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Khan MQ, Mubeen H, Khan ZQ, Masood A, Zafar A, Wattoo JI, Nisa AU. Computational insights into missense mutations in HTT gene causing Huntington's disease and its interactome networks. Ir J Med Sci 2022:10.1007/s11845-022-03043-5. [PMID: 35829908 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease is a rare neurodegenerative illness of the central nervous system that is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Mutant huntingtin protein is produced as a result of enlargement of CAG repeat in the N-terminal of the polyglutamine tract. AIM OF THE STUDY Herein, we aim to investigate the mutations and their effects on the HTT gene and its genetic variants. Additionally, the protein-protein interaction of HTT with other proteins and receptor-ligand interaction with the three-dimensional structure of huntingtin protein were identified. METHODS A comprehensive analysis of the HTT interactome and protein-ligand interaction has been carried out to provide a global picture of structure-function analysis of huntingtin protein. Mutations were analyzed and mutation verification tools were used to check the effect of mutation on protein function. RESULTS The results showed, mutations in a single gene are not only responsible for causing a particular disease but may also cause other hereditary disorders as well. Moreover, the modification at the nucleotide level also cause the change in the specific amino acid which may disrupt the function of HTT and its interacting proteins contributing in disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, the interaction between MECP2 and BDNF lowers the rate of transcriptional activity. Molecular docking further confirmed the strong interaction between MECP2 and BDNF with highest affinity. Amino acid residues of the HTT protein, involved in the interaction with tetrabenazine were N912, Y890, G2385, and V2320. These findings proved, tetrabenazine as one of the potential therapeutic agent for treatment of Huntington's disease. CONCLUSION These results give further insights into the genetics of Huntington's disease for a better understanding of disease models which will be beneficial for the future therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Ammara Masood
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Zafar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal Wattoo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alim Un Nisa
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhang S, Shen L, Jiao B. Cognitive Dysfunction in Repeat Expansion Diseases: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:841711. [PMID: 35478698 PMCID: PMC9036481 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.841711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of the sequencing technique, more than 40 repeat expansion diseases (REDs) have been identified during the past two decades. Moreover, the clinical features of these diseases show some commonality, and the nervous system, especially the cognitive function was affected in part by these diseases. However, the specific cognitive domains impaired in different diseases were inconsistent. Here, we survey literature on the cognitive consequences of the following disorders presenting cognitive dysfunction and summarizing the pathogenic genes, epidemiology, and different domains affected by these diseases. We found that the cognitive domains affected in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) were widespread including the executive function, memory, information processing speed, attention, visuospatial function, and language. Patients with C9ORF72-frontotemporal dementia (FTD) showed impairment in executive function, memory, language, and visuospatial function. While in Huntington's disease (HD), the executive function, memory, and information processing speed were affected, in the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), executive function, memory, information processing speed, and attention were impaired. Moreover, the spinocerebellar ataxias showed broad damage in almost all the cognitive domains except for the relatively intact language ability. Some other diseases with relatively rare clinical data also indicated cognitive dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), Huntington disease like-2 (HDL2), and cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). We drew a cognitive function landscape of the related REDs that might provide an aspect for differential diagnosis through cognitive domains and effective non-specific interventions for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Jiao
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Nguyen QTR, Ortigoza Escobar JD, Burgunder JM, Mariotti C, Saft C, Hjermind LE, Youssov K, Landwehrmeyer GB, Bachoud-Lévi AC. Combining Literature Review With a Ground Truth Approach for Diagnosing Huntington's Disease Phenocopy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:817753. [PMID: 35222250 PMCID: PMC8866848 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.817753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One percent of patients with a Huntington's disease (HD) phenotype do not have the Huntington (HTT) gene mutation. These are known as HD phenocopies. Their diagnosis is still a challenge. Our objective is to provide a diagnostic approach to HD phenocopies based on medical expertise and a review of the literature. We employed two complementary approaches sequentially: a review of the literature and two surveys analyzing the daily clinical practice of physicians who are experts in movement disorders. The review of the literature was conducted from 1993 to 2020, by extracting articles about chorea or HD-like disorders from the database Pubmed, yielding 51 articles, and analyzing 20 articles in depth to establish the surveys. Twenty-eight physicians responded to the first survey exploring the red flags suggestive of specific disease entities. Thirty-three physicians completed the second survey which asked for the classification of paraclinical tests according to their diagnostic significance. The analysis of the results of the second survey used four different clustering algorithms and the density-based clustering algorithm DBSCAN to classify the paraclinical tests into 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-line recommendations. In addition, we included suggestions from members of the European Reference Network-Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND Chorea & Huntington disease group). Finally, we propose guidance that integrate the detection of clinical red flags with a classification of paraclinical testing options to improve the diagnosis of HD phenocopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tuan Rémy Nguyen
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Centre National de Référence Maladie de Huntington, Service de Neurologie, Créteil, France
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle, Creteil, France
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Quang Tuan Rémy Nguyen
| | - Juan Dario Ortigoza Escobar
