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Tessmer I, Margison GP. The DNA Alkyltransferase Family of DNA Repair Proteins: Common Mechanisms, Diverse Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:463. [PMID: 38203633 PMCID: PMC10779285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA alkyltransferase and alkyltransferase-like family proteins are responsible for the repair of highly mutagenic and cytotoxic O6-alkylguanine and O4-alkylthymine bases in DNA. Their mechanism involves binding to the damaged DNA and flipping the base out of the DNA helix into the active site pocket in the protein. Alkyltransferases then directly and irreversibly transfer the alkyl group from the base to the active site cysteine residue. In contrast, alkyltransferase-like proteins recruit nucleotide excision repair components for O6-alkylguanine elimination. One or more of these proteins are found in all kingdoms of life, and where this has been determined, their overall DNA repair mechanism is strictly conserved between organisms. Nevertheless, between species, subtle as well as more extensive differences that affect target lesion preferences and/or introduce additional protein functions have evolved. Examining these differences and their functional consequences is intricately entwined with understanding the details of their DNA repair mechanism(s) and their biological roles. In this review, we will present and discuss various aspects of the current status of knowledge on this intriguing protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Tessmer
- Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey P. Margison
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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Aloisi CMN, Escher NA, Kim HS, Geisen SM, Fontana GA, Yeo JE, Schärer OD, Sturla SJ. A combination of direct reversion and nucleotide excision repair counters the mutagenic effects of DNA carboxymethylation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 110:103262. [PMID: 35030424 PMCID: PMC9232693 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Distinct cellular DNA damage repair pathways maintain the structural integrity of DNA and protect it from the mutagenic effects of genotoxic exposures and processes. The occurrence of O6-carboxymethylguanine (O6-CMG) has been linked to meat consumption and hypothesized to contribute to the development of colorectal cancer. However, the cellular fate of O6-CMG is poorly characterized and there is contradictory data in the literature as to how repair pathways may protect cells from O6-CMG mutagenicity. To better address how cells detect and remove O6-CMG, we evaluated the role of two DNA repair pathways in counteracting the accumulation and toxic effects of O6-CMG. We found that cells deficient in either the direct repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), or key components of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, accumulate higher levels O6-CMG DNA adducts than wild type cells. Furthermore, repair-deficient cells were more sensitive to carboxymethylating agents and displayed an increased mutation rate. These findings suggest that a combination of direct repair and NER circumvent the effects O6-CMG DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M N Aloisi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora A Escher
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Susanne M Geisen
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele A Fontana
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jung-Eun Yeo
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Aloisi CMN, Sandell ES, Sturla SJ. A Chemical Link between Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Development? Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:12-23. [PMID: 33417435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
O6-carboxymethylguanine (O6-CMG) is a mutagenic DNA adduct that forms at increased levels when people eat meat. It has been studied as a potential initiating event in colorectal carcinogenesis. It can arise from alkylation of guanine in DNA by electrophilic degradation products of N-nitroso compounds. There is significant data regarding biochemical and cellular process, including DNA repair and translesion DNA synthesis that control O6-CMG accumulation, persistence, and mutagenicity. Mutation spectra arising from the adduct closely resemble common mutations in colorectal cancer; however, gaps remain in understanding the biochemical processes that regulate how and where the damage persists in the genome. Addressing such questions relies on advances in chemistry such as synthesis approaches and bioanalytical methods. Results of research in this area help advance our understanding of the toxicological relevance of O6-CMG-modified DNA. Further attention should focus on understanding how a combination of genetic and environmental factors control its biological persistence and how this information can be used as a basis of biomoniotoring and prevention efforts to help mitigate colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M N Aloisi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emma S Sandell
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Alkyltransferase-like protein clusters scan DNA rapidly over long distances and recruit NER to alkyl-DNA lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9318-9328. [PMID: 32273391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916860117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylation of guanine bases in DNA is detrimental to cells due to its high mutagenic and cytotoxic potential and is repaired by the alkyltransferase AGT. Additionally, alkyltransferase-like proteins (ATLs), which are structurally similar to AGTs, have been identified in many organisms. While ATLs are per se catalytically inactive, strong evidence has suggested that ATLs target alkyl lesions to the nucleotide excision repair system (NER). Using a combination of single-molecule and ensemble approaches, we show here recruitment of UvrA, the initiating enzyme of prokaryotic NER, to an alkyl lesion by ATL. We further characterize lesion recognition by ATL and directly visualize DNA lesion search by highly motile ATL and ATL-UvrA complexes on DNA at the molecular level. Based on the high similarity of ATLs and the DNA-interacting domain of AGTs, our results provide important insight in the lesion search mechanism, not only by ATL but also by AGT, thus opening opportunities for controlling the action of AGT for therapeutic benefit during chemotherapy.
