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Ubago-Guisado E, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Ching-López A, Petrova D, Molina-Montes E, Amiano P, Barricarte-Gurrea A, Chirlaque MD, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ. Evidence Update on the Relationship between Diet and the Most Common Cancers from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103582. [PMID: 34684583 PMCID: PMC8540388 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is a multicentre prospective study conducted in 23 centres in 10 European countries. Here we review the findings from EPIC on the relationship between diet-related exposures and incidence or mortality from the four most frequent cancers in the European population: colorectal, breast, lung, and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and identified 110 high-quality studies based on the EPIC cohort. Fruit and vegetable consumption had a protective effect against colorectal, breast, and lung cancer, whereas only fruit had a protective effect against prostate cancer. A higher consumption of fish and lower consumption of red and processed meat were related with a lower risk of colorectal cancer; and higher consumption of fatty fish with lower risk of breast cancer. Calcium and yogurt intake were found to protect against colorectal and prostate cancer. Alcohol consumption increased the risk for colorectal and breast cancer. Finally, adherence to the Mediterranean diet emerged as a protective factor for colorectal and breast cancer. The EPIC study results are in agreement with the latest evidence from leading authorities on cancer prevention and help to inform public prevention policies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.U.-G.); (A.C.-L.); (D.P.); (M.-J.S.)
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.U.-G.); (A.C.-L.); (D.P.); (M.-J.S.)
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Ching-López
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.U.-G.); (A.C.-L.); (D.P.); (M.-J.S.)
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Dafina Petrova
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.U.-G.); (A.C.-L.); (D.P.); (M.-J.S.)
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Molina-Montes
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA) ‘José Mataix’, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte-Gurrea
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Navarra Public Health Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
- Nutrition and Cancer Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute—IDIBELL, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, 18011 Granada, Spain; (E.U.-G.); (A.C.-L.); (D.P.); (M.-J.S.)
- Epidemiology and Control of Chronic Diseases, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-M.); (P.A.); (A.B.-G.); (M.-D.C.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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The Role of O 6-methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Polymorphisms in Prostate Cancer Susceptibility: a Meta-Analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1201-1209. [PMID: 31190217 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To assess the associations between O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase(MGMT) polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk. We retrieved PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase electronic database to search for all eligible studies published from Jan 1, 1970 to Sep 31, 2017 to conduct a Meta-analysis. we identified 11 independent studies in 5 eligible reports, including 5143 cases and 8118 controls. The data suggested that rs12917 was associated with higher PCa risk under the contrast of TT vs CC and recessive model in overall population (TT vs CC: OR = 1.599, 95%CI: 1.007-2.539, P = 0.047; TT vs CC + CT: OR = 1.627, 95%CI: 1.026-2.580, P = 0.038). In subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity, the remarkable association with higher PCa risk was detected under allelic model, dominant model, the contrast of TC vs CC, and the contrast of TC vs CC + TT in Asian population. (T vs C: OR = 1.911, 95%CI: 1.182-3.090, P = 0.008; TC vs CC: OR = 1.948, 95%CI: 1.152-3.295, P = 0.013; TC + TT vs CC: OR = 1.994, 95%CI: 1.190-3.342, P = 0.009; TC vs CC + TT: OR = 1.926, 95%CI: 1.140-3.255, P = 0.014). However, the data suggest the rs2308327 and rs2308321 polymorphisms of the MGMT gene were nor associated with the susceptibility of prostate cancer. Based on the meta-analysis, MGMT rs12917 polymorphism increase the susceptibility to prostate cancer, which can be taken for a diagnosis and screening molecular biomarker for prostate cancer patients.
