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Ávila G, Catozzi C, Pravettoni D, Sala G, Martino P, Meroni G, Lecchi C, Ceciliani F. In vitro effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on inflammatory functions of bovine monocytes. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8554-8563. [PMID: 32684447 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, a group of naturally occurring isomers of the essential fatty acid (FA) linoleic acid, have received special attention in animal and human nutrition. Although they have long been used as dietary integrators in dairy cows, the effects of CLA isomers on bovine immune cells remain mostly undisclosed. The present study aimed to cover this gap and investigate the in vitro effects of CLA on inflammatory functions, including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing capability, and extracellular respiratory burst of purified bovine monocytes (CD14+). The apoptosis rate of monocytes was addressed as well. Once assessed, the effects of different concentrations (10, 50, 100, and 500 μM) of the 2 main CLA isomers, namely cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12, the experiments were carried out using a concentration of 50 μM of the CLA isomers, both individually and in a mixture (50:50). The immunomodulatory activities of linoleic acid, an essential FA, and stearic acid, a saturated FA, were also investigated. Only the 50:50 CLA mixture was able to reduce monocyte apoptosis and to increase the extracellular respiratory burst during experimental proinflammatory conditions, as assessed by measuring production of reactive oxygen species. Linoleic acid and CLA had no effects on chemotaxis, phagocytosis, or killing capability. Remarkably, treatment of monocytes with stearic acid significantly reduced their chemotactic capability. The present results demonstrated that CLA isomers do have immunomodulatory effects on some functions of bovine monocytes, and that the mixture of the 2 CLA isomers is more effective than the CLA isomers individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ávila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy
| | - C Catozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy
| | - D Pravettoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy
| | - G Sala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy
| | - P Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy
| | - G Meroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy
| | - C Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy
| | - F Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Milano, Italy.
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Loor JJ, Garnsworthy PC. Effect of different exogenous fatty acids on the cytosolic triacylglycerol content in bovine mammary cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:202-208. [PMID: 31193913 PMCID: PMC6544569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine how cytosolic triacylglycerols (TAG) are stored in mammary cells and whether this depends on the individual chemical configuration of fatty acids (FA). This objective was accomplished by addition of different FA to a FA-free medium used to culture mammary alveolar cells-large T antigen cells (MAC-T). Treatments consisted of adding FA (palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, rumenic acid [CLA], elaidate and vaccinate) solutions to the medium at 100, 200, 300 and 400 mmol/L concentrations for a 24-h incubation period. At the end of each incubation period, cytosolic TAG, DNA and protein contents were measured. Palmitate, vaccenate, linoleate and CLA increased (P < 0.05) cytosolic TAG (μg/mg protein). Palmitate and CLA increased (P < 0.05) cytosolic TAG adjusted for DNA content. Overall, effects on cytosolic TAG accumulation depended on individual FA structure (chain length, degree of saturation, and number and orientation of FA double bonds). In addition, the long-chain FA used in this study did not have a detrimental effect on MAC-T cells as indicated by cytosolic protein and DNA contents reflecting their biological role in lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Philip C Garnsworthy
- The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Urio M, Sandri E, Ticiani E, Oliveira D. Technical Note: Culturing sheep lactating mammary explants for gene expression studies. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Berryhill GE, Trott JF, Derpinghaus AL, Hovey RC. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM/BOLFA: Dietary regulation of allometric ductal growth in the mammary glands. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5664-5674. [PMID: 29293798 PMCID: PMC6292269 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammary gland growth and development in females is a lifelong process, it builds on isometric and allometric phases of mammary growth to establish a complex ductal network before and during puberty. Only then can other phases of branching and alveologenesis, differentiation, lactation, and involution proceed. Although the ductal network of various species differs in its histomorphology, all glands undergo a common phase of allometric growth when the mammary ducts penetrate into the supporting stromal microenvironment. Perhaps not surprisingly, different aspects of diet and nutrition can influence this allometric growth, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we outline some of the fundamental aspects of how allometric ductal growth in the mammary glands of various species is influenced by diet and nutrition and identify opportunities and questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Berryhill
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - J. F. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - A. L. Derpinghaus
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - R. C. Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
