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Haraya K, Tachibana T. Estimation of Clearance and Bioavailability of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies from Only Subcutaneous Injection Data in Humans Based on Comprehensive Analysis of Clinical Data. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1325-1334. [PMID: 33954956 PMCID: PMC8505369 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Theoretically, the separate estimation of clearance (CL) and bioavailability (F) requires both intravenous and extravascular injection data. This study investigated whether CL and subcutaneous F of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in humans can be separately estimated from subcutaneous injection data only. Methods First, the geometric mean of linear pharmacokinetic parameters (CL, intercompartmental CL [Q], volume of distribution in the central compartment [Vc], and volume of distribution in the peripheral compartment [Vp]) after intravenous injection for mAbs in humans that have been reported in public data sources was estimated from 103 mAbs with linear pharmacokinetics and 44 mAbs with nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Next, we estimated the CL and F of 25 mAbs with linear pharmacokinetics from plasma/serum mAb concentration–time profiles after subcutaneous injection in humans by fixing the geometric mean of Q, Vc, and Vp based on the public data. Moreover, the plasma/serum concentration–time profile of 25 mAbs after intravenous injection was simulated using the estimated CL and the geometric mean of Q, Vc, and Vp. Results There were no significant differences in parameters among subclasses (immunoglobulin [Ig] G1, 2, and 4) or in linearity (derivation from linear and nonlinear pharmacokinetics). Using only subcutaneous injection data, we successfully estimated the CL of 23/25 mAbs (92%) and F of all 25 mAbs (100%) within 1.5-fold of the observed value. Moreover, overall, the simulated concentration–time profiles were largely consistent with observed data (90.8% within 1.5-fold of the observed values). Conclusions This approach does not require intravenous injection data to separately estimate CL and F after subcutaneous injection in humans and can therefore accelerate the clinical development of mAbs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40262-021-01023-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Haraya
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
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Modeling Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Therapeutic Antibodies: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030422. [PMID: 33800976 PMCID: PMC8003994 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 90 approved drugs by 2020, therapeutic antibodies have played a central role in shifting the treatment landscape of many diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancers. While showing many therapeutic advantages such as long half-life and highly selective actions, therapeutic antibodies still face many outstanding issues associated with their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), including high variabilities, low tissue distributions, poorly-defined PK/PD characteristics for novel antibody formats, and high rates of treatment resistance. We have witnessed many successful cases applying PK/PD modeling to answer critical questions in therapeutic antibodies’ development and regulations. These models have yielded substantial insights into antibody PK/PD properties. This review summarized the progress, challenges, and future directions in modeling antibody PK/PD and highlighted the potential of applying mechanistic models addressing the development questions.
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Simple Approach to Accurately Predict Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies after Subcutaneous Injection in Humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 60:111-120. [PMID: 32779124 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The subcutaneous injection of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is increasingly used in the treatment of several diseases because of its convenience. Thus, a simple and accurate method of predicting the pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies after a subcutaneous injection in humans would be a valuable tool for preclinical/clinical development. In this study, we investigated whether the pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies after a subcutaneous injection in humans can be predicted using only pharmacokinetic data after a subcutaneous injection in cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS First, we compared the accuracy of three approaches to predict the apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) for 15 monoclonal antibodies in humans (1) allometric scaling from cynomolgus monkeys; (2) geometric mean of reported values in humans; (3) estimation from a regression line based on CL/F in humans [only Vd/F]). Then, using the predicted CL/F and Vd/F, and the geometric mean of reported absorption rate constant of mAbs the plasma concentration-time profiles of 13 monoclonal antibodies after subcutaneous injections in humans were simulated. RESULTS In a comparison of approaches, the first approach showed the best prediction accuracy for CL/F with an exponent of 0.9 (100% and 73% prediction accuracy within 2- and 1.5-fold of the observed value),and the third approach was the best for Vd/F (100% prediction accuracy within 1.5-fold of the observed value). Next, using the first approach for CL/F and the third approach for Vd/F, we accurately predicted the plasma concentration-time profiles of 13 monoclonal antibodies after subcutaneous injections in humans. CONCLUSION This simple approach can be applied in preclinical and clinical settings to predict the pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies after subcutaneous injections in humans. Further, this approach requires only CL/F after a subcutaneous injection in cynomolgus monkeys, contributing to animal welfare and reducing costs.