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Tyagi AK, Khoshbeen MB, Curtis PHD, Uppugunduri CRS, Ansari M. Development and validation of an allele-specific PCR assay for genotyping a promoter and exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms of MGMT gene. J Biol Methods 2018; 5:e92. [PMID: 31453242 PMCID: PMC6706101 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2018.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) specifically remove the methyl/alkyl group from the O6-position of guanine and restore the guanine to its normal form without causing DNA strand breaks. Relationship between MGMT activity and resistance to alkylating therapeutic agents is well established. Non-availability of simple, cost-effective and efficient methods of genotyping may hinder investigations on genotype-phenotype associations. No simple genotyping procedures such as allele-discrimination Taqman Assays were available for two genetic variations in MGMT gene that had previously demonstrated to be affecting its function and expression. These two variants were included to genotype in a clinical study (Clinicaltrail.gov ID: NCT01257854). Hence, the present study is aimed at developing, validating a rapid and simple allele-specific PCR method that genotypes exonic variant rs2308321 (c.520A>G) and a promoter variant rs113813075 (c.-459C>A) with standard PCR instruments. Web-based allele-specific (AS) primer design application called web-based allele-specific primer was used to design primers. Genomic DNA of lymphoblastoid cell line obtained from the Coriell repository with known genotypes were used to standardize the genotyping procedure. The PCR products were analyzed by 3% Agarose gel electrophoresis and by DNA Screen Tape assay with the Agilent 4200 TapeStation. The allele-specific PCR assay described here is a suitable strategy for efficient and reliable genotyping for difficult variants. This method offers cost-effective strategy for genotyping in clinical cohort studies provided positive controls established by Sanger sequencing are available for the variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar Tyagi
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mary Boudal Khoshbeen
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Huezo-Diaz Curtis
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chakradhara Rao S Uppugunduri
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Ansari
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Onco-Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Strzelczyk JK, Krakowczyk Ł, Owczarek AJ. Aberrant DNA methylation of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters in tumours and the surgical margins of patients with oral cavity cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:1896-1904. [PMID: 29896273 PMCID: PMC5995944 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity cancer is a type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality each year. An epigenetic pathway of transcriptional inactivation for many genes has been described in various cancers, including HNSCC. For our study, we selected genes for which silencing caused by hypermethylation can promote cancer development. In 75 primary HNSCC tumours and paired surgical margins, we investigated the methylation status of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters by methylation-specific PCR after bisulphite treatment. The promoter methylation rates of p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 in tumours were 58.67%, 49.33%, 58.67%, 50.67%, and 57.33% and 50.67%, 41.33%, 37.33%, 42.67%, and 25.33% in the surgical margin, respectively. Our observations confirm the presence of epigenetic changes not only in the cancer cells, but also in the surrounding mucosa and represent a basis for further analysis to unravel these complicated issues. Appropriate cancer risk assessment based on epigenetic alterations in surgical margins may influence a patient's diagnosis and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Jordana 19 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Łukasz Krakowczyk
- Clinic of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Str., 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Ostrogórska 30 Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Kopp TI, Vogel U, Tjonneland A, Andersen V. Meat and fiber intake and interaction with pattern recognition receptors (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR10) in relation to colorectal cancer in a Danish prospective, case-cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:465-479. [PMID: 29566186 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meat and dietary fiber are associated with increased and decreased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), respectively. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) regulate the intestinal immune response in a complex interplay between the mucosal epithelium and the microbiota and may therefore be important modulators of diet-induced CRC together with other inflammatory mediators. Objective Our aim was to investigate the association between functional TLR polymorphisms and risk of CRC and the interaction with dietary factors. Additionally, interactions with previously studied polymorphisms in IL10, IL1B, PTGS2, and NFKB1 were assessed in order to examine possible biological pathways in meat-induced CRC. Design A nested case-cohort study of 897 CRC cases and 1689 randomly selected participants from the Danish prospective "Diet, Cancer and Health" study encompassing 57,053 persons was performed using Cox proportional hazard models and the likelihood ratio test. Results We found associations between polymorphisms in TLR2 (P = 0.018) and TLR4 (P = 0.044) and risk of CRC per se, interactions between intake of red and processed meat (10 g/d) and polymorphisms in TLR1 (P-interaction = 0.032) and TLR10 (P-interaction = 0.026 and 0.036), and intake of cereals (50 g/d) and TLR4 (P-interaction = 0.044) in relation to risk of CRC. Intake of red and processed meat also interacted with combinations of polymorphisms in TLR1 and TLR10 and polymorphisms in NFKB1, IL10, IL1B, and PTGS2 (P-interaction; TLR1/rs4833095 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.021, TLR10/rs11096955 × IL10/rs3024505 = 0.047, TLR10/rs11096955 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.017, TLR10/rs4129009 × NFKB1/rs28362491 = 0.027, TLR10/rs4129009 × IL1B/rs4848306 = 0.020, TLR10/rs4129009 × IL1B/rs1143623 = 0.021, TLR10/rs4129009 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.027), whereas intake of dietary fiber (10 g/d) interacted with combinations of polymorphisms in TLR4, IL10, and PTGS2 (P-interaction; TLR4/rs1554973 × IL10/rs3024505 = 0.0012, TLR4/rs1554973 × PTGS2/rs20417 = 0.0041, TLR4/rs1554973 × PTGS2/rs5275 = 0.0064). Conclusions Our study suggests that meat intake may activate TLRs at the epithelial surface, leading to CRC via inflammation by nuclear transcription factor-κB-initiated transcription of inflammatory genes, whereas intake of fiber may protect against CRC via TLR4-mediated secretion of interleukin-10 and cyclooxygenase-2. Our results should be replicated in other prospective cohorts with well-characterized participants. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03250637.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Iskov Kopp
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Vibeke Andersen
- Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, Laboratory Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research-Center Sønderjylland.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Germline variants in IL4, MGMT and AKT1 are associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality: An analysis of 12,082 prostate cancer cases. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 21:228-237. [PMID: 29298992 PMCID: PMC6026113 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-017-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of mortality and genetic factors can influence tumour aggressiveness. Several germline variants have been associated with PCa-specific mortality (PCSM), but further replication evidence is needed. Methods Twenty-two previously identified PCSM-associated genetic variants were genotyped in seven PCa cohorts (12,082 patients; 1544 PCa deaths). For each cohort, Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for risk of PCSM associated with each variant. Data were then combined using a meta-analysis approach. Results Fifteen SNPs were associated with PCSM in at least one of the seven cohorts. In the meta-analysis, after adjustment for clinicopathological factors, variants in the MGMT (rs2308327; HR 0.90; p-value = 3.5 × 10−2) and IL4 (rs2070874; HR 1.22; p-value = 1.1 × 10−3) genes were confirmed to be associated with risk of PCSM. In analyses limited to men diagnosed with local or regional stage disease, a variant in AKT1, rs2494750, was also confirmed to be associated with PCSM risk (HR 0.81; p-value = 3.6 × 10−2). Conclusions This meta-analysis confirms the association of three genetic variants with risk of PCSM, providing further evidence that genetic background plays a role in PCa-specific survival. While these variants alone are not sufficient as prognostic biomarkers, these results may provide insights into the biological pathways modulating tumour aggressiveness.
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Wang HW, Xu ZK, Song Y, Liu YG. Correlations of MGMT genetic polymorphisms with temozolomide resistance and prognosis of patients with malignant gliomas: a population-based study in China. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:215-220. [PMID: 28409559 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the associations of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) genetic polymorphisms (Leu84Phe and Ile143Val) with temozolomide (TMZ) resistance and prognosis of patients with malignant gliomas. A total of 212 patients diagnosed with malignant gliomas were enrolled in this study as the case group. All of these patients took oral TMZ and were assigned into the TMZ-sensitive (complete response+partial response) and the TMZ-resistant (stable disease+progressive disease) groups based on the clinical response after chemotherapy. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to identify the gene polymorphism of Leu84Phe and Ile143Val. The survival time and survival outcomes of all the patients were obtained by follow-up. There were significant differences in the genotype and allele of Leu84Phe between the TMZ-sensitive and the TMZ-resistant groups. The CT, TT and CT+TT genotypes and the T allele of MGMT gene Leu84Phe may be associated with increasing TMZ resistance in patients with malignant gliomas. Logistic regression analysis showed that Leu84Phe of MGMT gene and pathological grade were independent risk factors for the increase of TMZ resistance in patients with malignant gliomas. Kaplan-Meier survival curve revealed that the average survival time of patients with the CT+TT and CC genotypes of Leu84Phe in the two groups was statistically significant. COX regression analysis showed that Leu84Phe, degree of resection and pathological grade were independent prognostic factors for patients with malignant gliomas. Our study demonstrates that Leu84Phe of MGMT gene might be a risk factor of TMZ resistance and poor prognosis of patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Z-K Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-G Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Ray D, Kidane D. Gut Microbiota Imbalance and Base Excision Repair Dynamics in Colon Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:1421-30. [PMID: 27471558 PMCID: PMC4964126 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are required for host nutrition, energy balance, and regulating immune homeostasis, however, in some cases, this mutually beneficial relationship becomes twisted (dysbiosis), and the gut flora can incite pathological disorders including colon cancer. Microbial dysbiosis promotes the release of bacterial genotoxins, metabolites, and causes chronic inflammation, which promote oxidative DNA damage. Oxidized DNA base lesions are removed by base excision repair (BER), however, the role of this altered function of BER, as well as microbiota-mediated genomic instability and colon cancer development, is still poorly understood. In this review article, we will discuss how dysbiotic microbiota induce DNA damage, its impact on base excision repair capacity, the potential link of host BER gene polymorphism, and the risk of dysbiotic microbiota mediated genomic instability and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Ray
