1
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Soliman TN, Keifenheim D, Parker PJ, Clarke DJ. Cell cycle responses to Topoisomerase II inhibition: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209125. [PMID: 37955972 PMCID: PMC10641588 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIA (Topo IIA) is an enzyme that alters the topological state of DNA and is essential for the separation of replicated sister chromatids and the integrity of cell division. Topo IIA dysfunction activates cell cycle checkpoints, resulting in arrest in either the G2-phase or metaphase of mitosis, ultimately triggering the abscission checkpoint if non-disjunction persists. These events, which directly or indirectly monitor the activity of Topo IIA, have become of major interest as many cancers have deficiencies in Topoisomerase checkpoints, leading to genome instability. Recent studies into how cells sense Topo IIA dysfunction and respond by regulating cell cycle progression demonstrate that the Topo IIA G2 checkpoint is distinct from the G2-DNA damage checkpoint. Likewise, in mitosis, the metaphase Topo IIA checkpoint is separate from the spindle assembly checkpoint. Here, we integrate mechanistic knowledge of Topo IIA checkpoints with the current understanding of how cells regulate progression through the cell cycle to accomplish faithful genome transmission and discuss the opportunities this offers for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N. Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Duncan J. Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Otsubo Y, Yamashita A, Goto Y, Sakai K, Iida T, Yoshimura S, Johzuka K. Cellular responses to compound stress induced by atmospheric-pressure plasma in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261292. [PMID: 37990810 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress response is one of the most fundamental cellular processes. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying responses to a single stressor have been extensively studied, cellular responses to multiple stresses remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized fission yeast cellular responses to a novel stress inducer, non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma. Plasma irradiation generates ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic fields and a variety of chemically reactive species simultaneously, and thus can impose multiple stresses on cells. We applied direct plasma irradiation to fission yeast and showed that strong plasma irradiation inhibited fission yeast growth. We demonstrated that mutants lacking sep1 and ace2, both of which encode transcription factors required for proper cell separation, were resistant to plasma irradiation. Sep1-target transcripts were downregulated by mild plasma irradiation. We also demonstrated that plasma irradiation inhibited the target of rapamycin kinase complex 1 (TORC1). These observations indicate that two pathways, namely the Sep1-Ace2 cell separation pathway and TORC1 pathway, operate when fission yeast cope with multiple stresses induced by plasma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Otsubo
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuhei Goto
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Sakai
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Iida
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshimura
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - Katsuki Johzuka
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Astrobiology Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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3
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Kratz A, Kim M, Kelly MR, Zheng F, Koczor CA, Li J, Ono K, Qin Y, Churas C, Chen J, Pillich RT, Park J, Modak M, Collier R, Licon K, Pratt D, Sobol RW, Krogan NJ, Ideker T. A multi-scale map of protein assemblies in the DNA damage response. Cell Syst 2023; 14:447-463.e8. [PMID: 37220749 PMCID: PMC10330685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) ensures error-free DNA replication and transcription and is disrupted in numerous diseases. An ongoing challenge is to determine the proteins orchestrating DDR and their organization into complexes, including constitutive interactions and those responding to genomic insult. Here, we use multi-conditional network analysis to systematically map DDR assemblies at multiple scales. Affinity purifications of 21 DDR proteins, with/without genotoxin exposure, are combined with multi-omics data to reveal a hierarchical organization of 605 proteins into 109 assemblies. The map captures canonical repair mechanisms and proposes new DDR-associated proteins extending to stress, transport, and chromatin functions. We find that protein assemblies closely align with genetic dependencies in processing specific genotoxins and that proteins in multiple assemblies typically act in multiple genotoxin responses. Follow-up by DDR functional readouts newly implicates 12 assembly members in double-strand-break repair. The DNA damage response assemblies map is available for interactive visualization and query (ccmi.org/ddram/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kratz
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marcus R Kelly
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Koczor
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology and Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Jianfeng Li
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology and Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Keiichiro Ono
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yue Qin
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Churas
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rudolf T Pillich
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jisoo Park
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maya Modak
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Collier
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kate Licon
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology and Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Legorreta Cancer Center, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Trey Ideker
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Koo SY, Park EJ, Noh HJ, Jo SM, Ko BK, Shin HJ, Lee CW. Ubiquitination Links DNA Damage and Repair Signaling to Cancer Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098441. [PMID: 37176148 PMCID: PMC10179089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the DNA damage response (DDR) and cellular metabolism are two important factors that allow cancer cells to proliferate. DDR is a set of events in which DNA damage is recognized, DNA repair factors are recruited to the site of damage, the lesion is repaired, and cellular responses associated with the damage are processed. In cancer, DDR is commonly dysregulated, and the enzymes associated with DDR are prone to changes in ubiquitination. Additionally, cellular metabolism, especially glycolysis, is upregulated in cancer cells, and enzymes in this metabolic pathway are modulated by ubiquitination. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), particularly E3 ligases, act as a bridge between cellular metabolism and DDR since they regulate the enzymes associated with the two processes. Hence, the E3 ligases with high substrate specificity are considered potential therapeutic targets for treating cancer. A number of small molecule inhibitors designed to target different components of the UPS have been developed, and several have been tested in clinical trials for human use. In this review, we discuss the role of ubiquitination on overall cellular metabolism and DDR and confirm the link between them through the E3 ligases NEDD4, APC/CCDH1, FBXW7, and Pellino1. In addition, we present an overview of the clinically important small molecule inhibitors and implications for their practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Koo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Noh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyoung Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- Team of Radiation Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sokolova A, Johnstone KJ, McCart Reed AE, Simpson PT, Lakhani SR. Hereditary breast cancer: syndromes, tumour pathology and molecular testing. Histopathology 2023; 82:70-82. [PMID: 36468211 PMCID: PMC10953374 DOI: 10.1111/his.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary factors account for a significant proportion of breast cancer risk. Approximately 20% of hereditary breast cancers are attributable to pathogenic variants in the highly penetrant BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. A proportion of the genetic risk is also explained by pathogenic variants in other breast cancer susceptibility genes, including ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D and BARD1, as well as genes associated with breast cancer predisposition syndromes - TP53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), PTEN (Cowden syndrome), CDH1 (hereditary diffuse gastric cancer), STK11 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome) and NF1 (neurofibromatosis type 1). Polygenic risk, the cumulative risk from carrying multiple low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles, is also a well-recognised contributor to risk. This review provides an overview of the established breast cancer susceptibility genes as well as breast cancer predisposition syndromes, highlights distinct genotype-phenotype correlations associated with germline mutation status and discusses molecular testing and therapeutic implications in the context of hereditary breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sokolova
- Sullivan and Nicolaides PathologyBrisbane
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbane
| | - K J Johnstone
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbane
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - A E McCart Reed
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbane
| | - P T Simpson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbane
| | - S R Lakhani
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbane
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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6
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Yam CQX, Lim HH, Surana U. DNA damage checkpoint execution and the rules of its disengagement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1020643. [PMID: 36274841 PMCID: PMC9582513 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1020643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes are susceptible to damage during their duplication and segregation or when exposed to genotoxic stresses. Left uncorrected, these lesions can result in genomic instability, leading to cells' diminished fitness, unbridled proliferation or death. To prevent such fates, checkpoint controls transiently halt cell cycle progression to allow time for the implementation of corrective measures. Prominent among these is the DNA damage checkpoint which operates at G2/M transition to ensure that cells with damaged chromosomes do not enter the mitotic phase. The execution and maintenance of cell cycle arrest are essential aspects of G2/M checkpoint and have been studied in detail. Equally critical is cells' ability to switch-off the checkpoint controls after a successful completion of corrective actions and to recommence cell cycle progression. Interestingly, when corrective measures fail, cells can mount an unusual cellular response, termed adaptation, where they escape checkpoint arrest and resume cell cycle progression with damaged chromosomes at the cost of genome instability or even death. Here, we discuss the DNA damage checkpoint, the mitotic networks it inhibits to prevent segregation of damaged chromosomes and the strategies cells employ to quench the checkpoint controls to override the G2/M arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Hwa Lim