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Sampei Z, Haraya K, Tachibana T, Fukuzawa T, Shida-Kawazoe M, Gan SW, Shimizu Y, Ruike Y, Feng S, Kuramochi T, Muraoka M, Kitazawa T, Kawabe Y, Igawa T, Hattori K, Nezu J. Antibody engineering to generate SKY59, a long-acting anti-C5 recycling antibody. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209509. [PMID: 30592762 PMCID: PMC6310256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating the complement system is a promising strategy in drug discovery for disorders with uncontrolled complement activation. Although some of these disorders can be effectively treated with an antibody that inhibits complement C5, the high plasma concentration of C5 requires a huge dosage and frequent intravenous administration. Moreover, a conventional anti-C5 antibody can cause C5 to accumulate in plasma by reducing C5 clearance when C5 forms an immune complex (IC) with the antibody, which can be salvaged from endosomal vesicles by neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated recycling. In order to neutralize the increased C5, an even higher dosage of the antibody would be required. This antigen accumulation can be suppressed by giving the antibody a pH-dependent C5-binding property so that C5 is released from the antibody in the acidic endosome and then trafficked to the lysosome for degradation, while the C5-free antibody returns back to plasma. We recently demonstrated that a pH-dependent C5-binding antibody, SKY59, exhibited long-lasting neutralization of C5 in cynomolgus monkeys, showing potential for subcutaneous delivery or less frequent administration. Here we report the details of the antibody engineering involved in generating SKY59, from humanizing a rabbit antibody to improving the C5-binding property. Moreover, because the pH-dependent C5-binding antibodies that we first generated still accumulated C5, we hypothesized that the surface charges of the ICs partially contributed to a slow uptake rate of the C5–antibody ICs. This idea motivated us to engineer the surface charges of the antibody. Our surface-charge engineered antibody consequently exhibited a high capacity to sweep C5 and suppressed the C5 accumulation in vivo by accelerating the cycle of sweeping: uptake of ICs into cells, release of C5 from the antibody in endosomes, and salvage of the antigen-free antibody. Thus, our engineered anti-C5 antibody, SKY59, is expected to provide significant benefits for patients with complement-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenjiro Sampei
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Fukuzawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Meiri Shida-Kawazoe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Siok Wan Gan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yoshinao Ruike
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shu Feng
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Masaru Muraoka
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takehisa Kitazawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawabe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
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Improvement of pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic antibodies by antibody engineering. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 34:25-41. [PMID: 30472066 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an important therapeutic option for several diseases. Since several mAbs have shown promising efficacy in clinic, the competition to develop mAbs has become severe. In efforts to gain a competitive advantage over other mAbs and provide significant benefits to patients, innovations in antibody engineering have aimed at improving the pharmacokinetic properties of mAbs. Because engineering can provide therapeutics that are more convenient, safer, and more efficacious for patients in several disease areas, it is an attractive approach to provide significant benefits to patients. Further advances in engineering mAbs to modulate their pharmacokinetics were driven by the increase of total soluble target antigen concentration that is often observed after injecting a mAb, which then requires a high dosage to antagonize. To decrease the required dosage, several antibody engineering techniques have been invented that reduce the total concentration of soluble target antigen. Here, we review the various ways that antibody engineering can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of mAbs.
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Yuan D, Rode F, Cao Y. A Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model with a Nested Endosome Compartment for Novel Engineered Antibodies. AAPS JOURNAL 2018. [PMID: 29541870 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We proposed here a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model for a group of novel engineered antibodies in mice and humans. These antibodies are designed with altered binding properties of their Fc domain with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) or the Fab domain with their cognate targets (recycling antibodies) in acidic endosomes. To enable simulations of such binding features in the change of antibody pharmacokinetics and its target suppression, we nested an endothelial endosome compartment in parallel with plasma compartment based on our previously established mPBPK model. The fluid-phase pinocytosis rate from plasma to endothelial endosomes was reflected by the clearance of antibodies in FcRn dysfunctional humans or FcRn-knockout mice. The endosomal recycling rate of FcRn-bound antibodies was calculated based on the reported endosomal transit time. The nonspecific catabolism in endosomes was fitted using pharmacokinetic data of a human wild-type IgG1 adalimumab in humans and B21M in human FcRn (hFcRn) transgenic mice. The developed model adequately predicted the pharmacokinetics of infliximab, motavizumab, and an Fc variant of motavizumab in humans and the pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab, an Fc variant of bevacizumab, and a recycling antibody PH-IgG1 and its non-pH dependent counterpart NPH-IgG1 in hFcRn transgenic mice. Our proposed model provides a platform for evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and disposition behaviors of Fc-engineered antibodies and recycling antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfen Yuan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | | | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA.