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, United States
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Ngollo M, Dagdemir A, Karsli-Ceppioglu S, Judes G, Pajon A, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon DJ. Epigenetic modifications in prostate cancer. Epigenomics 2015; 6:415-26. [PMID: 25333850 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in France. Apart from the genetic alterations in prostate cancer, epigenetics modifications are involved in the development and progression of this disease. Epigenetic events are the main cause in gene regulation and the three most epigenetic mechanisms studied include DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA expression. In this review, we summarized epigenetic mechanisms in prostate cancer. Epigenetic drugs that inhibit DNA methylation, histone methylation and histone acetylation might be able to reactivate silenced gene expression in prostate cancer. However, further understanding of interactions of these enzymes and their effects on transcription regulation in prostate cancer is needed and has become a priority in biomedical research. In this study, we summed up epigenetic changes with emphasis on pharmacologic epigenetic target agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Ngollo
- Department of Oncogenetics, Centre Jean Perrin, CBRV, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Winter JM, Hu Y, Young GP, Kohonen-Corish MRJ, Le Leu RK. Role of Red Meat and Resistant Starch in Promutagenic Adduct Formation, MGMT Repair, Thymic Lymphoma and Intestinal Tumourigenesis in Msh2 -Deficient Mice. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2015; 7:299-313. [PMID: 26022687 DOI: 10.1159/000381675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Red meat may increase promutagenic lesions in the colon. Resistant starch (RS) can reduce these lesions and chemically induced colon tumours in rodents. Msh2 is a mismatch repair (MMR) protein, recognising unrepaired promutagenic adducts for removal. We determined if red meat and/or RS modulated DNA adducts or oncogenesis in Msh2-deficient mice. A total of 100 Msh2-/- and 60 wild-type mice consumed 1 of 4 diets for 6 months: control, RS, red meat and red meat+RS. Survival time, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), colon and small intestinal tumours, lymphoma, colonic O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O6MeG) adducts, methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and cell proliferation were examined. In Msh2-/- mice, red meat enhanced survival compared to control (p<0.01) and lowered total tumour burden compared to RS (p<0.167). Msh2-/- mice had more ACF than wild-type mice (p<0.014), but no colon tumours developed. Msh2-/- increased cell proliferation (p<0.001), lowered DNA O6MeG adducts (p<0.143) and enhanced MGMT protein levels (p<0.001) compared to wild-type mice, with RS supplementation also protecting against DNA adducts (p<0.01). No link between red meat-induced promutagenic adducts and risk for colorectal cancer was observed after 6 months' feeding. Colonic epithelial changes after red meat and RS consumption with MMR deficiency will differ from normal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Winter
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, Bedford Park, S.A., Australia
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François M, Leifert W, Tellam R, Fenech M. G-quadruplexes: A possible epigenetic target for nutrition. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 764:101-7. [PMID: 26041269 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4) are highly stable tetra-stranded secondary DNA structures known to mediate gene regulation. These structures are resolved by DNA helicases and are believed to be a causal factor in the phenotype of premature ageing disorders following mutations in DNA helicase genes. The relevance of G4 structures in ageing may be further implicated by their dynamic relationship with DNA modification mechanisms. When DNA methylation and oxidation occur at the vicinity of G4 elements, they can affect the stability of G4 structures which may in turn mediate gene expression resulting in deleterious effects on genome integrity. Therefore, the influence of nutritional deficiencies or excess on oxidation and methylation mechanisms may be contributing factors affecting the stability of G4 structures and their balance in the human genome. We propose that dietary nutrients such as folate and antioxidants may play a beneficial role in reducing G4-induced DNA damage through changes in G4 structure stability. The current knowledge advocates the importance of resolving G4 structures by DNA helicases for sustained genome integrity, and the existence of stability changes in G4 structures when associated with DNA methylation and oxidation modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Nutrigenomics and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Wayne Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Nutrigenomics and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Ross Tellam
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Nutrigenomics and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Abstract
A number of studies have evaluated the role of gene-diet interaction in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). Historically, these studies focused on established dietary risk factors and genes involved in their metabolism. However, results from these candidate gene studies were inconsistent, possibly due to multiple testing and publication bias. In recent years, genome-wide association studies have identified a number of CRC susceptibility loci, and subsequent meta-analyses have observed limited evidence that diet may modify the risk associated with these susceptibility loci. Statistical techniques have been recently developed to evaluate the presence of interaction across the entire genome; results from these genome-wide studies have demonstrated limited evidence of interaction and have failed to replicate results from candidate gene studies and those using established susceptibility loci. However, larger sample sizes are likely needed to elucidate modest or weak interaction in genome-wide studies of gene-diet interaction.