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Kotsarenko K, Lylo V, Ruban T, Macewicz L, Lukash L. Effects of Some Growth Factors and Cytokines on the Expression of the Repair Enzyme MGMT and Protein MARP in Human Cells In Vitro : Effect of Some Growth Factors and Cytokines. Biochem Genet 2018; 56:459-477. [PMID: 29589213 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The inducible repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) eliminates O6-methylguanine adducts in DNA and protects the cells from damaging effects of alkylating agents. We have found that anti-MGMT antibodies recognize both the MGMT protein with a mol. weight ~ 24 kDa and a protein with a mol. weight ~ 48 kDa, which was named MARP (anti-methyltransferase antibody recognizable protein). A number of growth factors and cytokines were shown to regulate the expression of MGMT and MARP proteins. The ranges of concentrations of several growth factors and cytokines that caused increasing or decreasing protein amounts in human cell cultures were determined. The results of special biological experiments have allowed us to assume a possible role of MARP in the repair of alkyl adducts in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Kotsarenko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branisovska 1760, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Valentyna Lylo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Ruban
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Macewicz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine
| | - Lyubov Lukash
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine
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Antimutagenic activity of vitamin B1 against damages induced by chemical and physical mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:202-206. [PMID: 28927723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient acting mainly as an enzymatic cofactor on diverse cell processes. It has been reported that vitamin B1 has a significant role in the signaling pathways related to the response to adverse environmental conditions (chemical and physical). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimutagenic potential of vitamin B1 in front of DNA-alkylating agents in the presence/absence of ogt and ada repairing genes in Salmonella typhimurium strains and against damage induced by ultraviolet light type C in Escherichia coli strains mutated at the uvrABC system and recBCD enzymes. For S. typhimurium, an antimutagenesis test (Ames test) was performed using strains deficient in one or both genes (YG7100 ada-/ogt+, YG7104 ada+/ogt-, YG7108 ada-/ogt-). For E. coli, mutated strains (K-12 derived strains Hfr H180 uvrB+/recA+, W3110 uvrB+/recA- and ATCC®8739 uvrB-/recA+) were exposed to UV-C light at different time intervals, with and without vitamin B1. Our results showed that thiamine is an antimutagen against methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine only when the ogt gene is present. While for E. coli, the presence of vitamin B1 increased the survival rate, implying an antimutagenesis independent of uvrABC repairing system and recBCD enzymes.
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Mikhed Y, Görlach A, Knaus UG, Daiber A. Redox regulation of genome stability by effects on gene expression, epigenetic pathways and DNA damage/repair. Redox Biol 2015; 5:275-289. [PMID: 26079210 PMCID: PMC4475862 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (e.g. H2O2, nitric oxide) confer redox regulation of essential cellular signaling pathways such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. In addition, classical regulation of gene expression or activity, including gene transcription to RNA followed by translation to the protein level, by transcription factors (e.g. NF-κB, HIF-1α) and mRNA binding proteins (e.g. GAPDH, HuR) is subject to redox regulation. This review will give an update of recent discoveries in this field, and specifically highlight the impact of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species on DNA repair systems that contribute to genomic stability. Emphasis will be placed on the emerging role of redox mechanisms regulating epigenetic pathways (e.g. miRNA, DNA methylation and histone modifications). By providing clinical correlations we discuss how oxidative stress can impact on gene regulation/activity and vise versa, how epigenetic processes, other gene regulatory mechanisms and DNA repair can influence the cellular redox state and contribute or prevent development or progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Mikhed
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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