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Yang D, Giragossian C, Castellano S, Lasaro M, Xiao H, Saraf H, Hess Kenny C, Rybina I, Huang ZF, Ahlberg J, Bigwarfe T, Myzithras M, Waltz E, Roberts S, Kroe-Barrett R, Singh S. Maximizing in vivo target clearance by design of pH-dependent target binding antibodies with altered affinity to FcRn. MAbs 2017; 9:1105-1117. [PMID: 28786732 PMCID: PMC5627591 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1359455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies with pH-dependent binding to both target antigens and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) provide an alternative tool to conventional neutralizing antibodies, particularly for therapies where reduction in antigen level is challenging due to high target burden. However, the requirements for optimal binding kinetic framework and extent of pH dependence for these antibodies to maximize target clearance from circulation are not well understood. We have identified a series of naturally-occurring high affinity antibodies with pH-dependent target binding properties. By in vivo studies in cynomolgus monkeys, we show that pH-dependent binding to the target alone is not sufficient for effective target removal from circulation, but requires Fc mutations that increase antibody binding to FcRn. Affinity-enhanced pH-dependent FcRn binding that is double-digit nM at pH 7.4 and single-digit nM at pH 6 achieved maximal target reduction when combined with similar target binding affinities in reverse pH directions. Sustained target clearance below the baseline level was achieved 3 weeks after single-dose administration at 1.5 mg/kg. Using the experimentally derived mechanistic model, we demonstrate the essential kinetic interplay between target turnover and antibody pH-dependent binding during the FcRn recycling, and identify the key components for achieving maximal target clearance. These results bridge the demand for improved patient dosing convenience with the “know-how” of therapeutic modality by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Yang
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Craig Giragossian
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Steven Castellano
- b Duke University School of Medicine , Marilee Glen Court, Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Marcio Lasaro
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Haiguang Xiao
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Himanshu Saraf
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Cynthia Hess Kenny
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Irina Rybina
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Zhong-Fu Huang
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Jennifer Ahlberg
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Tammy Bigwarfe
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Maria Myzithras
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Erica Waltz
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Simon Roberts
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- c Janssen BioTherapeutics , Janssen Research & Development , LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania , USA
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Maeda A, Iwayanagi Y, Haraya K, Tachibana T, Nakamura G, Nambu T, Esaki K, Hattori K, Igawa T. Identification of human IgG1 variant with enhanced FcRn binding and without increased binding to rheumatoid factor autoantibody. MAbs 2017; 9:844-853. [PMID: 28387635 PMCID: PMC5524163 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1314873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that Fc engineering to enhance neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding is effective for elongating half-life or increasing cellular uptake of IgG. A previous study has shown that a N434H mutation to enhance FcRn binding resulted in increased binding to rheumatoid factor (RF) autoantibody, which is not desirable for therapeutic use in autoimmune disease. In this study, we first showed that all the existing Fc variants with enhanced FcRn binding also show increased RF binding, and then identified specific mutations that could be introduced to those Fc variants to reduce the RF binding. Furthermore, we generated novel Fc variants that do not increase RF binding and show half-lives of 45 d in cynomolgus monkey, which is longer than those of previously reported Fc variants. In addition, we generated novel Fc variants with antigen sweeping activity that do not increase RF binding. We expect that these novel Fc variants will be useful as antibody therapeutics against autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Maeda
- a Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Ukima Research Labs. , Ukima, Kita-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuki Iwayanagi
- b Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Kamakura Research Labs , Kajiwara, Kamakura , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- c Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd. , Synapse , Singapore
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- b Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Kamakura Research Labs , Kajiwara, Kamakura , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Genki Nakamura
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takeru Nambu
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Keiko Esaki
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- b Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Kamakura Research Labs , Kajiwara, Kamakura , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
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Abstract
Over 50 investigational monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics are currently undergoing evaluation in late-stage clinical studies, which is expected to drive a trend toward first marketing approvals of at least 6–9 mAbs per year in the near-term. In the United States (US), a total of 6 and 9 mAbs were granted first approvals during 2014 and 2015, respectively; all these products are also approved in the European Union (EU). As of December 1, 2016, 6 mAbs (atezolizumab, olaratumab, reslizumab, ixekizumab, bezlotoxumab, oblitoxaximab) had been granted first approvals during 2016 in either the EU or US. Brodalumab, was granted a first approval in Japan in July 2016. Regulatory actions on marketing applications for brodalumab in the EU and US are not expected until 2017. In 2017, first EU or US approvals may also be granted for at least nine mAbs (ocrelizumab, avelumab, Xilonix, inotuzumab ozogamicin, dupilumab, sirukumab, sarilumab, guselkumab, romosozumab) that are not yet approved in any country. Based on announcements of company plans for regulatory submissions and the estimated completion dates for late-stage clinical studies, and assuming the study results are positive, marketing applications for at least 6 antibody therapeutics (benralizumab, tildrakizumab, emicizumab, galcanezumab, ibalizumab, PRO-140) that are now being evaluated in late-stage clinical studies may be submitted during December 2016* or 2017. Other ‘antibodies to watch' in 2017 include 20 mAbs are undergoing evaluation in pivotal studies that have estimated primary completion dates in late 2016 or during 2017. Of these, 5 mAbs are for cancer (durvalumab, JNJ-56022473, ublituximab, anetumab ravtansine, glembatumumab vedotin) and 15 mAbs are for non-cancer indications (caplacizumab, lanadelumab, roledumab, tralokinumab, risankizumab, SA237, emapalumab, suptavumab, erenumab, eptinezumab, fremanezumab, fasinumab, tanezumab, lampalizumab, brolucizumab). Positive results from these studies may enable submission of marketing applications in 2017 or 2018, or provide justification for additional studies. *See note added in proof for update through December 31, 2016.
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