- A*STAR Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uttam Surana
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Mahjabeen I, Sheshe S, Shakoor T, Hussain MZ, Rizwan M, Mehmood A, Haris MS, Fazal F, Burki A, Kayani MA. Role of genetic variations of DNA damage response pathway genes and heat-shock proteins in increased head and neck cancer risk. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3519-3535. [PMID: 36200797 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the role of DNA damage response pathway genes and heat-shock proteins in head and neck cancer (HNC) risk. Methods: For this purpose, two study cohorts were used. Cohort 1 (blood samples of 250 HNC patients and 250 controls) was used for polymorphism screening of selected genes using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain (Tetra-ARMS PCR). Cohort 2 (200 HNC tumors and adjacent controls) was used for expression analysis, using quantitative PCR. Results: Analysis showed that mutant allele frequency of selected polymorphisms was found associated with increased HNC risk. Expression analysis showed the significant deregulation of selected genes in patients. Conclusion: The present study showed that selected genes (CHK1, CHK2, HSP70 and HSP90) can act as good diagnostic/prognostic markers in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Mahjabeen
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadeeq Sheshe
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Shakoor
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azher Mehmood
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz Haris
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Falak Fazal
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Burki
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Akhtar Kayani
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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8
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2-Mercaptoethanol protects against DNA double-strand breaks after kidney ischemia and reperfusion injury through GPX4 upregulation. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1041-1053. [PMID: 35989399 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is characterized by tubular cell death. DNA double-strand breaks is one of the major sources of tubular cell death induced by IRI. 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is protective against DNA double-strand breaks derived from calf thymus and bovine embryo. Here, we sought to determine whether treatment with 2-ME attenuated DNA double-strand breaks, resulting in reduced kidney dysfunction and structural damage in IRI. METHODS Kidney IRI or sham-operation in mice was carried out. The mice were treated with 2-ME, Ras-selective lethal 3, or vehicle. Kidney function, tubular injury, DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme expression, and DNA damage response (DDR) kinases activation were assessed. RESULTS Treatment with 2-ME significantly attenuated kidney dysfunction, tubular injury, and DNA double-strand breaks after IRI. Among DDR kinases, IRI induced phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), but IRI reduced phosphorylation of other DDR kinases including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related, checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), Chk2, and Chinese hamster cells 1 (XRCC1). Treatment with 2-ME enhanced phosphorylation of ATM and ATM-mediated effector kinases in IRI-subjected kidneys, suggesting that 2-ME activates ATM-mediated DDR signaling pathway. Furthermore, 2-ME dramatically upregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in IRI-subjected kidneys. Inhibition of GPX4 augmented adverse IRI consequences including kidney dysfunction, tubular injury, DNA double-strand breaks, and inactivation of ATM-mediated DDR signaling pathway after IRI in 2-ME-treated kidneys. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that exogenous 2-ME protects against DNA double-strand breaks after kidney IRI through GPX4 upregulation and ATM activation.
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9
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Guerra B, Doktor TK, Frederiksen SB, Somyajit K, Andresen BS. Essential role of CK2α for the interaction and stability of replication fork factors during DNA synthesis and activation of the S-phase checkpoint. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:339. [PMID: 35661926 PMCID: PMC9166893 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR)-CHK1 pathway is the major signalling cascade activated in response to DNA replication stress. This pathway is associated with the core of the DNA replication machinery comprising CDC45, the replicative MCM2-7 hexamer, GINS (altogether forming the CMG complex), primase-polymerase (POLε, -α, and -δ) complex, and additional fork protection factors such as AND-1, CLASPIN (CLSPN), and TIMELESS/TIPIN. In this study, we report that functional protein kinase CK2α is critical for preserving replisome integrity and for mounting S-phase checkpoint signalling. We find that CDC45, CLSPN and MCM7 are novel CK2α interacting partners and these interactions are particularly important for maintenance of stable MCM7-CDC45, ATRIP-ATR-MCM7, and ATR-CLSPN protein complexes. Consistently, cells depleted of CK2α and treated with hydroxyurea display compromised replisome integrity, reduced chromatin binding of checkpoint mediator CLSPN, attenuated ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint and delayed recovery of stalled forks. In further support of this, differential gene expression analysis by RNA-sequencing revealed that down-regulation of CK2α accompanies global shutdown of genes that are implicated in the S-phase checkpoint. These findings add to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in DNA replication by showing that the protein kinase CK2α is essential for maintaining the stability of the replisome machinery and for optimizing ATR-CHK1 signalling activation upon replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Guerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Thomas K Doktor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sabrina B Frederiksen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kumar Somyajit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brage S Andresen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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10
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Raafat Elsayed AA, Al-Marsoummi S, Vomhof-Dekrey EE, Basson MD. SLFN12 Over-expression Sensitizes Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy Drugs and Radiotherapy. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2022; 19:328-338. [PMID: 35430566 PMCID: PMC9016483 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) expression correlates with survival in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). SLFN12 slows TNBC proliferation and induces TNBC differentiation, but whether SLFN12 affects the tumoral response to chemotherapy or radiation is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We over-expressed SLFN12 in MDA-MB-231 cells using two different lentiviral vectors. We assessed viable cell numbers via crystal violet assay after treatment with carboplatin, paclitaxel, olaparib, zoledronic acid, camptothecin, or cesium irradiation. CHK1 and CHK2 phosphorylation was assessed by western blot and the effects of inhibiting CHK1/CHK2 by AZD7762 were examined. Key findings were confirmed in Hs578t and BT549 TNBC cells after adenoviral SLFN12 over-expression. RESULTS SLFN12 over-expression increased TNBC sensitivity to radiation, carboplatin, paclitaxel, zoledronic acid, and camptothecin, but not to olaparib. SLFN12 over-expression decreased CHK1 and CHK2 phosphorylation after treatment with the DNA damaging agent camptothecin (CPT). The CHK1/CHK2 inhibitor diminished the significant cytotoxicity difference between over-expression and baseline SLFN12 levels in response to carboplatin. CONCLUSION SLFN12 increases TNBC sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents at least in part by reducing CHK1/2 phosphorylation. This may contribute to improved survival in patients whose TNBC over-expresses SLFN12. Therefore, SLFN12 levels may be used to customize or predict radiotherapy and chemotherapy effects in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adham Raafat Elsayed
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
| | - Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-Dekrey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A.;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
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11
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Danesh Pouya F, Rasmi Y, Nemati M. Signaling Pathways Involved in 5-FU Drug Resistance in Cancer. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:516-543. [PMID: 35320055 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2055050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-metabolite drugs prevent the synthesis of essential cell growth compounds. 5-fluorouracil is used as an anti-metabolic drug in various cancers in the first stage of treatment. Unfortunately, in some cancers, 5-fluorouracil has low effectiveness because of its drug resistance. Studies have shown that drug resistance to 5-fluorouracil is due to the activation of specific signaling pathways and increased expressions of enzymes involved in drug metabolites. However, when 5-fluorouracil is used in combination with other drugs, the sensitivity of cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil increases, and the effect of drug resistance is reversed. This study discusses how the function of 5-fluorouracil in JAK/STAT, Wnt, Notch, NF-κB, and hedgehogs in some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Danesh Pouya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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12