- Movement Disorders Unit, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERER-ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Burgunder
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
- Siloah and Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical Research, Swiss Huntington's Disease Centre, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Saft
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Huntington Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lena Elisabeth Hjermind
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Clinic of Neurogenetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katia Youssov
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Centre National de Référence Maladie de Huntington, Service de Neurologie, Créteil, France
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle, Creteil, France
| | - G. Bernhard Landwehrmeyer
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Centre National de Référence Maladie de Huntington, Service de Neurologie, Créteil, France
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
- Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi
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Differential Diagnosis of Chorea-HIV Infection Delays Diagnosis of Huntington's Disease by Years. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060710. [PMID: 34071882 PMCID: PMC8229235 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a broad range of potential differential diagnoses for chorea. Besides rare, inherited neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease (HD) chorea can accompany basal ganglia disorders due to vasculitis or infections, e.g., with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The clinical picture is complicated by the rare occurrence of HIV infection and HD. Methods: First, we present a case suffering simultaneously from HIV and HD (HIV/HD) focusing on clinical manifestation and disease onset. We investigated cross-sectional data regarding molecular genetic, motoric, cognitive, functional, and psychiatric disease manifestation of HIV/HD in comparison to motor-manifest HD patients without HIV infection (nonHIV/HD) in the largest cohort of HD patients worldwide using the registry study ENROLL-HD. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA analyses controlling for covariates of age and CAG repeat length between groups in IBM SPSS Statistics V.25. Results: The HD diagnosis in our case report was delayed by approximately nine years due to the false assumption that the HIV infection might have been the cause of chorea. Out of n = 21,116 participants in ENROLL-HD, we identified n = 10,125 motor-manifest HD patients. n = 23 male participants were classified as suffering from HIV infection as a comorbidity, compared to n = 4898 male non-HIV/HD patients. Except for age, with HIV/HD being significantly younger (p < 0.050), we observed no group differences regarding sociodemographic, genetic, educational, motoric, functional, and cognitive parameters. Male HIV/HD patients reported about a 5.3-year-earlier onset of HD symptoms noticed by themselves compared to non-HIV/HD (p < 0.050). Moreover, patients in the HIV/HD group had a longer diagnostic delay of 1.8 years between onset of symptoms and HD diagnosis and a longer time regarding assessment of first symptoms by the rater and judgement of the patient (all p < 0.050). Unexpectedly, HIV/HD patients showed less irritability in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: The HD diagnosis in HIV-infected male patients is secured with a diagnostic delay between first symptoms noticed by the patient and final diagnosis. Treating physicians therefore should be sensitized to think of potential alternative diagnoses in HIV-infected patients also afflicted by movement disorders, especially if there is evidence of subcortical atrophy and a history of hyperkinesia, even without a clear HD-family history. Those patients should be transferred for early genetic testing to avoid further unnecessary diagnostics and improve sociomedical care.
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Subhan I, Siddique YH. Modulation of Huntington's disease in Drosophila. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:894-903. [PMID: 33845728 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210412155508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which deteriorates the physical and mental abilities of the patients. It is an autosomal dominant disorder and is mainly caused by the expansion of a repeating CAG triplet. A number of animal models ranging from worms, fruit flies, mice and rats to pigs, sheep and monkeys are available which have been helpful in understanding various pathways involved during the progression of the disease. Drosophila is one of the most commonly used model organisms for biomedical science, due to low cost maintenance, short life span and easily implications of genetic tools. The present review provides brief description of HD and the studies carried out for HD to date taking Drosophila as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Subhan
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh. India
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Dong X, Cong S. Bioinformatic analysis of microRNA expression in Huntington's disease. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2857-2865. [PMID: 30015953 PMCID: PMC6102687 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene and various dysfunctions of biological processes in HD have been proposed. Although monogenic, the exact pathogenesis of HD currently remains unclear. To identify the synergistic microRNA (miRNA) pattern in HD, the miRNA expression profile dataset GSE64977 and the gene expression profile dataset GSE64810 were downloaded. Programming software R was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Target genes of DEMs were predicted using the TargetScan database. Gene ontology (GO) function of DEGs was generated using the FunRich and a miRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed using Cytoscape software. In total, 1,612 DEGs and 10 DEMs were identified. GO terms mainly included inflammatory response and immune response in DEGs. A total of 745 target genes were predicted from the DEMs and 33 overlaps were identified between these target genes and DEGs. The miRNA network demonstrated that hsa-miR-4488, hsa-miR-196a-5p, and hsa-miR-549a had a high degree and may be involved with the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Lang F, Pelzl L, Hauser S, Hermann A, Stournaras C, Schöls L. To die or not to die SGK1-sensitive ORAI/STIM in cell survival. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:29-34. [PMID: 29807219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pore forming Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ channel (CRAC) isoforms ORAI1-3 and their regulators STIM1,2 accomplish store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Activation of SOCE may lead to cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations, which in turn support cell proliferation and cell survival. ORAI/STIM and thus SOCE are upregulated by the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1, a kinase under powerful genomic regulation and activated by phosphorylation via the phosphoinositol-3-phosphate pathway. SGK1 enhances ORAI1 abundance partially by phosphorylation of Nedd4-2, an ubiquitin ligase priming the channel protein for degradation. The SGK1-phosphorylated Nedd4-2 binds to the protein 14-3-3 and is thus unable to ubiquinate ORAI1. SGK1 further increases the ORAI1 and STIM1 protein abundance by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor upregulating the expression of STIM1 and ORAI1. SGK1-sensitive upregulation of ORAI/STIM and thus SOCE is triggered by a wide variety of hormones and growth factors, as well as several cell stressors including ischemia, radiation, and cell shrinkage. SGK1 dependent upregulation of ORAI/STIM confers survival of tumor cells and thus impacts on growth and therapy resistance of cancer. On the other hand, SGK1-dependent upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 may support survival of neurons and impairment of SGK1-dependent ORAI/STIM activity may foster neurodegeneration. Clearly, further experimental effort is needed to define the mechanisms linking SGK1-dependent upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 to cell survival and to define the impact of SGK1-dependent upregulation of ORAI1 and STIM1 on malignancy and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Vegetative Physiology, Eberhad Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Department of Vegetative Physiology, Eberhad Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany & DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Arun S, Liu L, Donmez G. Mitochondrial Biology and Neurological Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:143-54. [PMID: 26903445 PMCID: PMC4825945 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150703154541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are extremely active organelles that perform a variety of roles in the cell including energy production, regulation of calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and population maintenance through fission and fusion. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of oxidative stress and mutations can contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), and Huntington’s diseases (HD). Abnormalities of Complex I function in the electron transport chain have been implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases, inhibiting ATP production and generating reactive oxygen species that can cause major damage to mitochondria Mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA can contribute to neurodegenerative disease, although the pathogenesis of these conditions tends to focus on nuclear mutations. In PD, nuclear genome mutations in the PINK1 and parkin genes have been implicated in neurodegeneration [1], while mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 have been implicated in a variety of clinical symptoms of AD [5]. Mutant htt protein is known to cause HD [2]. Much progress has been made to determine some causes of these neurodegenerative diseases, though permanent treatments have yet to be developed. In this review, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gizem Donmez
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave. Boston MA, 02111, USA.
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Varda E, Demetriou CA, Heraclides A, Christou YP, Zamba-Papanicolaou E. Quality of Life of Cypriot Patients Suffering with Huntington's Disease. PLOS CURRENTS 2016; 8. [PMID: 27917304 PMCID: PMC5104589 DOI: 10.1371/currents.hd.270776c4fdd7776499dd45bf47049a75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Huntington’s disease (HD) has profound motor, behavioural and cognitive symptoms. Despite the enormous burden of this disease on the quality of life (QoL) of patients and their families, there is very limited evidence on this topic. Considering the severity of HD patients, and the high prevalence in Cyprus more studies are needed to assess QoL among Cypriot patients, in order to improve our knowledge about their living conditions and to assist the management of this condition. Project Aim: The aim of this cross-sectional study is to assess QoL among Cypriot patients with HD, using a standardized health-related QoL questionnaire. Materials and Methods: A generic QoL questionnaire was used, namely EQ-5D, which is a standardised instrument for use as a measure of health outcomes and is applicable to a wide range of health conditions. The study was conducted with 34 patients, which represented 46% of the Cypriot HD patient population. Results: Ability of patients to care for themselves and to carry out usual activities were reported to be most severely affected (37.5% and 40.6% replying “Severe Problems” respectively). Mobility and psychosocial well-being were also affected to a lesser extent (25.0% and 15.6% replying “Severe Problems”). Interestingly, in the anxiety/depression scale, 77.8% of asymptomatic patients reported “Some Problems”. Half of the patients did not experience pain or discomfort but 40.6% reported “Some Problems” and 6.3% reported “Severe Problems”. The Health Status as perceived by the patients was found to be moderately to severely affected. In multivariate ordinal regression analyses, age at onset and disease duration significantly impacted on self-care. In addition, disease duration was significantly associated with mobility, self-care and usual activities scales. No significant determinants were evidenced for Pain/Discomfort and Anxiety/Depression. Lastly, age of onset was found to be the only significant determinant of the cumulative QoL score (Range=5-15). Conclusions: Age at onset and disease duration were found to severely affect the QoL of Cypriot HD patients, and more specifically their mobility, ability to self-care and perform usual activities. The percentage of patients reporting “Some Problems” in the Pain/Discomfort category can be explained by the direct translation of the word as presented in the questionnaire, indicating the need for language specific instruments. Perhaps more noteworthy is the phychosocial burden on even asymptomatic patients, which needs to be acknowledged and managed to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Varda
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christiana A Demetriou
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Neurology Clinic D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexandros Heraclides
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yiolanda P Christou
- Neurology Clinic D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Zamba-Papanicolaou
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Neurology Clinic D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Blackstone C. Huntington's disease: from disease mechanisms to therapies. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:949-50. [PMID: 24792720 PMCID: PMC4083760 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Blackstone
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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