1
|
Vidal JD, Bhaskaran M, Carsillo M, Denham S, Dubay O, Laing S, Manickam BS, Phillips S, Werner J, Irizarry Rovira AR. Spontaneous Findings in the Reproductive System of Sexually Mature Male Cynomolgus Macaques. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:660-678. [DOI: 10.1177/01926233221082302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sexually mature nonhuman primates are often used in nonclinical safety testing when evaluating biopharmaceuticals; however, there is limited information in historical control databases or in the published literature on the spontaneous findings in the male reproductive system. This review evaluated digital slides from the male reproductive tract (testes, epididymides, prostate, and seminal vesicles) in sexually mature cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis; n = 255) from vehicle control groups in nonclinical toxicology studies and compared the observations with body weight, organ weight, and geographical origin. The most common microscopic findings were hypospermatogenesis and tubular dilatation in the testes; inflammatory cell infiltrate, cellular debris, and decreased sperm in the epididymides; inflammatory cell infiltrate and acinar dilatation in the prostate; and corpora amylacea and atrophy in the seminal vesicles. There were a few correlative observations in animals when grouped by weight or geographical origin: animals with lower terminal body weights (<5 kg) often displayed features of late puberty despite having sperm in the epididymis, while animals originating from Mauritius had a lower incidence of inflammatory cell infiltrates than those from Southeast Asia/China. This review provides incidence, descriptions, and photomicrographs of the common spontaneous microscopic findings in the reproductive system of mature male cynomolgus macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Carsillo
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steve Denham
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | - Olivia Dubay
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Exploring the inhibitory potentials of Momordica charantia bioactive compounds against Keap1-Kelch protein using computational approaches. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:39. [PMID: 34249600 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for Keap1 inhibitors as potential Nrf2 activator is a way of increasing the antioxidant status of the human cellular environ. In this research, we used in silico methods to investigate Keap1-kelch inhibitory potential of Momordica charantia's bioactive compounds in order to predict their Nrf2 activating potential. ADMET profiling, physicochemical properties, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (g_MMPBSA) free energy calculation studies were executed to drive home our aim. Out of all the bioactive compounds of Momordica charantia, catechin (CAT) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) were selected based on their ADMET profile, physicochemical properties, and molecular docking analysis. Molecular docking studies of CAT and CGA to Keap1 kelch domain showed that they have - 9.2 kJ/mol and - 9.1 kJ/mol binding energies respectively with CAT having four hydrogen bond interactions with Keap1 while CGA had three. Analysis after the 30 ns molecular dynamics simulation revealed that CAT and CGA were both stable, although with minimal conformational alterations at the kelch pocket of Keap1. Finally, MMPBSA calculation of the Gibbs free energy of each amino acid interaction with CAT and CGA revealed that CAT had a higher total binding energy than CGA. Therefore, the Keap1 inhibitory capacities and the molecular dynamic characters of CAT and CGA at the Kelch domain of Keap1 suggest a putative Nrf2 signaling activating prowess. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00100-2.
Collapse
|
3
|
Annovazzi P, Bertolotto A, Brescia Morra V, Gasperini C, Montanari E, Navarra P, Patti F, Sormani MP, Ghezzi A. A Comprehensive Review on Copemyl ®. Neurol Ther 2017; 6:161-173. [PMID: 28762192 PMCID: PMC5700901 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-017-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Economic sustainability is of paramount importance in the rapidly evolving therapeutic scenario of multiple sclerosis (MS). Glatiramoids are a class of drugs whose forefather, glatiramer acetate, has been used as a disease modifying drug (DMD) in patients with MS for over 20 years. Its patent expired in 2015; new versions of such drug are nowadays available on the market, potentially contributing to lowering prices and enhancing a better allocation of economic resources. In this review, we analyze the recommendations underlying the approval of both generic drugs and biosimilars by regulatory authorities, and we provide methodological tools to contextualize the design of studies on these new classes of drugs. We examine in more detail the preclinical and clinical data of Copemyl®, a new member of the glatiramoid class, focusing on its biological and immunological properties and illustrating randomized controlled trials that led to its authorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Annovazzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Study Center, ASST Valle Olona, Gallarate, VA, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bertolotto
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Regional Reference Center (CRESM), AOU San Luigi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Center, Departement of Neuroscience (NSRO), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Sormani
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Ghezzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Study Center, ASST Valle Olona, Gallarate, VA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
New challenges and opportunities in nonclinical safety testing of biologics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:226-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
5
|