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Sun C, Zhao L, Wang X, Hou Y, Guo X, Lu JJ, Chen X. Psoralidin, a natural compound from Psoralea corylifolia, induces oxidative damage mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23051. [PMID: 35315184 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psoralidin (PSO) is a natural coumarin isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Previous studies have reported that PSO exerts numerous pharmacological bioactivities including antitumor. The present study aimed to investigate its anticancer effect using colon cancer cells. Cultured HT-29 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of PSO, and the cell viability, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the protein expression, and the apoptosis were determined by MTT assay, DCFH2 -DA fluorescence probe, Western blotting, and Annexin V/7-AAD staining, respectively. The activities of caspase 3/7 were determined by a commercial kit. Our study found that PSO effectively induces apoptotic cell death mediated by caspase 3/7 in HT-29 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. PSO treatment rapidly boosts the ROS generation, which is responsible for the PSO-triggered DNA damage, mitochondria membrane potential decrease and caspase 3/7 activation, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 activation. Collectively, these results showed that PSO triggered oxidative damage mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Sun
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xianzhe Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiuli Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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13
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Hu W, Wang Z, Zhang H, Mahaman YAR, Huang F, Meng D, Zhou Y, Wang S, Jiang N, Xiong J, Westermarck J, Lu Y, Wang J, Wang X, Shentu Y, Liu R. Chk1 Inhibition Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis and Cognitive Dysfunction Through CIP2A/PP2A Signaling. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:570-591. [PMID: 35286657 PMCID: PMC9226264 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease with limited therapeutic strategies. Cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase 1 (Chk1) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase which is activated in response to DNA damage, the latter which is an early event in AD. However, whether DNA damage-induced Chk1 activation participates in the development of AD and Chk1 inhibition ameliorates AD-like pathogenesis remain unclarified. Here, we demonstrate that Chk1 activity and the levels of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitory protein CIP2A are elevated in AD human brains, APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and primary neurons with Aβ treatment. Chk1 overexpression induces CIP2A upregulation, PP2A inhibition, tau and APP hyperphosphorylation, synaptic impairments, and cognitive memory deficit in mice. Moreover, Chk1 inhibitor (GDC0575) effectively increases PP2A activity, decreases tau phosphorylation, and inhibits Aβ overproduction in AD cell models. GDC0575 also reverses AD-like cognitive deficits and prevents neuron loss and synaptic impairments in APP/PS1 mice. In conclusion, our study uncovers a mechanism by which DNA damage-induced Chk1 activation promotes CIP2A-mediated tau and APP hyperphosphorylation and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and highlights the therapeutic potential of Chk1 inhibitors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoqun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongli Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Youming Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianzhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yangping Shentu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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14
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Bello A, Jungnickel B. Impact of Chk1 dosage on somatic hypermutation in vivo. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:879-893. [PMID: 34042197 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint signaling in the context of a functional DNA damage response is crucial for the prevention of oncogenic transformation of cells. Our immune system, though, takes the risk of attenuated checkpoint responses during immunoglobulin diversification. B cells undergo continuous DNA damage and error-prone repair of their immunoglobulin genes during the process of somatic hypermutation. An accompanying attenuation of the DNA damage response via the ATR-Chk1 axis in B cells is believed to allow for a better DNA damage tolerance and for evasion of apoptosis, so as to ensure mutations to be passed on. We sought to determine whether the downregulation of Chk1 could also directly influence the process of hypermutation in vivo by altering the relative activity of error-prone DNA repair pathways. We analyzed the humoral response and the hypermutation process in mice whose B cells express reduced levels of the Chk1 protein. We found that Chk1 heterozygosity limits the accumulation of mutations in the immunoglobulin loci, likely by impacting on the survival of B cells as they accumulate DNA damage. Nevertheless, we unveiled an unanticipated role for Chk1 downregulation in favoring A/T mutagenesis at the antibody-variable regions during hypermutation. Even though immunoglobulin mutagenesis was found to be reduced, Chk1 signaling attenuation allows for sustained mutagenesis outside the immunoglobulin loci. Our study thus reveals that a proper Chk1 dosage is crucial for adequate somatic hypermutation in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bello
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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15
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Kar FM, Hochwagen A. Phospho-Regulation of Meiotic Prophase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667073. [PMID: 33928091 PMCID: PMC8076904 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells undergoing meiosis rely on an intricate network of surveillance mechanisms that govern the production of euploid gametes for successful sexual reproduction. These surveillance mechanisms are particularly crucial during meiotic prophase, when cells execute a highly orchestrated program of chromosome morphogenesis and recombination, which must be integrated with the meiotic cell division machinery to ensure the safe execution of meiosis. Dynamic protein phosphorylation, controlled by kinases and phosphatases, has emerged as one of the main signaling routes for providing readout and regulation of chromosomal and cellular behavior throughout meiotic prophase. In this review, we discuss common principles and provide detailed examples of how these phosphorylation events are employed to ensure faithful passage of chromosomes from one generation to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda M Kar
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Majd NK, Yap TA, Koul D, Balasubramaniyan V, Li X, Khan S, Gandy KS, Yung WKA, de Groot JF. The promise of DNA damage response inhibitors for the treatment of glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab015. [PMID: 33738447 PMCID: PMC7954093 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor, has a dismal prognosis. Despite our growing knowledge of genomic and epigenomic alterations in GBM, standard therapies and outcomes have not changed significantly in the past two decades. There is therefore an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapies for GBM. The inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity of GBM, inadequate drug concentrations in the tumor owing to the blood-brain barrier, redundant signaling pathways contributing to resistance to conventional therapies, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, have all hindered the development of novel therapies for GBM. Given the high frequency of DNA damage pathway alterations in GBM, researchers have focused their efforts on pharmacologically targeting key enzymes, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated, and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related. The mainstays of GBM treatment, ionizing radiation and alkylating chemotherapy, generate DNA damage that is repaired through the upregulation and activation of DNA damage response (DDR) enzymes. Therefore, the use of PARP and other DDR inhibitors to render GBM cells more vulnerable to conventional treatments is an area of intense investigation. In this review, we highlight the growing body of data behind DDR inhibitors in GBM, with a focus on putative predictive biomarkers of response. We also discuss the challenges involved in the successful development of DDR inhibitors for GBM, including the intracranial location and predicted overlapping toxicities of DDR agents with current standards of care, and propose promising strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin K Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimpy Koul
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sabbir Khan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katilin S Gandy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John F de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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Martínez-Marchal A, Huang Y, Guillot-Ferriols MT, Ferrer-Roda M, Guixé A, Garcia-Caldés M, Roig I. The DNA damage response is required for oocyte cyst breakdown and follicle formation in mice. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009067. [PMID: 33206637 PMCID: PMC7710113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oogonia proliferate without completing cytokinesis, forming cysts. Within these, oocytes differentiate and initiate meiosis, promoting double-strand break (DSBs) formation, which are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) causing the pairing and synapsis of the homologs. Errors in these processes activate checkpoint mechanisms, leading to apoptosis. At the end of prophase I, in contrast with what is observed in spermatocytes, oocytes accumulate unrepaired DSBs. Simultaneously to the cyst breakdown, there is a massive oocyte death, which has been proposed to be necessary to enable the individualization of the oocytes to form follicles. Based upon all the above-mentioned information, we hypothesize that the apparently inefficient HR occurring in the oocytes may be a requirement to first eliminate most of the oocytes and enable cyst breakdown and follicle formation. To test this idea, we compared perinatal ovaries from control and mutant mice for the effector kinase of the DNA Damage Response (DDR), CHK2. We found that CHK2 is required to eliminate ~50% of the fetal oocyte population. Nevertheless, the number of oocytes and follicles found in Chk2-mutant ovaries three days after birth was equivalent to that of the controls. These data revealed the existence of another mechanism capable of eliminating oocytes. In vitro inhibition of CHK1 rescued the oocyte number in Chk2-/- mice, implying that CHK1 regulates postnatal oocyte death. Moreover, we found that CHK1 and CHK2 functions are required for the timely breakdown of the cyst and to form follicles. Thus, we uncovered a novel CHK1 function in regulating the oocyte population in mice. Based upon these data, we propose that the CHK1- and CHK2-dependent DDR controls the number of oocytes and is required to properly break down oocyte cysts and form follicles in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Marchal
- Unitat de Citologia i Histologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Grup d'Inestabilitat i Integritat del genoma, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yan Huang