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Lee JS, Lim JN, Wang T, Lee SB, Hwang JH, Jung US, Kim MJ, Choi SH, Ishizuka S, Lee HG. Physiological concentrations of trans-11 18:1 vaccenic acid suppress pro-inflammatory markers under acute inflammation in isolated ICR mice splenocytes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:275-281. [PMID: 30263268 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct influences of dietary trans-11 18:1 vaccenic acid (TVA) at physiological concentrations of 50-200 μM were evaluated for cell growth, cytotoxic activity, and cytokine production in leukocytes isolated from the mouse spleen. TVA supplementation for 24 h induced growth of splenocytes at concentrations of 50-200 μM, except for 100 μM. The cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-10 of splenocytes were stimulated by 100 μM TVA. Induced production of TNFα in splenocytes challenged with lipopolisaccharides was suppressed by 100 μM TVA. Physiological levels of TVA had direct effects on growth and cytokine production in splenocytes. Further in vivo studies are needed to improve understanding of the precise influence of trans fatty acids on production of pro-inflammatory markers under acute inflammation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Lee
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Ji-Na Lim
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Tao Wang
- 2College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Sang-Bum Lee
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Hwang
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - U-Suk Jung
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- 3Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Korea
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- 4Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808 Japan
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
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Wang T, Lee HG. Advances in research on cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid: a major functional conjugated linoleic acid isomer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:720-31. [PMID: 24915361 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.674071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) consists of a group of positional and geometric conjugated isomers of linoleic acid. Since the identification of CLA as a factor that can inhibit mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, thousands of studies have been conducted in the last several decades. Among the many isomers discovered, cis-9, trans-11 CLA is the most intensively studied because of its multiple, isomer-specific effects in humans and animals. This paper provides an overview of the available data on cis-9, trans-11 CLA, including its isomer-specific effects, biosynthesis, in vivo/in vitro research models, quantification, and the factors influencing its content in ruminant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- a Department of Animal Science, and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology , Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
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Basiricò L, Morera P, Dipasquale D, Tröscher A, Serra A, Mele M, Bernabucci U. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers strongly improve the redox status of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV1). J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7071-82. [PMID: 26277317 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have shown the protective effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in animal models, but no information is available about CLA and changes in oxidative status of the bovine mammary gland. The objectives of the study were to assess in vitro the effect of CLA on the cellular antioxidant response of bovine mammary cells, to examine whether CLA isomers could play a role in cell protection against the oxidative stress, and to study the molecular mechanism involved. For the study, BME-UV1 cells, a bovine mammary epithelial cell line, were used as the experimental model. The BME-UV1 cells were treated with complete medium containing 50 µM cis-9,trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA), trans-10,cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA), and CLA mixture (1:1, cis-9,trans-11: trans-10,cis-12 CLA). To monitor cellular uptake of CLA isomers, cells and culture medium were collected at 0, 3, and 48 h from CLA addition for lipid extraction and fatty acid analyses. To assess the cellular antioxidant response, glutathione (GSH/GSSH), NADPH, and γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase activity was measured after 48 h from addition of CLA. Cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase activities and mRNA were also determined. Intracellular reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance production were assessed in cells supplemented with CLA isomers. Cell viability after 3h to H2O2 exposure was assessed to evaluate and to compare the potential protection of different CLA isomers against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Mammary cells readily picked up all CLA isomers, their accumulation was time dependent, and main metabolites at 48 h are two 18:3 isomers. The CLA treatment induced an intracellular GSH increase, matched by high concentration of NADPH, and an increase of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase activity mainly in cells treated with the t10,c12 CLA isomer. The CLA isomer treatment of bovine mammary cells increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase activity and decreased glutathione reductase activity, but no changes in gene expression of these antioxidant enzymes were observed. Cells supplemented with CLA isomers showed a reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels. All CLA isomers were able to enhance cell resistance against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. These suggest an antioxidant role of CLA, in particular of t10,c12 CLA, by developing a significantly high redox status in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Basiricò
- Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - P Morera
- Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - D Dipasquale
- Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - A Serra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - U Bernabucci
- Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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Ma L, Lengi A, McGilliard M, Bauman D, Corl B. Short communication: Effect of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on activation of lipogenic transcription factors in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5001-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Wang H, Liu H, Liu J, Zhao K, Wang C, Yang W. High-level exogenoustrans10,cis12 conjugated linoleic acid plays an anti-lipogenesis role in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:744-50. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science; MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science; MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science; MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Dairy Science; MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science; MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University; Hangzhou China
| | - Weiren Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian China
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Harvatine KJ, Boisclair YR, Bauman DE. Liver x receptors stimulate lipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cell culture but do not appear to be involved in diet-induced milk fat depression in cows. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00266. [PMID: 24760520 PMCID: PMC4002246 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Milk fat synthesis of ruminants can be inhibited by intermediates of ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation including trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). These biohydrogenation intermediates signal a coordinated downregulation of genes involved in mammary FA synthesis, transport, and esterification. We have previously reported decreased mammary expression of sterol response element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), SREBP1-activating proteins, and thyroid hormone-responsive spot 14 (S14) in the cow during diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD), and treatment with trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Liver x receptors (LXR) and retinoid x receptors (RXR) regulate lipogenesis and are known to bind polyunsaturated FA and LXR agonist increases lipid synthesis in mammary epithelial cell culture. The current studies investigated if biohydrogenation products of rumen origin inhibit mammary lipogenesis through LXR and/or RXR. Expression of LXRs was not different in lactating compared to nonlactating bovine mammary tissue, and expression of LXRs, RXRα, and selected LXR and RXR target genes was not changed in mammary tissue during diet-induced or CLA-induced MFD in the cow. In bovine mammary epithelial cell culture, LXR agonist stimulated lipogenesis and expression of LXRß, ATP-binding cassette 1 (ABCA1), SREBP1c, and S14, but LXR activation did not overcome CLA inhibition of lipogenesis and downregulation of LXRß, SREBP1c, and S14 expression. Lastly, expression of the LXR-regulated carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) was higher in lactating than nonlactating tissue and was decreased during CLA-induced MFD. We conclude that changes in mammary LXR expression in dairy cows are not involved in MFD and that trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibition of lipogenesis and diet-induced MFD appears independent of direct LXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Trans-10, cis 12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Induced Milk Fat Depression Is Associated with Inhibition of PPARγ Signaling and Inflammation in Murine Mammary Tissue. J Lipids 2013; 2013:890343. [PMID: 23762566 PMCID: PMC3666273 DOI: 10.1155/2013/890343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous trans-10, cis-12-CLA (CLA) reduces lipid synthesis in murine adipose and mammary (MG) tissues. However, genomewide alterations in MG and liver (LIV) associated with dietary CLA during lactation remain unknown. We fed mice (n = 5/diet) control or control + trans-10, cis-12-CLA (37 mg/day) between d 6 and d 10 postpartum. The 35,302 annotated murine exonic evidence-based oligo (MEEBO) microarray and quantitative RT-PCR were used for transcript profiling. Milk fat concentration was 44% lower on d 10 versus d 6 due to CLA. The CLA diet resulted in differential expression of 1,496 genes. Bioinformatics analyses underscored that a major effect of CLA on MG encompassed alterations in cellular signaling pathways and phospholipid species biosynthesis. Dietary CLA induced genes related to ER stress (Xbp1), apoptosis (Bcl2), and inflammation (Orm1, Saa2, and Cp). It also induced marked inhibition of PPAR γ signaling, including downregulation of Pparg and Srebf1 and several lipogenic target genes (Scd, Fasn, and Gpam). In LIV, CLA induced hepatic steatosis probably through perturbations in the mitochondrial functions and induction of ER stress. Overall, results from this study underscored the role of PPAR γ signaling on mammary lipogenic target regulation. The proinflammatory effect due to CLA could be related to inhibition of PPAR γ signaling.
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Heravi Moussavi A, Butler WR, Bauman DE, Gilbert RO. Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on prostaglandin secretion by bovine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:491-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.3.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oliveira D, Gama M, Fernandes D, Tedeschi L, Bauman D. An unprotected conjugated linoleic acid supplement decreases milk production and secretion of milk components in grazing dairy ewes. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1437-46. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kadegowda A, Bionaz M, Piperova L, Erdman R, Loor J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation and long-chain fatty acids alter lipogenic gene networks in bovine mammary epithelial cells to various extents. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4276-89. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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N⊘rgaard JV, Baumgard LH, Skau Nielsen T, Theil PK, S⊘rensen MT, Sejrsen K. Mammary cell turnover and expression of lipogenic genes in response to silage induced CLA and diet energy density in lactating cows. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700802415694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sørensen BM, Chris Kazala E, Murdoch GK, Keating AF, Cruz-Hernandez C, Wegner J, Kennelly JJ, Okine EK, Weselake RJ. Effect of CLA and Other C18 Unsaturated Fatty Acids on DGAT in Bovine Milk Fat Biosynthetic Systems. Lipids 2008; 43:903-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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