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Liu J, Zhang R, Chen F, Yu C, Sun Y, Jia C, Zhang L, Salahuddin T, Li X, Lang J, Song X. MGMT Leu84Phe polymorphism contributes to cancer susceptibility: evidence from 44 case-control studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75367. [PMID: 24086516 PMCID: PMC3784571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is one of the few proteins to directly remove alkylating agents in the human DNA direct reversal repair pathway. A large number of case-control studies have been conducted to explore the association between MGMT Leu84Phe polymorphism and cancer risk. However, the results were not consistent. Methods We carried out a meta-analysis of 44 case-control studies to clarify the association between the Leu84Phe polymorphism and cancer risk. Results Overall, significant association of the T allele with cancer susceptibility was verified with meta-analysis under a recessive genetic model (P<0.001, OR=1.30, 95%CI 1.24-1.50) and TT versus CC comparison (P=0.001, OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.12-1.50). In subgroup analysis, a significant increased risk was found for lung cancer (TT versus CC, P=0.027, OR=1.67, 95% CI 1.06-2.63; recessive genetic model, P=0.32, OR=1.64, 95% CI 1.04-2.58), whereas risk of colorectal cancer was significantly low under a dominant genetic model (P=0.019, OR=0.84, 95% CI 0.72-0.97). Additionally, a significant association between TT genetic model and total cancer risk was found in the Caucasian population (TT versus CC, P=0.014, OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.59; recessive genetic model, P=0.009, OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.07-1.61), but not in the Asian population. An increased risk for lung cancer was also verified in the Caucasian population (TT versus CC, P=0.035, OR=1.62, 95% CI 1.04-2.53; recessive genetic model, P=0.048, OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.45). Conclusions These results suggest that MGMT Leu84Phe polymorphism might contribute to the susceptibility of certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renxia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical School of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cuicui Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical School of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical School of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanliang Jia
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical School of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Binzhou Medical School, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical School of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical School, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Taufiq Salahuddin
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Li
- The 3People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juntian Lang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XS); (J. Lang)
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical School of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (XS); (J. Lang)
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Du L, Wang H, Xiong T, Ma Y, Yang J, Huang J, Zeng D, Wang X, Huang H, Huang J. The polymorphisms in the MGMT gene and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3227-37. [PMID: 23760981 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the MGMT gene have been implicated in susceptibility to cancer, but the published studies have reported inconclusive results. The objective of the current study was to investigate the genetic risk of polymorphisms in the MGMT gene for cancer. A meta-analysis was carried out to analyze the association between polymorphisms in the MGMT gene and cancer risk. Five polymorphisms (Leu84Phe, Leu53Leu, Ile143Val, Lys178Arg, and -485C/A) with 98 case-control studies from 49 articles were analyzed. The results indicated that individuals who carried the Phe/Phe homozygote genotype of Leu84Phe had a 31 % increased risk of cancer compared with the Leu allele (Leu + Leu/Phe) carriers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.15-1.52, P < 0.0001 for Phe/Phe vs. Phe/Leu + Leu/Leu). However, there was no significant association between the risk of cancer and the other four polymorphisms (Leu53Leu, Ile143Val, Lys178Arg, and -485C/A). In further stratified analyses for the Leu84Phe and Ile143Val polymorphisms, the increased risk of cancer remained in subgroups of Caucasians, patients with esophageal cancer for the Leu84Phe polymorphism, and patients with lung cancer for the Ile143Val polymorphism. Results from the current meta-analysis suggested that Leu84Phe and Ile143Val in the MGMT gene are risk factors for cancer. In the future, more studies should be performed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Du