- Unitat de Citologia i Histologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Grup d'Inestabilitat i Integritat del genoma, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Guillot-Ferriols
- Unitat de Citologia i Histologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Grup d'Inestabilitat i Integritat del genoma, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mònica Ferrer-Roda
- Unitat de Citologia i Histologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Grup d'Inestabilitat i Integritat del genoma, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Guixé
- Unitat de Citologia i Histologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Grup d'Inestabilitat i Integritat del genoma, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Caldés
- Grup d'Inestabilitat i Integritat del genoma, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ignasi Roig
- Unitat de Citologia i Histologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Grup d'Inestabilitat i Integritat del genoma, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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18
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Gao A, Guo M. Epigenetic based synthetic lethal strategies in human cancers. Biomark Res 2020; 8:44. [PMID: 32974031 PMCID: PMC7493427 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, it is recognized that loss of DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways is an early and frequent event in tumorigenesis, occurring in 40-50% of many cancer types. The basis of synthetic lethality in cancer therapy is DDR deficient cancers dependent on backup DNA repair pathways. In cancer, the concept of synthetic lethality has been extended to pairs of genes, in which inactivation of one by deletion or mutation and pharmacological inhibition of the other leads to death of cancer cells whereas normal cells are spared the effect of the drug. The paradigm study is to induce cell death by inhibiting PARP in BRCA1/2 defective cells. Since the successful application of PARP inhibitor, a growing number of developed DDR inhibitors are ongoing in preclinical and clinical testing, including ATM, ATR, CHK1/2 and WEE1 inhibitors. Combination of PARP inhibitors and other DDR inhibitors, or combination of multiple components of the same pathway may have great potential synthetic lethality efficiency. As epigenetics joins Knudson’s two hit theory, silencing of DDR genes by aberrant epigenetic changes provide new opportunities for synthetic lethal therapy in cancer. Understanding the causative epigenetic changes of loss-of-function has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents in cancer. DDR and related genes were found frequently methylated in human cancers, including BRCA1/2, MGMT, WRN, MLH1, CHFR, P16 and APC. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations may serve as synthetic lethal therapeutic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiai Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
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19
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Hu Y, Guo M. Synthetic lethality strategies: Beyond BRCA1/2 mutations in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3111-3121. [PMID: 32639661 PMCID: PMC7469842 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are often characterized by abnormalities in DNA damage response including defects in cell cycle checkpoints and/or DNA repair. Synthetic lethality between DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways has provided a paradigm for cancer therapy by targeting DDR. The successful example is that cancer cells with BRCA1/2 mutations are sensitized to poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose)polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Beyond the narrow scope of defects in the BRCA pathway, "BRCAness" provides more opportunities for synthetic lethality strategy. In human pancreatic cancer, frequent mutations were found in cell cycle and DDR genes, including P16, P73, APC, MLH1, ATM, PALB2, and MGMT. Combined DDR inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents are under preclinical or clinical trials. Promoter region methylation was found frequently in cell cycle and DDR genes. Epigenetics joins the Knudson's "hit" theory and "BRCAness." Aberrant epigenetic changes in cell cycle or DDR regulators may serve as a new avenue for synthetic lethality strategy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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20
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Baek JH, Yun HS, Kim JY, Lee J, Lee YJ, Lee CW, Song JY, Ahn J, Park JK, Kim JS, Lee KH, Kim EH, Hwang SG. Kinesin light chain 4 as a new target for lung cancer chemoresistance via targeted inhibition of checkpoint kinases in the DNA repair network. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:398. [PMID: 32457423 PMCID: PMC7250887 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The poor therapeutic efficacy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is partly attributed to the acquisition of chemoresistance. To investigate the mechanism underlying this resistance, we examined the potential link between kinesin light chain 4 (KLC4), which we have previously reported to be associated with radioresistance in NSCLC, and sensitivity to chemotherapy in human lung cancer cell lines. KLC4 protein levels in lung cancer cells correlated with the degree of chemoresistance to cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, KLC4 silencing enhanced the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin by promoting DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis. These effects were mediated by interaction with the checkpoint kinase CHK2, as KLC4 knockdown increased CHK2 activation, which was further enhanced in combination with cisplatin treatment. In addition, KLC4 and CHEK2 expression levels showed negative correlation in lung tumor samples from patients, and KLC4 overexpression correlated negatively with survival. Our results indicate a novel link between the KLC4 and CHK2 pathways regulating DNA damage response in chemoresistance, and highlight KLC4 as a candidate for developing lung cancer-specific drugs and customized targeted molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Radiation Biology Research Team, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Shik Yun
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Janet Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Yeon-Joo Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Kee-Ho Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, 33, 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Korea.
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21
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Diernfellner AC, Brunner M. Phosphorylation Timers in the Neurospora crassa Circadian Clock. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3449-3465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Functional interplay between the oxidative stress response and DNA damage checkpoint signaling for genome maintenance in aerobic organisms. J Microbiol 2019; 58:81-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Nai S, Shi Y, Ru H, Ding Y, Geng Q, Li Z, Dong MQ, Xu X, Li J. Chk2-dependent phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) regulates centrosome maturation. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2651-2659. [PMID: 31416392 PMCID: PMC6773232 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1654795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is a pivotal effector kinase in the DNA damage response, with an emerging role in mitotic chromosome segregation. In this study, we show that Chk2 interacts with myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1), the targeting subunit of protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ). Previous studies have shown that MYPT1 is phosphorylated by CDK1 at S473 during mitosis, and subsequently docks to the polo-binding domain of PLK1 and dephosphorylates PLK1. Herein we present data that Chk2 phosphorylates MYPT1 at S507 in vitro and in vivo, which antagonizes pS473. Chk2 inhibition results in failure of γ-tubulin recruitment to the centrosomes, phenocopying Plk1 inhibition defects. These aberrancies were also observed in the MYPT1-S507A stable transfectants, suggesting that Chk2 exerts its effect on centrosomes via MYPT1. Collectively, we have identified a Chk2-MYPT1-PLK1 axis in regulating centrosome maturation. Abbreviations: Chk2: checkpoint kinase 2; MYPT1: myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1; PP1cβ: protein phosphatase 1c β; Noc: nocodazole; IP: immunoprecipitation; IB: immunoblotting; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; Chk2: checkpoint kinase 2; KD: kinase domain; WT: wild type; Ub: ubiquitin; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; IF: Immunofluorescence; IR: ionizing radiation; siCHK2: siRNA targeting CHK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Nai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanwei Ru
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehe Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhi Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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A pathway linking translation stress to checkpoint kinase 2 signaling in Neurospora crassa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17271-17279. [PMID: 31413202 PMCID: PMC6717302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815396116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK-2) is a key component of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway and its activation mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. We show that PERIOD-4 (PRD-4), the CHK-2 ortholog of Neurospora crassa, is part of an additional signaling pathway that is activated when protein translation is compromised. Translation stress induces phosphorylation of PRD-4 by an upstream kinase distinct from those of the DDR pathway. We present evidence that the activating kinase is mTOR. Translation stress is sensed via a decrease in levels of an unstable inhibitor that antagonizes phosphorylation of PRD-4. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK-2) is a key component of the DNA damage response (DDR). CHK-2 is activated by the PIP3-kinase-like kinases (PI3KKs) ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), and in metazoan also by DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). These DNA damage-dependent activation pathways are conserved and additional activation pathways of CHK-2 are not known. Here we show that PERIOD-4 (PRD-4), the CHK-2 ortholog of Neurospora crassa, is part of a signaling pathway that is activated when protein translation is compromised. Translation stress induces phosphorylation of PRD-4 by a PI3KK distinct from ATM and ATR. Our data indicate that the activating PI3KK is mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). We provide evidence that translation stress is sensed by unbalancing the expression levels of an unstable protein phosphatase that antagonizes phosphorylation of PRD-4 by mTOR complex 1 (TORC1). Hence, Neurospora mTOR and PRD-4 appear to coordinate metabolic state and cell cycle progression.
