PPh3)4 as catalyst under microwave irradiation. The influence of the new compounds on the transport function of the organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP2B1 was investigated by measuring Cascade Blue uptake. Derivatives bearing a 3-benzyl ether function displayed substantial submicromolar OATP2B1 inhibitory activity. The inhibitory effects of the compounds on human placental steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 isozyme (17β-HSD1) were investigated by in vitro radiosubstrate incubation methods. None of the test compounds inhibited the STS markedly. The structure-activity relationship evaluation revealed that 2-substituted 3-hydroxy derivatives are able to inhibit the 17β-HSD1 enzyme with submicromolar IC50 values. Dual OATP2B1 and 17β-HSD1 inhibitors have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Jójárt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Pécsy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Rigó
- Membrane protein research group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Membrane protein research group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karakus E, Zahner D, Grosser G, Leidolf R, Gundogdu C, Sánchez-Guijo A, Wudy SA, Geyer J. Estrone-3-Sulfate Stimulates the Proliferation of T47D Breast Cancer Cells Stably Transfected With the Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter SOAT (SLC10A6). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:941. [PMID: 30186172 PMCID: PMC6111516 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a pivotal role in the development and proliferation of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Apart from free estrogens, which can directly activate the estrogen receptor (ER) of tumor cells, sulfo-conjugated steroids, which maintain high plasma concentrations even after menopause, first have to be imported into tumor cells by carrier-mediated uptake and then can be cleaved by the steroid sulfatase to finally activate ERs and cell proliferation. In the present study, expression of the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT was analyzed in breast cancer and its role for hormone-dependent proliferation of T47D breast cancer cells was elucidated. The SOAT protein was localized to the ductal epithelium of the mammary gland by immunohistochemistry. SOAT showed high expression in different pathologies of the breast with a clear ductal localization, including ductal hyperplasia, intraductal papilloma, and intraductal carcinoma. In a larger breast cancer cDNA array, SOAT mRNA expression was high in almost all adenocarcinoma specimen, but expression did not correlate with either the ER, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. Furthermore, SOAT expression did not correlate with tumor stage or grade, indicating widespread SOAT expression in breast cancer. To analyze the role of SOAT for breast cancer cell proliferation, T47D cells were stably transfected with SOAT and incubated under increasing concentrations of estrone-3-sulfate (E1S) and estradiol at physiologically relevant concentrations. Cell proliferation was significantly increased by 10-9 M estradiol as well as by E1S with EC50 of 2.2 nM. In contrast, T47D control cells showed 10-fold lower sensitivity to E1S stimulation with EC50 of 21.7 nM. The E1S-stimulated proliferation of SOAT-T47D cells was blocked by the SOAT inhibitor 4-sulfooxymethylpyrene. In conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrates expression of SOAT in breast cancer tissue with ductal localization. SOAT inhibition can block the E1S-stimulated proliferation of T47D breast cancer cells, demonstrating that SOAT is an interesting novel drug target from the group of E1S uptake carriers for anti-proliferative breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Regina Leidolf
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Cemal Gundogdu
- Department of Pathology, Private Practitioner of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Svoboda M, Mungenast F, Gleiss A, Vergote I, Vanderstichele A, Sehouli J, Braicu E, Mahner S, Jäger W, Mechtcheriakova D, Cacsire-Tong D, Zeillinger R, Thalhammer T, Pils D. Clinical Significance of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Gene Expression in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:842. [PMID: 30131693 PMCID: PMC6090214 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is considered the most deadly and frequently occurring type of ovarian cancer and is associated with various molecular compositions and growth patterns. Evaluating the mRNA expression pattern of the organic anion transporters (OATPs) encoded by SLCO genes may allow for improved stratification of HGSOC patients for targeted invention. The expression of SLCO mRNA and genes coding for putative functionally related ABC-efflux pumps, enzymes, pregnane-X-receptor, ESR1 and ESR2 (coding for estrogen receptors ERα and ERß) and HER-2 were assessed using RT-qPCR. The expression levels were assessed in a cohort of 135 HGSOC patients to elucidate the independent impact of the expression pattern on the overall survival (OS). For identification of putative regulatory networks, Graphical Gaussian Models were constructed from the expression data with a tuning parameter K varying between meaningful borders (Pils et al., 2012; Auer et al., 2015, 2017; Kurman and Shih Ie, 2016; Karam et al., 2017; Labidi-Galy et al., 2017; Salomon-Perzynski et al., 2017; Sukhbaatar et al., 2017). The final value used (K = 4) was determined by maximizing the proportion of explained variation of the corresponding LASSO Cox regression model for OS. The following two networks of directly correlated genes were identified: (i) SLCO2B1 with ABCC3 implicated in estrogen homeostasis; and (ii) two ABC-efflux pumps in the immune regulation (ABCB2/ABCB3) with ABCC3 and HER-2. Combining LASSO Cox regression and univariate Cox regression analyses, SLCO5A1 coding for OATP5A1, an estrogen metabolite transporter located in the cytoplasm