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Thapa R, Afzal O, Bhat AA, Goyal A, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Almalki WH, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Singh SK, Dua K, Thangavelu L, Gupta G. New horizons in lung cancer management through ATR/CHK1 pathway modulation. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1807-1818. [PMID: 37877252 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Molecular profiling has contributed to a new classification of lung cancer, driving advancements in research and therapy. The ataxia telangiectasia and rad3/checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR/CHK1) pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability, and its activation has been linked to the development of lung cancer, drug resistance and poor prognosis. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results in targeting this pathway. ATR and CHK1 are proteins that collaborate to repair DNA damage caused by radiation or chemotherapy. ATR/CHK1 inhibitors are currently under investigation in preclinical and clinical trials. This article explores the ATR/CHK1 pathway and its potential for treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thapa
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Ahmad Bhat
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, U.P., India
| | | | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo-NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University Dehradun, 248007, India
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Wang M, Xie C. DNA Damage Repair and Current Therapeutic Approaches in Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Front Genet 2022; 13:931866. [PMID: 36035159 PMCID: PMC9412963 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.931866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA in cells is frequently damaged by endogenous and exogenous agents. However, comprehensive mechanisms to combat and repair DNA damage have evolved to ensure genomic stability and integrity. Improper DNA damage repair may result in various diseases, including some types of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, DNA damage repair mechanisms have been proposed as novel antitumor drug targets. To date, numerous drugs targeting DNA damage mechanisms have been developed. For example, PARP inhibitors that elicit synthetic lethality are widely used in individualized cancer therapies. In this review, we describe the latent DNA damage repair mechanisms in gastric cancer, the types of DNA damage that can contribute to the development of gastric cancer, and new therapeutic approaches for gastric cancer that target DNA damage repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Brooks T, Wayne J, Massey AJ. Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibition fails to activate the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) innate immune signalling in a human coculture cancer system. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:19. [PMID: 35006469 PMCID: PMC8607375 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilising Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitors to increase cytoplasmic DNA may be a potential strategy to increase the sensitivity of tumours to immune checkpoint modulators. The appearance of DNA in the cytoplasm can drive Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-2',3'-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (cGAS-cGAMP-STING) inflammatory, anti-tumour T-cell activity via a type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB response. In the THP1-Dual reporter cell line, the STING agonist cGAMP activated both reporters, and increased phosphorylation of the innate immune pathway signallers Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) and Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) 3. Inhibition of Chk1 increased TBK1 but not IRF3 phosphorylation and did not induce IRF or NF-κB reporter activation. cGAMP induced a Type I IFN response in THP1 cells whereas inhibition of Chk1 did not. HT29 or HCC1937 cell treatment with a Chk1 inhibitor increased cytoplasmic dsDNA in treated HCC1937 but not HT29 cells and increased IRF reporter activation in cocultured THP1-Dual cells. HT29 cells pre-treated with gemcitabine or camptothecin had elevated cytoplasmic dsDNA and IRF reporter activation in cocultured THP1-Dual cells. Camptothecin or gemcitabine plus a Chk1 inhibitor increased cytoplasmic dsDNA but Chk1 inhibition suppressed IRF reporter activation in cocultured THP1 cells. In THP1-Dual cells treated with cGAMP, Chk1 inhibition suppressed the activation of the IRF reporter compared to cGAMP alone. These results suggest that, in some cellular models, there is little evidence to support the combination of Chk1 inhibitors with immune checkpoint modulators and, in some combination regimes, may even prove deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Brooks
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, UK
| | - Joanne Wayne
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, UK
| | - Andrew J Massey
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, UK.
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