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Li C, Wong JTY. DNA Damage Response Pathways in Dinoflagellates. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E191. [PMID: 31284474 PMCID: PMC6680887 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a general group of phytoplankton, ubiquitous in aquatic environments. Most dinoflagellates are non-obligate autotrophs, subjected to potential physical and chemical DNA-damaging agents, including UV irradiation, in the euphotic zone. Delay of cell cycles by irradiation, as part of DNA damage responses (DDRs), could potentially lead to growth inhibition, contributing to major errors in the estimation of primary productivity and interpretations of photo-inhibition. Their liquid crystalline chromosomes (LCCs) have large amount of abnormal bases, restricted placement of coding sequences at the chromosomes periphery, and tandem repeat-encoded genes. These chromosome characteristics, their large genome sizes, as well as the lack of architectural nucleosomes, likely contribute to possible differential responses to DNA damage agents. In this study, we sought potential dinoflagellate orthologues of eukaryotic DNA damage repair pathways, and the linking pathway with cell-cycle control in three dinoflagellate species. It appeared that major orthologues in photoreactivation, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, double-strand break repair and homologous recombination repair are well represented in dinoflagellate genomes. Future studies should address possible differential DNA damage responses of dinoflagellates over other planktonic groups, especially in relation to possible shift of life-cycle transitions in responses to UV irradiation. This may have a potential role in the persistence of dinoflagellate red tides with the advent of climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongping Li
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Joseph Tin Yum Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Ha GH, Ji JH, Chae S, Park J, Kim S, Lee JK, Kim Y, Min S, Park JM, Kang TH, Lee H, Cho H, Lee CW. Pellino1 regulates reversible ATM activation via NBS1 ubiquitination at DNA double-strand breaks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1577. [PMID: 30952868 PMCID: PMC6450972 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) signaling and repair are critical for genome integrity. They rely on highly coordinated processes including posttranslational modifications of proteins. Here we show that Pellino1 (Peli1) is a DSB-responsive ubiquitin ligase required for the accumulation of DNA damage response proteins and efficient homologous recombination (HR) repair. Peli1 is activated by ATM-mediated phosphorylation. It is recruited to DSB sites in ATM- and γH2AX-dependent manners. Interaction of Peli1 with phosphorylated histone H2AX enables it to bind to and mediate the formation of K63-linked ubiquitination of NBS1, which subsequently results in feedback activation of ATM and promotes HR repair. Collectively, these results provide a DSB-responsive factor underlying the connection between ATM kinase and DSB-induced ubiquitination. Occurrence of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is important for genome integrity. Here, the authors reveal that Pellino1 is a DSB-responsive ubiquitin ligase required for promoting the accumulation of ATM and MRN complex at DSB sites via NBS1 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ji
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunyoung Chae
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Min
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Park
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hong Kang
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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Nie X, Guo E, Wu C, Liu D, Sun W, Zhang L, Long G, Mei Q, Wu K, Xiong H, Hu G. SALL4 induces radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the ATM/Chk2/p53 pathway. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1779-1792. [PMID: 30907073 PMCID: PMC6488116 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the mainstay and primary curative treatment modality in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), whose efficacy is limited by the development of intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. Thus, deciphering new molecular targets and pathways is essential for enhancing the radiosensitivity of NPC. SALL4 is a vital factor in the development and prognosis of various cancers, but its role in radioresistance remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the association of SALL4 expression with radioresistance of NPC. It was revealed that SALL4 expression was closely correlated with advanced T classification of NPC patients. Inhibition of SALL4 reduced proliferation and sensitized cells to radiation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SALL4 silencing increased radiation-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and G2/M arrest in CNE2 and CNE2R cells. Moreover, knockdown of SALL4 impaired the expression of p-ATM, p-Chk2, p-p53, and anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2, while pro-apoptosis protein was upregulated. These findings indicate that SALL4 could induce radioresistance via ATM/Chk2/p53 pathway and its downstream proteins related to apoptosis. Targeting SALL4 might be a promising approach for the development of novel radiosensitizing therapeutic agents for radioresistant NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Nie
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ergang Guo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dongbo Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Linli Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoxian Long
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huihua Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Verma N, Franchitto M, Zonfrilli A, Cialfi S, Palermo R, Talora C. DNA Damage Stress: Cui Prodest? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1073. [PMID: 30832234 PMCID: PMC6429504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is an entity shielded by mechanisms that maintain genomic stability and are essential for living cells; however, DNA is constantly subject to assaults from the environment throughout the cellular life span, making the genome susceptible to mutation and irreparable damage. Cells are prepared to mend such events through cell death as an extrema ratio to solve those threats from a multicellular perspective. However, in cells under various stress conditions, checkpoint mechanisms are activated to allow cells to have enough time to repair the damaged DNA. In yeast, entry into the cell cycle when damage is not completely repaired represents an adaptive mechanism to cope with stressful conditions. In multicellular organisms, entry into cell cycle with damaged DNA is strictly forbidden. However, in cancer development, individual cells undergo checkpoint adaptation, in which most cells die, but some survive acquiring advantageous mutations and selfishly evolve a conflictual behavior. In this review, we focus on how, in cancer development, cells rely on checkpoint adaptation to escape DNA stress and ultimately to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Verma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Franchitto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Azzurra Zonfrilli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Samantha Cialfi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rocco Palermo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Proteins of the Nucleolus of Dictyostelium discoideum: Nucleolar Compartmentalization, Targeting Sequences, Protein Translocations and Binding Partners. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020167. [PMID: 30781559 PMCID: PMC6406644 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoli of Dictyostelium discoideum have a comparatively unique, non-canonical, localization adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. The verified nucleolar proteins of this eukaryotic microbe are detailed while other potential proteins are introduced. Heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (eIF6), and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) are essential for cell survival. NumA1, a breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein-C Terminus domain-containing protein linked to cell cycle, functions in the regulation of nuclear number. The cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 homologue forkhead-associated kinase A (FhkA) and BRG1-associated factor 60a homologue Snf12 are also discussed. While nucleoli appear homogeneous ultrastructurally, evidence for nucleolar subcompartments exists. Nucleolar localization sequences (NoLS) have been defined that target proteins to either the general nucleolar area or to a specific intranucleolar domain. Protein translocations during mitosis are protein-specific and support the multiple functions of the Dictyostelium nucleolus. To enrich the picture, binding partners of NumA1, the most well-characterized nucleolar protein, are examined: nucleolar Ca2+-binding protein 4a (CBP4a), nuclear puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase A (PsaA) and Snf12. The role of Dictyostelium as a model for understanding the contribution of nucleolar proteins to various diseases and cellular stress is discussed throughout the review.
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Chou FJ, Chen Y, Chen D, Niu Y, Li G, Keng P, Yeh S, Chang C. Preclinical study using androgen receptor (AR) degradation enhancer to increase radiotherapy efficacy via targeting radiation-increased AR to better suppress prostate cancer progression. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:504-516. [PMID: 30692044 PMCID: PMC6412086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and radiotherapy (RT) are currently used together to treat locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa), RT might have the adverse effect of increasing the PCa androgen receptor (AR) protein expression, which might then increase the resistance to continued RT. Methods We used multiple assays for RT sensitivity, protein and RNA expression of AR and related DDR genes, ROS level, DNA damage/repair level, cell cycle and apoptosis. All statistical comparisons were analyzed with t-test or one-way ANOVA. Findings We demonstrated that RT induced AR expression in C4-2 and CWR22Rv-1 cells. We found that combining RT and ASC-J9®, but not the antiandrogen, Enzalutamide, could increase radiosensitivity via inducing DNA damage, altering the AR mediated and DNA repair pathways, and activating apoptosis. ASC-J9® had little effects on normal bladder cells. Interpretation Targeting ionizing radiation (IR)-increased AR with the AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9®, could increase the radiosensitivity while sparing adjacent normal tissue. Mechanism dissection revealed that ASC-J9®, but not Enzalutamide, treatment could increase radiosensitivity via inducing DNA damage, altering DNA repair pathways, as well as activating the IR-induced apoptosis via suppressing the pATR-CHK1 signals. Importantly, results from preclinical studies using an in vivo mouse model also demonstrated that combining RT with ASC-J9® to target AR led to better therapeutic efficacy to suppress PCa progression. ASC-J9• enhances efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) in PCa through both AR-dependent and AR-independent mechanistic pathways. In AR-independent pathway, ASC-J9• increases endogenous ROS and DNA damage and makes PCa cells more sensitive to RT ASC-J9• could also reduce the DNA damage repair after RT via suppression of AR dependent DDR genes and apoptotic pathway. From pre-clinical mouse model, we found that combining RT and ASC-J9• can provide better efficacy than RT only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ju Chou
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yuhchyau Chen
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gonghui Li
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Peter Keng
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Rad53- and Chk1-Dependent DNA Damage Response Pathways Cooperatively Promote Fungal Pathogenesis and Modulate Antifungal Drug Susceptibility. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01726-18. [PMID: 30602579 PMCID: PMC6315099 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01726-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is detrimental for living things because it induces genetic disorder diseases and transfers incorrect genome information to descendants. Therefore, living organisms have evolutionarily conserved signaling networks to sense and repair DNA damage. However, how the DNA damage response pathway is regulated for maintaining the genome integrity of fungal pathogens and how this contributes to their pathogenicity remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the DNA damage response pathway in the basidiomycete pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals, with an average of 223,100 infections leading to 181,100 deaths reported annually. Here, we found that perturbation of Rad53- and Chk1-dependent DNA damage response pathways attenuated the virulence of C. neoformans and increased its susceptibility to certain antifungal drugs, such as amphotericin B and flucytosine. Therefore, our work paves the way to understanding the important role of human fungal DNA damage networks in pathogenesis and antifungal drug susceptibility. Living organisms are constantly exposed to DNA damage stress caused by endogenous and exogenous events. Eukaryotic cells have evolutionarily conserved DNA damage checkpoint surveillance systems. We previously reported that a unique transcription factor, Bdr1, whose expression is strongly induced by the protein kinase Rad53 governs DNA damage responses by controlling the expression of DNA repair genes in the basidiomycetous fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. However, the regulatory mechanism of the Rad53-dependent DNA damage signal cascade and its function in pathogenicity remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Rad53 is required for DNA damage response and is phosphorylated by two phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like kinases, Tel1 and Mec1, in response to DNA damage stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Rad53 regulates the expression of several DNA repair genes in response to gamma radiation. We found that expression of CHK1, another effector kinase involved in the DNA damage response, is regulated by Rad53 and that CHK1 deletion rendered cells highly susceptible to DNA damage stress. Nevertheless, BDR1 expression is regulated by Rad53, but not Chk1, indicating that DNA damage signal cascades mediated by Rad53 and Chk1 exhibit redundant and distinct functions. We found that perturbation of both RAD53 and CHK1 attenuated the virulence of C. neoformans, perhaps by promoting phagosome maturation within macrophage, reducing melanin production, and increasing susceptibility to oxidative stresses. Furthermore, deletion of both RAD53 and CHK1 increased susceptibility to certain antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B. This report provides insight into the regulatory mechanism of fungal DNA damage repair systems and their functional relationship with fungal virulence and antifungal drug susceptibility.