- West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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Andersen V, Holst R, Vogel U. Systematic review: diet-gene interactions and the risk of colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:383-91. [PMID: 23216531 PMCID: PMC3565452 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet contributes significantly to colorectal cancer (CRC) aetiology and may be potentially modifiable. AIM To review diet-gene interactions, aiming to further the understanding of the underlying biological pathways in CRC development. METHODS The PubMed and Medline were systematically searched for prospective studies in relation to diet, colorectal cancer and genetics. RESULTS In a meta-analysis, no interaction between NAT1 phenotypes and meat intake in relation to risk of CRC was found (P-value for interaction 0.95). We found a trend towards interaction between NAT2 phenotypes and meat intake in relation to risk of CRC. High meat intake was not associated with risk of CRC among carriers of the slow NAT2 phenotype, whereas NAT2 fast acetylators with high meat intake were at increased risk of CRC (OR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92-2.01) compared with slow acetylators with low meat intake (reference), P-value for interaction = 0.07. Low meat intake in the studied populations may influence the result. Interactions between meat, cruciferous vegetables, fibres, calcium, vitamins, and alcohol and ABCB1, NFKB1, GSTM1, GSTT1, CCND1, VDR, MGTM, IL10 and PPARG are suggested. CONCLUSIONS A number of interactions between genetic variation and diet are suggested, but the findings need replication in independent, prospective, and well-characterised cohorts before conclusions regarding the underlying biological mechanisms can be reached. When the above criteria are met, studies on diet-gene interactions may contribute valuable insight into the biological mechanisms underlying the role of various dietary items in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Andersen
- Medical Department, Hospital of Southern JutlandAabenraa, Denmark,Institute of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark,Medical Department, RHV ViborgViborg, Denmark
| | - R Holst
- Institute of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
| | - U Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Senthong P, Millington CL, Wilkinson OJ, Marriott AS, Watson AJ, Reamtong O, Eyers CE, Williams DM, Margison GP, Povey AC. The nitrosated bile acid DNA lesion O6-carboxymethylguanine is a substrate for the human DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3047-55. [PMID: 23335782 PMCID: PMC3597670 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of red meat is a risk factor in human colorectal cancer (CRC). One hypothesis is that red meat facilitates the nitrosation of bile acid conjugates and amino acids, which rapidly convert to DNA-damaging carcinogens. Indeed, the toxic and mutagenic DNA adduct O6-carboxymethylguanine (O6-CMG) is frequently present in human DNA, increases in abundance in people with high levels of dietary red meat and may therefore be a causative factor in CRC. Previous reports suggested that O6-CMG is not a substrate for the human version of the DNA damage reversal protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which protects against the genotoxic effects of other O6-alkylguanine lesions by removing alkyl groups from the O6-position. We now show that synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing the known MGMT substrate O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) or O6-CMG effectively inactivate MGMT in vitro (IC50 0.93 and 1.8 nM, respectively). Inactivation involves the removal of the O6-alkyl group and its transfer to the active-site cysteine residue of MGMT. O6-CMG is therefore an MGMT substrate, and hence MGMT is likely to be a protective factor in CRC under conditions where O6-CMG is a potential causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattama Senthong
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Christmann M, Kaina B. O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT): impact on cancer risk in response to tobacco smoke. Mutat Res 2012; 736:64-74. [PMID: 21708177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco, smoked, snuffed and chewed, contains powerful mutagens and carcinogens. At least three of them, N-dimethylnitrosamine, N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, attack DNA at the O(6)-position of guanine. The resulting O(6)-alkylguanine adducts are repaired by the suicide enzyme O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is known to protect against the mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of monofunctional alkylating agents. While in rat liver MGMT was shown to be subject to regulation by genotoxic stress leading to adaptive changes in its activity, in humans evidence of adaptive modulation of MGMT levels is still lacking. Several polymorphisms are known, which are suspected to impact on the risk of developing cancer. In this review we focus on three questions: (a) Has tobacco consumption by smoking or chewing