Hulse WL, Gray J, Forbes RT. Evaluating the inter and intra batch variability of protein aggregation behaviour using Taylor dispersion analysis and dynamic light scattering. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:351-7. [PMID: 23751342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Biosimilar pharmaceuticals are complex biological molecules that have similar physicochemical properties to the originator therapeutic protein. They are produced by complex multi-stage processes and are not truly equivalent. Therefore, for a biosimilar to be approved for market it is important to demonstrate that the biological product is highly similar to a reference product. This includes its primary and higher order structures and its aggregation behaviour. Representative lots of both the proposed biosimilar and the reference product are analysed to understand the lot-to-lot variability of both drug substances in the manufacturing processes. Whilst it is not easy to characterise every variation of a protein structure at present additional analytical technologies need to be utilised to ensure the safety and efficacy of any potential biosimilar product. We have explored the use of Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) to analyse such batch to batch variations in the model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and compared the results to that obtained by conventional dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS). Inter and intra batch differences were evident in all grades of BSA analysed. However, the reproducibility of the TDA measurements, enabled the stability and reversibility of BSA aggregates to be more readily monitored. This demonstrates that Taylor dispersion analysis is a very sensitive technique to study higher order protein states and aggregation. The results, here, also indicate a correlation between protein purity and the physical behaviour of the samples after heat shocking. Here, the protein with the highest quoted purity resulted in a reduced increase in the measured hydrodynamic radius after heat stressing, indicating that less unfolding/aggregation had occurred. Whilst DLS was also able to observe the presence of aggregates, its bias towards larger aggregates indicated a much larger increase in hydrodynamic radii and is less sensitive to small changes in hydrodynamic radii. TDA was also able to identify low levels of larger aggregates that were not observed by DLS. Therefore, given the potential for immunogenicity effects that may result from such aggregates it is suggested that TDA may be suitable in the evaluating detailed batch to batch variability and process induced physical changes of biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Hulse
- Allembis Ltd, 300 St Mary's Road, Liverpool L19 0NQ, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu Y, Gao Y, Zhang S, Guo L, Chen J, Xu B. Immunological effects of microneedle-mediated insulin delivery: Preliminary rat studies. Int J Pharm 2013; 444:103-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Vargas HM, Amouzadeh HR, Engwall MJ. Nonclinical strategy considerations for safety pharmacology: evaluation of biopharmaceuticals. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 12:91-102. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2013.745851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
8
|
Kooijman M, J.K. van Meer P, H.M. Moors E, Schellekens H. Thirty years of preclinical safety evaluation of biopharmaceuticals: did scientific progress lead to appropriate regulatory guidance? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11:797-801. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2012.712110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Biosimilars and biobetters as tools for understanding and mitigating the immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1282-8. [PMID: 22796124 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review key steps for the development of biosimilars and biobetters and related bioanalytical challenges, with a focus on how they are associated with immunogenicity. We analyze the factors that can impact antidrug antibody (ADA) responses and their correlations with preclinical and clinical outcomes to provide relevant insights and to answer questions, including what types of aggregate are immunogenic. We also address strategies for developing less-immunogenic biotherapeutics. Using interferon-β (IFN-β) as a case study, we explore the correlation between aggregation and immunogenicity. We dissect and integrate with clinical data the IFN-β preclinical immunogenicity and aggregation predictions and discuss the feasibility of developing an IFN-β with lower aggregation and/or immunogenicity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Thompson RA, Isin EM, Li Y, Weidolf L, Page K, Wilson I, Swallow S, Middleton B, Stahl S, Foster AJ, Dolgos H, Weaver R, Kenna JG. In Vitro Approach to Assess the Potential for Risk of Idiosyncratic Adverse Reactions Caused by Candidate Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1616-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca,
Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Yan Li
- Discovery DMPK, AstraZeneca, Wilmington,
Delaware, United States
| | - Lars Weidolf
- DMPK Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca,
Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Ken Page
- DMPK
Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca, Alderley
Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Wilson
- DMPK
Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca, Alderley
Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Swallow
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Middleton
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley
Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Stahl
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J. Foster
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Dolgos
- DMPK Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca,
Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Richard Weaver
- Discovery