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Cimini S, Gualtieri C, Macovei A, Balestrazzi A, De Gara L, Locato V. Redox Balance-DDR-miRNA Triangle: Relevance in Genome Stability and Stress Responses in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:989. [PMID: 31428113 PMCID: PMC6688120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously faced with complex environmental conditions which can affect the oxidative metabolism and photosynthetic efficiency, thus leading to the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Over a certain threshold, ROS can damage DNA. DNA damage, unless repaired, can affect genome stability, thus interfering with cell survival and severely reducing crop productivity. A complex network of pathways involved in DNA damage response (DDR) needs to be activated in order to maintain genome integrity. The expression of specific genes belonging to these pathways can be used as indicators of oxidative DNA damage and effective DNA repair in plants subjected to stress conditions. Managing ROS levels by modulating their production and scavenging systems shifts the role of these compounds from toxic molecules to key messengers involved in plant tolerance acquisition. Oxidative and anti-oxidative signals normally move among the different cell compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, and organelles. Nuclei are dynamically equipped with different redox systems, such as glutathione (GSH), thiol reductases, and redox regulated transcription factors (TFs). The nuclear redox network participates in the regulation of the DNA metabolism, in terms of transcriptional events, replication, and repair mechanisms. This mainly occurs through redox-dependent regulatory mechanisms comprising redox buffering and post-translational modifications, such as the thiol-disulphide switch, glutathionylation, and S-nitrosylation. The regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) is also emerging for the maintenance of genome stability and the modulation of antioxidative machinery under adverse environmental conditions. In fact, redox systems and DDR pathways can be controlled at a post-transcriptional level by miRNAs. This review reports on the interconnections between the DDR pathways and redox balancing systems. It presents a new dynamic picture by taking into account the shared regulatory mechanism mediated by miRNAs in plant defense responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cimini
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Gualtieri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Locato
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vittoria Locato,
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Wu YC, Wang WT, Huang LJ, Cheng RY, Kuo YR, Hou MF, Lai CS, Yu J. Differential Response of Non-cancerous and Malignant Breast Cancer Cells to Conditioned Medium of Adipose tissue-derived Stromal Cells (ASCs). Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:893-901. [PMID: 31337963 PMCID: PMC6643111 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The application of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) in regenerative medicine has become a growing trend due to its abundance and differentiation potentials. However, several breast cancer studies indicated that ASCs promote tumor progression, therefore, the use of ASCs for reconstruction after oncological surgery poses potential risks. In this study, we aimed to examine whether cancerous or non-cancerous breast cells will exhibit different responses to ASC-derived CM. Methods: ASCs were isolated from residuals of subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from patients undergoing surgery. Cancerous MCF-7, MDA-MB231, and MDA-MB468 cell lines and one non-cancerous M10/H184B5F5 cell line were cultured with variant concentrations of ASC-derived conditioned medium (CM) for analysis. Results: ASC-derived CM significantly reduced cell viability by triggering apoptosis in MCF-7, MDA-MB231, and MDA-MB468 cell lines. ATM-Chk2-dependent DNA damage response was activated early in cancer cells when exposed to ASC-derived CM. By contrast, prompted cell proliferation instead of cell death was detected in M10/H184B5F5 cells under the treatment of lower CM concentration. Even when exposed to the highest concentration of CM, only cell cycle arrest accompanied by a weak DNA damage response were detected in M10/H184B5F5 cells, no cell deaths were observed. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrated that cancerous and non-cancerous breast cells respond differently to ASC-derived CM. ASC-derived CM triggered significant cell death in breast cancer cell lines, however non-cancerous breast cells exhibited dissimilar response to ASC-derived CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chia Wu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,PhD. Programme in Translational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Wang
- Center of Teaching and Research, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ju Huang
- Center of Teaching and Research, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-You Cheng
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yur-Ren Kuo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Lai
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linko, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mahajan S, Raina K, Verma S, Rao BJ. Human RAD52 protein regulates homologous recombination and checkpoint function in BRCA2 deficient cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 107:128-139. [PMID: 30590106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit HR defects, increased proliferation and checkpoint aberrations. Tumour suppressor proteins, BRCA2 and p53 counteract such aberrant proliferation by checkpoint regulation. Intriguingly, chemo-resistant cancer cells, exhibiting mutated BRCA2 and p53 protein survive even with increased DNA damage accumulation. Such cancer cells show upregulation of RAD52 tumour suppressor protein implying that RAD52 might be providing survival advantage to cancer cells. To understand this paradoxical condition of a tumour suppressor protein facilitating cancer cell survival, in the current study, we investigate the role of RAD52 overexpression in BRCA2 deficient cells. We provide evidence that RAD52 protein alleviates HR inhibition imposed by p53 in BRCA2 deficient cells. In addition, we study the role of RAD52 protein during short replication stress in BRCA2 deficient cells. BRCA2 deficient cells exhibit excessive origin firing and checkpoint evasion in the presence of prevailing DNA damage. Interestingly, overexpression of RAD52 rescues the excessive origin firing and checkpoint defects observed in BRCA2 deficient cells, indicating RAD52 protein compensates for the loss of BRCA2 function. We show that RAD52 protein, just as BRCA2, interacts with pCHK1 checkpoint protein and helps maintain the checkpoint control in BRCA2 deficient cells during DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrit Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shalini Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - B J Rao
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, India.
