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Zhang L, Tian X, Sun L, Mi K, Wang R, Gong F, Huang L. Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors Reduce Antibiotic Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:170. [PMID: 38399231 PMCID: PMC10892612 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a growing problem worldwide, and the number of deaths due to drug resistance is increasing every year. We must pay great attention to bacterial resistance. Otherwise, we may go back to the pre-antibiotic era and have no drugs on which to rely. Bacterial resistance is the result of several causes, with efflux mechanisms widely recognised as a significant factor in the development of resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial medications. Efflux pump inhibitors, small molecules capable of restoring the effectiveness of existing antibiotics, are considered potential solutions to antibiotic resistance and have been an active area of research in recent years. This article provides a review of the efflux mechanisms of common clinical pathogenic bacteria and their efflux pump inhibitors and describes the effects of efflux pump inhibitors on biofilm formation, bacterial virulence, the formation of bacterial persister cells, the transfer of drug resistance among bacteria, and mismatch repair. Numerous efforts have been made in the past 20 years to find novel efflux pump inhibitors which are known to increase the effectiveness of medicines against multidrug-resistant strains. Therefore, the application of efflux pump inhibitors has excellent potential to address and reduce bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (X.T.); (L.S.); (K.M.); (R.W.); (F.G.)
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (X.T.); (L.S.); (K.M.); (R.W.); (F.G.)
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (X.T.); (L.S.); (K.M.); (R.W.); (F.G.)
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kun Mi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (X.T.); (L.S.); (K.M.); (R.W.); (F.G.)
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ru Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (X.T.); (L.S.); (K.M.); (R.W.); (F.G.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (X.T.); (L.S.); (K.M.); (R.W.); (F.G.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Z.); (X.T.); (L.S.); (K.M.); (R.W.); (F.G.)
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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