Genetic variation of cytochrome P450 in Uyghur Chinese population

Human orphan cytochromes P450: An update

Orphan cytochromes P450 (CYP) are enzymes whose biological functions and substrates are unknown. However, the use of new experimental strategies has allowed obtaining more information about their relevance in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Likewise, the modulation of their expression and activity has been associated with pathogenesis and prognosis in different diseases. In this work, we review the regulatory pathways and the possible role of orphan CYP to provide evidence that allow us to stop considering some of them as orphan enzymes and to propose them as possible therapeutic targets in the design of new strategies for the treatment of diseases associated with CYP-mediated metabolism.

The Landscape of Clinical Implementation of Pharmacogenetic Testing in Central China: A Single-Center Study

Purpose

Pharmacogenetic testing is recognized as the major method for the individualized pharmacotherapy in clinical pharmacy practice, but information about the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic testing in China is limited. The present study aimed to determine the situation of clinical implementation for pharmacogenetic testing in central China.

Methods

The study is conducted in the department of clinical pharmacy in The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. We collected and analyzed pharmacogenetic testing results from November 1, 2013 to November 2, 2018 in our hospital, which were checked in the electronic medical record system. The main outcome measures were the number and type of pharmacogenetic testing across five years.

Results

A total of 47,265 (56.9% male, mean age = 51.5 years) pharmacogenetic testing results were obtained with an average annual rate of growth of 63.0% across five years. A 50.2% (23,748/47,265) of all the pharmacogenetic testing results were for the determination of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) *2, *3 genotypes, and 41.7% were for the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype. The number of departments performing the pharmacogenetic testing was 35, 63, 55, 52, 52 and 39 for 2013–2018, respectively, and the main top five departments were cardiology, psychiatry, ICU, cardiac surgery and intervention.

Conclusion

Clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic testing in China is growing rapidly, but the types and implementing departments of pharmacogenetic testing were limited. Our present study reported the real-world implementation modality of pharmacogenomic tests in China. It will help us to understand the testing of pharmacogenetics in China in order to promote the rational development of pharmacogenetics.

Genetic insight into cytochrome P450 in Chinese from the Chinese Millionome Database

Genetic variations of cytochrome P450 (CYP) influence the inter-individual differences in drug response. Here, we collected 8682 variants of 57 CYP genes and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) from a large-scale sequencing project in Chinese, Chinese Millionome Database (CMDB). In addition, 52 294 variants from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) had been simultaneously identified and analysed. Rare variants with a variant allele frequency (VAF) < 0.01 comprised 41.4% (3594/8682) of identified variations in the CMDB, while 98.1% (51 320/52 294) in the gnomAD were rare. Out of 8682 variants in the CMDB, 66.9% (5808/8682) were in introns and only 4.3% (377/8682) were missense variants. In contrast, 36.2% (18 929/52 294) variants in the gnomAD were missense. The common alleles with a VAF over 0.1 were found in CYP1A2*1C, CYP1A2*1F, CYP2C19*2, CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*10, CYP3A5*3 and CYP4F2*3, with a VAF of 0.161, 0.6, 0.27, 0.274, 0.678, 0.92 and 0.233, respectively. The growing number of genetic variations in CYP genes as more genomes are sequenced would increase the power to predict drug metabolism and response based on the genotype of the particular individual.