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36
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Drissi R, Chauvin A, McKenna A, Lévesque D, Blais-Brochu S, Jean D, Boisvert FM. Destabilization of the MiniChromosome Maintenance (MCM) complex modulates the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2593-2609. [PMID: 30516086 PMCID: PMC6300108 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1553336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication during S phase involves thousands of replication forks that must be coordinated to ensure that every DNA section is replicated only once. The minichromosome maintenance proteins, MCM2 to MCM7, form a heteromeric DNA helicase required for both the initiation and elongation of DNA replication. Although only two DNA helicase activities are necessary to establish a bidirectional replication fork from each replication origin, a large excess of MCM complexes is amassed and distributed along the chromatin. The function of the additional MCM complexes is not well understood, as most are displaced from the DNA during the S-phase, apparently without playing an active role in DNA replication. DNA damage response (DDR) kinases activated by stalled forks prevent the replication machinery from being activated, indicating a tight relationship between DDR and DNA replication. To investigate the role of MCM proteins in the cellular response to DNA damage, we used shRNA targeting MCM2 or MCM3 to determine the impact of a reduction in MCM complex. The alteration of MCM proteins induced a change in the activation of key factors of the DDR in response to Etoposide treatment. Etoposide-induced DNA damage affected the phosphorylation of γ-H2AX, CHK1 and CHK2 without affecting cell viability. Using assays measuring homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), we identified a decrease in both HR and NHEJ associated with a decrease in MCM complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Drissi
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Jean-Mignaul, Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
| | - Anaïs Chauvin
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Jean-Mignaul, Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
| | - Alyson McKenna
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Jean-Mignaul, Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
| | - Dominique Lévesque
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Jean-Mignaul, Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
| | - Simon Blais-Brochu
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Jean-Mignaul, Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
| | - Dominique Jean
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Jean-Mignaul, Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
| | - François-Michel Boisvert
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Université de Sherbrooke , 3201 Jean-Mignaul, Sherbrooke , Québec , Canada
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37
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Pushkarev VM, Kovzun OI, Pushkarev VV, Guda BB, Tronko MD. Biochemical aspects of the combined use of taxanes, irradiation and other antineoplastic agents for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj90.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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38
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He L, Zhu H, Zhou S, Wu T, Wu H, Yang H, Mao H, SekharKathera C, Janardhan A, Edick AM, Zhang A, Hu Z, Pan F, Guo Z. Wnt pathway is involved in 5-FU drug resistance of colorectal cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-12. [PMID: 30111797 PMCID: PMC6093888 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of cancers, but its antineoplastic activity is limited in drug-resistant cancer cells. To investigate the detailed mechanism of 5-FU resistance, we developed a model of 5-FU-resistant cells from HCT-8 cells, a well-established colorectal cancer cell line. We found that the drug-resistant cells demonstrated high expression of TCF4 and β-catenin, indicating an upregulated Wnt pathway. A microarray analysis revealed that the suppression of the checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway explained the resistance to 5-FU, especially in p53 wild-type cancer cells such as HCT-8. Our data also demonstrated that the CHK1 pathway is suppressed by the Wnt pathway in 5-FU-resistant cells. In summary, we have discovered a novel mechanism for 5-FU resistance mediated by histone deacetylation, which also revealed the crosstalk between the Wnt pathway and CHK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shiying Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiwen Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chandra SekharKathera
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Avilala Janardhan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ashlin M Edick
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feiyan Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Feng L, Shi Z, Xie J, Ma B, Chen X. Enhancer of polycomb maintains germline activity and genome integrity in Drosophila testis. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1486-1502. [PMID: 29362481 PMCID: PMC6113212 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis depends on the ability of tissue-specific adult stem cells to maintain a balance between proliferation and differentiation, as well as ensure DNA damage repair. Here, we use the Drosophila male germline stem cell system to study how a chromatin factor, enhancer of polycomb [E(Pc)], regulates the proliferation-to-differentiation (mitosis-to-meiosis) transition and DNA damage repair. We identified two critical targets of E(Pc). First, E(Pc) represses CycB transcription, likely through modulating H4 acetylation. Second, E(Pc) is required for accumulation of an important germline differentiation factor, Bag-of-marbles (Bam), through post-transcriptional regulation. When E(Pc) is downregulated, increased CycB and decreased Bam are both responsible for defective mitosis-to-meiosis transition in the germline. Moreover, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) accumulate upon germline inactivation of E(Pc) under both physiological condition and recovery from heat shock-induced endonuclease expression. Failure of robust DSB repair likely leads to germ cell loss. Finally, compromising the activity of Tip60, a histone acetyltransferase, leads to germline defects similar to E(Pc) loss-of-function, suggesting that E(Pc) acts cooperatively with Tip60. Together, our data demonstrate that E(Pc) has pleiotropic roles in maintaining male germline activity and genome integrity. Our findings will help elucidate the in vivo molecular mechanisms of E(Pc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhen Shi
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Geometry Technologies LLC, 6-302, 289 Bisheng Lane, Zhangjiang, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Clinical Research Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Binbin Ma
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Clinical Research Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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40
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Lim K, Nguyen T, Li AY, Yeo Y, Chen E. Histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferase mobilizes NER factors to regulate tolerance against alkylation damage in fission yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:5061-5074. [PMID: 29635344 PMCID: PMC6007430 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Set2 methyltransferase and its target, histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36), affect chromatin architecture during the transcription and repair of DNA double-stranded breaks. Set2 also confers resistance against the alkylating agent, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), through an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) exhibit MMS hypersensitivity when expressing a set2 mutant lacking the catalytic histone methyltransferase domain or a H3K36R mutant (reminiscent of a set2-null mutant). Set2 acts synergistically with base excision repair factors but epistatically with nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors, and determines the timely nuclear accumulation of the NER initiator, Rhp23, in response to MMS. Set2 facilitates Rhp23 recruitment to chromatin at the brc1 locus, presumably to repair alkylating damage and regulate the expression of brc1+ in response to MMS. Set2 also show epistasis with DNA damage checkpoint proteins; regulates the activation of Chk1, a DNA damage response effector kinase; and acts in a similar functional group as proteins involved in homologous recombination. Consistently, Set2 and H3K36 ensure the dynamicity of Rhp54 in DNA repair foci formation after MMS treatment. Overall, our results indicate a novel role for Set2/H3K36me in coordinating the recruitment of DNA repair machineries to timely manage alkylating damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kiat Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thi Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adelicia Yongling Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Phan Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National University Health System, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Edwards TG, Fisher C. Antiviral activity of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides against SV40 and BK polyomaviruses. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The ATM and Rad3-Related (ATR) Protein Kinase Pathway Is Activated by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Required for Efficient Viral Replication. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01884-17. [PMID: 29263259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01884-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase and its downstream effector Chk1 are key sensors and organizers of the DNA damage response (DDR) to a variety of insults. Previous studies of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) showed no evidence for activation of the ATR pathway. Here we demonstrate that both Chk1 and ATR were phosphorylated by 3 h postinfection (h.p.i.). Activation of ATR and Chk1 was observed using 4 different HSV-1 strains in multiple cell types, while a specific ATR inhibitor blocked activation. Mechanistic studies point to early viral gene expression as a key trigger for ATR activation. Both pATR and pChk1 localized to the nucleus within viral replication centers, or associated with their periphery, by 3 h.p.i. Significant levels of pATR and pChk1 were also detected in the cytoplasm, where they colocalized with ICP4 and ICP0. Proximity ligation assays confirmed that pATR and pChk1 were closely and specifically associated with ICP4 and ICP0 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm by 3 h.p.i., but not with ICP8 or ICP27, presumably in a multiprotein complex. Chemically distinct ATR and Chk1 inhibitors blocked HSV-1 replication and infectious virion production, while inhibitors of ATM, Chk2, and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) did not. Together our data show that HSV-1 activates the ATR pathway at early stages of infection and that ATR and Chk1 kinase activities play important roles in HSV-1 replication fitness. These findings indicate that the ATR pathway may provide insight for therapeutic approaches.IMPORTANCE Viruses have evolved complex associations with cellular DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, which sense troublesome DNA structures formed during infection. The first evidence for activation of the ATR pathway by HSV-1 is presented. ATR is activated, and its downstream target Chk1 is robustly phosphorylated, during early stages of infection. Both activated proteins are found in the nucleus associated with viral replication compartments and in the cytoplasm associated with viral proteins. We also demonstrate that both ATR and Chk1 kinase activities are important for viral replication. The findings suggest that HSV-1 activates ATR and Chk1 during early stages of infection and utilizes the enzymes to promote its own replication. The observation may be exploitable for antiviral approaches.
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Eberst L, Brahmi M, Cassier PA. [DNA repair as a therapeutic target]. Bull Cancer 2017; 104:988-998. [PMID: 29132681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of an intact and stable genetic code at each cell division relies on different DNA repair systems. Germline mutations of some of these genes cause cancer predisposition, whereas somatic mutations are frequently found in various cancer types, generating genomic instability. As a consequence, cancer cell becomes more susceptible to additional DNA damage. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA repair pathways exploits this frailty: it triggers more damages than cancer cell can tolerate, finally leading to apoptosis. The success of PARP (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase) inhibitors in BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancer shows the clinical relevance of this strategy. Herein, we explain the functioning of different DNA-repair pathways, describe the implicated proteins, and their close relation with cell-cycle checkpoints. We focus on novel therapeutic agents targeting DNA repair, their clinical results, and discuss challenges of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Eberst
- Centre Léon-Bérard, département de médecine, 28, rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Medhi Brahmi
- Centre Léon-Bérard, département de médecine, 28, rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe A Cassier
- Centre Léon-Bérard, département de médecine, 28, rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France
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44
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Zhao X, Wei C, Li J, Xing P, Li J, Zheng S, Chen X. Cell cycle-dependent control of homologous recombination. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:655-668. [PMID: 28541389 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most deleterious type of DNA lesions threatening genome integrity. Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are two major pathways to repair DSBs. HR requires a homologous template to direct DNA repair, and is generally recognized as a high-fidelity pathway. In contrast, NHEJ directly seals broken ends, but the repair product is often accompanied by sequence alterations. The choice of repair pathways is strictly controlled by the cell cycle. The occurrence of HR is restricted to late S to G2 phases while NHEJ operates predominantly in G1 phase, although it can act throughout most of the cell cycle. Deregulation of repair pathway choice can result in genotoxic consequences associated with cancers. How the cell cycle regulates the choice of HR and NHEJ has been extensively studied in the past decade. In this review, we will focus on the current progresses on how HR is controlled by the cell cycle in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals. Particular attention will be given to how cyclin-dependent kinases modulate DSB end resection, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, repair and processing of recombination intermediates. In addition, we will discuss recent findings on how HR is repressed in G1 and M phases by the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengwen Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Poyuan Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Paths from DNA damage and signaling to genome rearrangements via homologous recombination. Mutat Res 2017; 806:64-74. [PMID: 28779875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant threat to genome integrity. DNA repair and damage signaling networks play a central role maintaining genome stability, suppressing tumorigenesis, and determining tumor response to common cancer chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are critical lesions induced by ionizing radiation and when replication forks encounter damage. DSBs can result in mutations and large-scale genome rearrangements reflecting mis-repair by non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination. Ionizing radiation induces genetic change immediately, and it also triggers delayed events weeks or even years after exposure, long after the initial damage has been repaired or diluted through cell division. This review covers DNA damage signaling and repair pathways and cell fate following genotoxic insult, including immediate and delayed genome instability and cell survival/cell death pathways.