an impact on MGMT expression and MGMT promoter methylation in normal and tumor tissue? (b) Is there an association between MGMT polymorphisms and cancer risk and is this risk related to smoking? (c) Does MGMT protect against tobacco-associated cancer? There are several lines of evidence for an increase of MGMT activity in the normal tissue of smokers compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, in tumors developed in smokers a tendency towards an increase of MGMT expression was found. The data points to the possibility that agents in tobacco smoke are able to trigger upregulation of MGMT in normal and tumor tissue. For MGMT promoter methylation data is conflicting. There is some evidence for an association between MGMT polymorphisms and smoking-induced cancer risk. The key question whether or not MGMT protects against tobacco smoke-induced cancer is difficult to answer since prospective studies on smokers versus non-smokers are lacking and appropriate animal studies with MGMT transgenic mice exposed to the complex mixture of tobacco smoke have not been performed, which indicates the need for further explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Tomlinson IPM, Houlston RS, Montgomery GW, Sieber OM, Dunlop MG. Investigation of the effects of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on the risk of colorectal cancer. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:219-23. [PMID: 22294770 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their prime candidate status, polymorphisms near genes involved in DNA repair or in other functions related to genome stability have been conspicuously under-represented in the significant associations reported from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of cancer susceptibility. In this study, we assessed a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near 157 DNA repair genes in three colorectal cancer (CRC) GWAS. Although no individual SNP showed evidence of association, the set of SNPs as a whole was associated with colorectal cancer risk. When candidate SNPs were examined, our data did not support most of the previously reported associations with CRC susceptibility, an exception being an effect of the MLH1 promoter SNP -93G>A (rs1800734). Rare variants in CHEK2 (I157T and possibly del1100C) also appear to be associated with CRC risk. Overall, the absence to date of disease-associated DNA repair SNPs in cancer GWAS may be explained by a combination of the following: (i) many loci with individually very small effects on risk; (ii) rare alleles of moderate effect and (iii) subgroups of CRC, such as those with microsatellite instability, associated with specific variants. It will be particularly intriguing to determine whether any GWAS across cancer types identify DNA variants that predispose to cancers of more than one site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P M Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory and Oxford NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Dong X, Li Y, Chang P, Hess KR, Abbruzzese JL, Li D. DNA mismatch repair network gene polymorphism as a susceptibility factor for pancreatic cancer. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:491-9. [PMID: 21681824 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair plays a critical role in human cancers. We hypothesized that DNA mismatch repair gene variants are associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. We retrospectively genotyped 102 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 13 mismatch repair related genes in 706 patients with pancreatic cancer and 706 cancer-free controls using the mass spectroscopy-based MassArray method. Association of genotype with pancreatic cancer risk was tested by multivariate logistic regression models. A significance level of P ≤ 0.0015 was set at the false discovery rate (FDR) <1% using the Beta-Uniform Mixture method. We found 28 SNPs related to altered pancreatic cancer risk (P < 0.05). Adjusting for multiple comparisons, MGMT I143V AG/GG, PMS2 IVS1-1121C > T TC/TT, and PMS2L3 Ex1 + 118C > T CT/TT genotypes showed significant main effects on pancreatic cancer risk at FDR <1% with OR (95% CI) of 0.60 (0.46-0.80), 1.44 (1.14-1.81), and 5.54 (2.10-14.61), respectively (P ≤ 0.0015). To demonstrate genotype-phenotype association, we measured O(6)-ethylguanosine (O(6)-EtGua) adduct levels in vitro by immunoslot blot assay in lymphocytes treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in 297 case/control subjects. MGMT I143V GG, MGMT K178R GG, MSH6 G39E AG/AA, PMS2L3 IVS3 + 9A > G GA and TP73 IVS1-7449G > C CG/CC genotypes correlated with a higher level of ENU-induced DNA adducts. Haplotypes of MGMT, MSH6, PMS2, PMS2L3, and TP73 were significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk (P ≤ 0.0015). Our findings suggest that mismatch repair gene variants may affect susceptibility to pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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