and plasma membranes of ovarian cancer cells, was identified as significant and independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 0.68, CI 0.49-0.93; p = 0.031). Furthermore, results indicated the benefits of patients with high expression by adding 5.1% to the 12.8% of the proportion of explained variation (PEV) for clinicopathological parameters known for prognostic significance (FIGO stage, age and residual tumor after debulking). Additionally, overlap with previously described signatures that indicated a more favorable prognosis for ovarian cancer patients was shown for SLCO5A1, the network ABCB2/ABCB3/ABCC4/HER2 as well as ESR1. Furthermore, expression of SLCO2A1 and PGDH, which are important for PGE2 degradation, was associated with the non-miliary peritoneal tumor spreading. In conclusion, the present findings suggested that SLCOs and the related molecules identified as potential biomarkers in HGSOC may be useful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoboda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felicitas Mungenast
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Institute of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospital Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adriaan Vanderstichele
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospital Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynecology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Braicu
- Department of Gynecology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Mechtcheriakova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dan Cacsire-Tong
- Translational Gynecology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Thalhammer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pils
- Institute of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fietz D. Transporter for sulfated steroid hormones in the testis - expression pattern, biological significance and implications for fertility in men and rodents. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:8-19. [PMID: 29017936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In various tissues, steroid hormones may be sulfated, glucuronidated or otherwise modified. For a long time, these hydrophilic molecules have been considered to be merely inactive metabolites for excretion via bile or urine. Nevertheless, different organs such as the placenta and breast tissue produce large amounts of sulfated steroids. After the discovery of the enzyme steroid sulfatase, which is able to re-activate sulfated steroids, these precursor molecules entered the focus of interest again as a local supply for steroid hormone synthesis with a prolonged half-life compared to their unconjugated counterparts. The first descriptions of this so-called sulfatase pathway in the placenta and breast tissue (with special regards to hormone-dependent breast cancer) were quickly followed by studies of steroid sulfate production and function in the testis. These hydrophilic molecules may not permeate the cell membrane by diffusion in the way that unbound steroids can, but need to be transported through the plasma membrane by transport systems. In the testis, a functional sulfatase pathway requires the expression of specific uptake carrier and efflux transporters in testicular cells, i.e. Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells. Main focus has to be placed on Sertoli cells, as these cells build up the blood-testis barrier. In this review, an overview of carrier expression pattern in the human as well as rodent testis is provided with special interest towards implications on fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fietz
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Murray M, Zhou F. Trafficking and other regulatory mechanisms for organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic anion transporters that modulate cellular drug and xenobiotic influx and that are dysregulated in disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1908-1924. [PMID: 28299773 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), encoded by a number of solute carrier (SLC)22A and SLC organic anion (SLCO) genes, mediate the absorption and distribution of drugs and other xenobiotics. The regulation of OATs and OATPs is complex, comprising both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Plasma membrane expression is required for cellular substrate influx by OATs/OATPs. Thus, interest in post-translational regulatory processes, including membrane targeting, endocytosis, recycling and degradation of transporter proteins, is increasing because these are critical for plasma membrane expression. After being synthesized, transporters undergo N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and are delivered to the plasma membrane by vesicular transport. Their expression at the cell surface is maintained by de novo synthesis and recycling, which occurs after clathrin- and/or caveolin-dependent endocytosis of existing protein. Several studies have shown that phosphorylation by signalling kinases is important for the internalization and recycling processes, although the transporter protein does not appear to be directly phosphorylated. After internalization, transporters that are targeted for degradation undergo ubiquitination, most likely on intracellular loop residues. Epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of gene regulatory regions and transcription from alternate promoters, are also significant in the regulation of certain SLC22A/SLCO genes. The membrane expression of OATs/OATPs is dysregulated in disease, which affects drug efficacy and detoxification. Several transporters are expressed in the cytoplasmic subcompartment in disease states, which suggests that membrane targeting/internalization/recycling may be impaired. This article focuses on recent developments in OAT and OATP regulation, their dysregulation in disease and the significance for drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|