1
|
Malik S, Muhammad K, Aslam SM, Waheed Y. Tracing the recent updates on vaccination approaches and significant adjuvants being developed against HIV. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:431-446. [PMID: 36803177 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2182771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV1); the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), has been a major target of the scientific community to develop an anti-viral therapy. Some successful discoveries have been made during the last two decades in the form of availability of antiviral therapy in endemic regions. Nevertheless, a total cure and safety vaccine has not yet been designed to eradicate HIV from the world. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this comprehensive study is to compile recent data regarding therapeutic interventions against HIV and to determine future research needs in this field. A systematic research strategy has been used to gather data from recent, most advanced published electronic sources. Literature based results show that experiments at the invitro level and animal models are continuously in research annals and are providing hope for human trials. EXPERT OPINION There is still a gap and more work is needed in the direction of modern drug and vaccination designs. Moreover coordination is necessary among researchers, educationists, public health workers, and the general community to communicate and coordinate the repercussions associated with the deadly disease. It is important for taking timely measures regarding mitigation and adaptation with HIV in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sanaa Masood Aslam
- Foundation University College of Dentistry, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu G, Han J, Li H, Liu Y, Jia L, Li T, Wang X, Li J, Huang S, Li L. Near Full-Length Genomic Characterization of 16 HIV-1 CRF01_AE Primary Isolates from Guangxi, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:572-579. [PMID: 33287627 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and culture of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are an important basis for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) etiology, immunology, drug screening, clinical treatment, and vaccine research. CRF01_AE is one of the predominant strains of HIV-1 in China. However, there are few HIV-1 CRF01_AE isolates that have been reported. In this study, 16 HIV-1 CRF01_AE strains from Guangxi, China, were isolated, and the near full-length genomes were reverse transcribed and amplified in two halves with the 1 kb overlapping region. The polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced directly. The phylogenetic analysis results showed that all of the 16 isolated strains were CRF01_AE recombinant form, and two clusters were set up in the phylogenetic tree. The tropic prediction of 16 strains showed that 2 isolates were CCR5 tropic, and the others are CXCR4 tropic. Eight of the isolated strains are drug resistant according to the genetic prediction. These 16 near full-length characterized CRF01_AE isolates obtained in this study will provide valuable genomic and phenotypic information on HIV-1 strains circulating in China for related researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwan Han
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hanping Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghai Huang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Álvarez-Fernández C, Crespo Guardo A, García-Pérez J, García F, Blanco J, Escribà-García L, Gatell JM, Alcamí J, Plana M, Sánchez-Palomino S. Generation and characterization of a defective HIV-1 Virus as an immunogen for a therapeutic vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48848. [PMID: 23144996 PMCID: PMC3492255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of new immunogens able to elicit strong specific immune responses remains a major challenge in the attempts to obtain a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against HIV/AIDS. We designed and constructed a defective recombinant virus based on the HIV-1 genome generating infective but non-replicative virions able to elicit broad and strong cellular immune responses in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. RESULTS Viral particles were generated through transient transfection in producer cells (293-T) of a full length HIV-1 DNA carrying a deletion of 892 base pairs (bp) in the pol gene encompassing the sequence that codes for the reverse transcriptase (NL4-3/ΔRT clone). The viral particles generated were able to enter target cells, but due to the absence of reverse transcriptase no replication was detected. The immunogenic capacity of these particles was assessed by ELISPOT to determine γ-interferon production in a cohort of 69 chronic asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Surprisingly, defective particles produced from NL4-3/ΔRT triggered stronger cellular responses than wild-type HIV-1 viruses inactivated with Aldrithiol-2 (AT-2) and in a larger proportion of individuals (55% versus 23% seropositive individuals tested). Electron microscopy showed that NL4-3/ΔRT virions display immature morphology. Interestingly, wild-type viruses treated with Amprenavir (APV) to induce defective core maturation also induced stronger responses than the same viral particles generated in the absence of protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS We propose that immature HIV-1 virions generated from NL4-3/ΔRT viral clones may represent new prototypes of immunogens with a safer profile and stronger capacity to induce cellular immune responses than wild-type inactivated viral particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Álvarez-Fernández
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Crespo Guardo
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sindrome de Inmunodeficencia Adquirida, IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain-HIVACAT
| | - Laura Escribà-García
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Gatell
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Sánchez-Palomino
- Institut dInvestigations Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-AIDS Research Group, Hospital Clinic, Catalonian Center for HIV Vaccines (HIVACAT) and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the quasispecies concept and some biological implications of quasispecies dynamics. Two main aspects are addressed: (i) mutant clouds as reservoirs of phenotypic variants for virus adaptability and (ii) the internal interactions that are established within mutant spectra that render a virus ensemble the unit of selection. The understanding of viruses as quasispecies has led to new antiviral designs, such as lethal mutagenesis, whose aim is to drive viruses toward low fitness values with limited chances of fitness recovery. The impact of quasispecies for three salient human pathogens, human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatitis B and C viruses, is reviewed, with emphasis on antiviral treatment strategies. Finally, extensions of quasispecies to nonviral systems are briefly mentioned to emphasize the broad applicability of quasispecies theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|