DMPK, AstraZeneca, Loughborough, Leicestershire
LE11 5RH, United Kingdom
| | - J. Gerry Kenna
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Comparison of competitive ligand-binding assay and bioassay formats for the measurement of neutralizing antibodies to protein therapeutics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:351-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Chan AW, Neufeld RJ. Tuneable semi-synthetic network alginate for absorptive encapsulation and controlled release of protein therapeutics. Biomaterials 2010; 31:9040-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
13
|
Schellekens H, Klinger E, Mühlebach S, Brin JF, Storm G, Crommelin DJA. The therapeutic equivalence of complex drugs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 59:176-83. [PMID: 20951177 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
When the patent of a small molecule drug expires generics may be introduced. They are considered therapeutically equivalent once pharmaceutical equivalence (i.e. identical active substances) and bioequivalence (i.e. comparable pharmacokinetics) have been established in a cross-over volunteer study. However this generic paradigm cannot be applied to complex drugs as biologics and a number of other therapeutic modalities. For copies of biologics the European Medicine Agency and other regulatory agencies have introduced a new regulatory biosimilar pathway which mandates clinical trials to show therapeutic equivalence. However for other complex drugs such as the iron-carbohydrate drugs, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), liposomal drugs and the glatiramoids regulatory guidance is still mostly lacking. In this paper we will discuss (therapeutic) experience obtained so far with these different classes of 'complex drugs' and their specifics to provide scientific arguments and criteria for consideration for a regulatory framework for the market authorization for these type of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huub Schellekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh SK. Impact of product-related factors on immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:354-87. [PMID: 20740683 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All protein therapeutics have the potential to be immunogenic. Several factors, including patient characteristics, disease state, and the therapy itself, influence the generation of an immune response. Product-related factors such as the molecule design, the expression system, post-translational modifications, impurities, contaminants, formulation and excipients, container, closure, as well as degradation products are all implicated. However, a critical examination of the available data shows that clear unequivocal evidence for the impact of these latter factors on clinical immunogenicity is lacking. No report could be found that clearly deconvolutes the clinical impact of the product attributes on patient susceptibility. Aggregation carries the greatest concern as a risk factor for immunogenicity, but the impact of aggregates is likely to depend on their structure as well as on the functionality (e.g., immunostimulatory or immunomodulatory) of the therapeutic. Preclinical studies are not yet capable of assessing the clinically relevant immunogenicity potential of these product-related factors. Simply addressing these risk factors as part of product development will not eliminate immunogenicity. Minimization of immunogenicity has to begin at the molecule design stage by reducing or eliminating antigenic epitopes and building in favorable physical and chemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Singh
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lallemand C, Meritet JF, Blanchard B, Lebon P, Tovey MG. One-step assay for quantification of neutralizing antibodies to biopharmaceuticals. J Immunol Methods 2010; 356:18-28. [PMID: 20298696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of immunogenicity is an important part of biopharmaceutical drug safety evaluation and a prerequisite for the development of less immunogenic and safer biopharmaceuticals since anti-drug antibodies can impair the activity and compromise the safety of biopharmaceuticals. Although regulatory authorities recommend cell-based assays for detection of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), such assays are difficult to standardize, and ill adapted to high-throughput analysis. These limitations have been overcome by the development of a unique one-step cell-based assay that allows both drug activity and drug NAbs to be quantified rapidly and with a high degree of precision simply be adding reporter cells to a sample. The reporter cells have been engineered to express firefly luciferase (FL) under the control of a drug-responsive promoter, and to express the drug of interest, the production of which is normalized relative to the expression of Renilla luciferase (RL) transcribed from a common doxycycline-inducible promoter. Residual drug levels present in a sample are first quantified by determination of FL expression, autocrine drug synthesis is then induced, and NAb activity is quantified from the difference in the ratio of FL/RL expression in the presence or absence of the sample. Since assay results are normalized relative to the expression of an internal standard, results are independent of cell number or differences in cell viability thus affording a high degree of assay precision and reducing serum matrix effects to a minimum. This unique assay platform is ideally suited for high-throughput analysis, is applicable to most biopharmaceuticals, and will facilitate standardization and comparison of immunogenicity data. The performance of the one-step assay is illustrated for interferon alpha2 (IFNalpha2) used widely to treated chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection and neoplastic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lallemand
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, CNRS FRE 2937, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|