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46
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Tomimatsu N, Mukherjee B, Harris JL, Boffo FL, Hardebeck MC, Potts PR, Khanna KK, Burma S. DNA-damage-induced degradation of EXO1 exonuclease limits DNA end resection to ensure accurate DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10779-10790. [PMID: 28515316 PMCID: PMC5491765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
End resection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to generate 3'-single-stranded DNA facilitates DSB repair via error-free homologous recombination (HR) while stymieing repair by the error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Activation of DNA end resection involves phosphorylation of the 5' to 3' exonuclease EXO1 by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) and by the cyclin-dependent kinases 1 and 2. After activation, EXO1 must also be restrained to prevent over-resection that is known to hamper optimal HR and trigger global genomic instability. However, mechanisms by which EXO1 is restrained are still unclear. Here, we report that EXO1 is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system soon after DSB induction in human cells. ATR inhibition attenuated DNA-damage-induced EXO1 degradation, indicating that ATR-mediated phosphorylation of EXO1 targets it for degradation. In accord with these results, EXO1 became resistant to degradation when its SQ motifs required for ATR-mediated phosphorylation were mutated. We show that upon the induction of DNA damage, EXO1 is ubiquitinated by a member of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) family of ubiquitin ligases in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Importantly, expression of degradation-resistant EXO1 resulted in hyper-resection, which attenuated both NHEJ and HR and severely compromised DSB repair resulting in chromosomal instability. These findings indicate that the coupling of EXO1 activation with its eventual degradation is a timing mechanism that limits the extent of DNA end resection for accurate DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Tomimatsu
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Janelle Louise Harris
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Francesca Ludovica Boffo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università Federico II, Napoli 80131, Italy, and
| | - Molly Catherine Hardebeck
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sandeep Burma
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390,
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47
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Kim HJ, Yun J. Checkpoint-dependent phosphorylation of Med1/TRAP220 in response to DNA damage. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:496-502. [PMID: 28430840 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator complex subunit 1 (Med1)/Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 220 (TRAP220), an essential component of thyroid hormone receptor-associated proteins (TRAP)/mediator, plays important roles in hormone responses and tumorigenesis. However, the role of Med1 in the DNA damage response has not been studied. In this study, we found that DNA damage, resulted from γ-irradiation, ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation, or hydroxyurea, induced phosphorylation of Med1 in vivo. Phosphorylation of Med1 was abrogated by either caffeine or wortmannin treatment, suggesting that Med1 is phosphorylated through the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. A checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1)/checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) consensus phosphorylation motif was identified at Serine 671 of Med1 and Ser671 motif was primarily phosphorylated by Chk2 in vitro. Moreover, the in vivo phosphorylation of Med1 was abrogated by a Chk2 inhibitor, and physical interaction between Chk2 and Med1 was observed, confirming that Chk2 is responsible for Med1 phosphorylation upon DNA damage. These results suggest that Med1 is a novel target for the DNA damage checkpoint pathway and may participate in the DNA damage response. Consistent with this notion, knockdown of Med1 expression caused a significant increase in cellular sensitivity to UV irradiation. Moreover, microarray analysis revealed that the UV-induced activation of the transcription of important regulators of cell cycle control and DNA repair, including p21, Gadd45, Rad50, DnaJ, and RecQL, was impaired upon Med1 knockdown. Taken together, our data suggest that Med1 is a novel target for Chk2-mediated phosphorylation and may play a role in cellular DNA damage responses by mediating proper induction of gene transcription upon DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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48
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Hu A, Huang JJ, Zhang JF, Dai WJ, Li RL, Lu ZY, Duan JL, Li JP, Chen XP, Fan JP, Xu WH, Zheng HL. Curcumin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo through ATM/Chk2/p53-dependent pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50747-50760. [PMID: 28881600 PMCID: PMC5584201 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that curcumin (CUR) exerts its tumor suppressor function in a variety of human cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we aim to test whether CUR affects ATM/Chk2/p53 signaling pathway, leading to the induction of cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis of HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. To this end, we conducted multiple methods such as MTT assay, Invasion assay, Flow cytometry, Western blotting, RT-PCR, and transfection to explore the functions and molecular insights of CUR in HNSCC. We observed that CUR significantly induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, inhibited angiogenesis in HNSCC. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that CUR markedly up-regulated ATM expression and subsequently down-regulated HIF-1α expression. Blockage of ATM production totally reversed CUR induced cell cycle arrest as well as anti-angiogenesis in HNSCC. Moreover, our results demonstrated that CUR exerts its antitumor activity through targeting ATM/Chk2/p53 signal pathway. In addition, the results of xenograft experiments in mice were highly consistent with in vitro studies. Collectively, our findings suggest that targeting ATM/Chk2/p53 signal pathway by CUR could be a promising therapeutic approach for HNSCC prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Jing-Juan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jing-Fei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Wei-Jun Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Rui-Lin Li
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Lu
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun-Li Duan
- Department of Gerontology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ji-Ping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Jing-Ping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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49
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Chayapong J, Madhyastha H, Madhyastha R, Nurrahmah QI, Nakajima Y, Choijookhuu N, Hishikawa Y, Maruyama M. Arsenic trioxide induces ROS activity and DNA damage, leading to G0/G1 extension in skin fibroblasts through the ATM-ATR-associated Chk pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5316-5325. [PMID: 28013460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) toxicity is a global health problem, affecting millions of people. Exposure to arsenic, mostly via drinking water, has been associated with cancer of skin, lungs, and blood, in addition to several kinds of skin lesions. The present study focused on the effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on normal skin fibroblast cells. Specifically, the effect of As2O3 on ROS generation and oxidative stress was investigated. Proteins involved in the DNA damage signaling pathway and cell cycle were also studied. As2O3 induced the generation of intracellular ROS. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a dose-dependent increase in the number of 8-OHdG-positive cells, an indication of oxidative stress. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated that As2O3 caused a significant percentage of cells to accumulate in the G0/G1 phase with a concomitant reduction in the S phase. Increases in the activated forms of DNA damage signaling proteins, ATM and ATR, and their effector molecules, Chk2 and p53, were also observed. In addition, expression of oncogene p21 was also increased. The study shows that exposure of normal skin fibroblast cells to As2O3 could lead to cell cycle arrest through ATM/ATR and DNA damage signaling pathways. In conclusion, we report here that arsenic trioxide increases cellular oxidative stress leading to shift in cell cycle and leads to DNA damage through ATM/ATR and the CHK-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutapon Chayapong
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Queen Intan Nurrahmah
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Narantsog Choijookhuu
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hishikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masugi Maruyama
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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50
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Brown JS, O'Carrigan B, Jackson SP, Yap TA. Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer: Beyond PARP Inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:20-37. [PMID: 28003236 PMCID: PMC5300099 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Germline aberrations in critical DNA-repair and DNA damage-response (DDR) genes cause cancer predisposition, whereas various tumors harbor somatic mutations causing defective DDR/DNA repair. The concept of synthetic lethality can be exploited in such malignancies, as exemplified by approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for treating BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancers. Herein, we detail how cellular DDR processes engage various proteins that sense DNA damage, initiate signaling pathways to promote cell-cycle checkpoint activation, trigger apoptosis, and coordinate DNA repair. We focus on novel therapeutic strategies targeting promising DDR targets and discuss challenges of patient selection and the development of rational drug combinations. SIGNIFICANCE Various inhibitors of DDR components are in preclinical and clinical development. A thorough understanding of DDR pathway complexities must now be combined with strategies and lessons learned from the successful registration of PARP inhibitors in order to fully exploit the potential of DDR inhibitors and to ensure their long-term clinical success. Cancer Discov; 7(1); 20-37. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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