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Yan Z, Xia L, Xu X, Ma B, Yuan X, Yang K, Li K, Ye X, Zhang L, Chen T. Exploring calcium channel blocker as a candidate drug for Pseudomonas aeruginosa through network pharmacology and experimental validation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1353-1366. [PMID: 37599112 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Calcium channel blocker (CCB) is known to possess antibacterial effects. We aimed to apply network pharmacology (docking and protein-protein interaction [PPI] analyses) to predict the potential targets and mechanisms of CCB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) as well as to verify the effect of these drugs. The chemical structures of three CCBs were obtained through the Drug Bank platform. The potential channel proteins, efflux pump proteins and ion channel proteins of CCB against bacteria were derived from the literature. These proteins were collected through the PDB and Uniprot platform. The binding mode of the docking complexes was simulated by the CB-Dock platform and Discovery Studio 2019 Client software. The PPI network was constructed by the String platform and Cytoscape 3.8.2 platform. GO was explained by the PANTHER platform. The pathway diagram was drawn with the Pathway Builder Tool 2.0 software. The inhibitory effect of CCB on PA was verified through antibacterial experiments. Finally, 76 proteins were obtained: the iron channel protein of PA demonstrated a good docking relationship with all three CCBs, and the optimum binding energy was approximately -9.0 kcal/mol. GO analysis (biological process [BP], cellular component [CC], and molecular function [MF]) of protein genes showed a good docking relationship (optimum binding energy <-8.0 kcal/mol). The MF annotation results indicated that the target of CCB may be present on the PA membrane protein. The ion channel protein PPI enrichment p-value was 6.65e-08, and PfeA showed the strongest correlation. The experimental results suggested that CCB could inhibit the growth of PA. CCB might be an effective and interesting antimicrobial treatment strategy as CCB can potentially inhibit the growth of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Liangjing Xia
- Institute of Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xingmeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China
| | - Bingsuo Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Kexin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Xianwen Ye
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liangming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Schelz Z, Muddather HF, Zupkó I. Repositioning of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Adjuvants in the Modulation of Efflux Pump-Mediated Bacterial and Tumor Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1468. [PMID: 37760764 PMCID: PMC10525194 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pump (EP)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) seems ubiquitous in bacterial infections and neoplastic diseases. The diversity and lack of specificity of these efflux mechanisms raise a great obstacle in developing drugs that modulate efflux pumps. Since developing novel chemotherapeutic drugs requires large investments, drug repurposing offers a new approach that can provide alternatives as adjuvants in treating resistant microbial infections and progressive cancerous diseases. Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are promising agents in this respect. Originally, statins were used in the therapy of dyslipidemia and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; however, extensive research has recently been performed to elucidate the functions of statins in bacterial infections and cancers. The mevalonate pathway is essential in the posttranslational modification of proteins related to vital eukaryotic cell functions. In this article, a comparative review is given about the possible role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in managing diseases of bacterial and neoplastic origin. Molecular research and clinical studies have proven the justification of statins in this field. Further well-designed clinical trials are urged to clarify the significance of the contribution of statins to the lower risk of disease progression in bacterial infections and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - István Zupkó
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (H.F.M.)
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Hernandez-Rodriguez P, Baquero LP. Combination Therapy as a Strategy to Control Infections Caused by
Multi-resistant Bacteria: Current Review. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:260-265. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210614122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is one of the main challenges of today's medicine because
it has become a global problem that affects the treatment of multiple infections and impacts
public health. This resistance is caused as the bacteria generate selective pressure-promoting
mechanisms to evade the action of conventional drugs, which are also associated with adverse
effects. Infections caused by these multi-resistant bacteria potentially reduce the possibility of effective
therapy; this situation increases morbidity and mortality and treatment costs. Therefore, to
establish combined therapy as a strategy for the control of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria,
a bibliographic search was carried out between 2015 and 2020 in databases such as PubMed,
Scopus and Science Direct. The exhaustive review of the articles allowed a critical analysis of the
information. Mechanisms were identified for obtaining drugs with antimicrobial potential, their biological
activity and the possible effect of their combination against multidrug-resistant bacteria as
an alternative for infectious disease control and as a response to reduce the use of antibiotics. Combined
therapy is presented as an innovative therapeutic alternative, which uses non-antibiotic substances
that can be obtained by three routes: the repositioning of drugs, synthetic substances and natural
products. In this way, important elements are provided to guide researches that seek to reduce
antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludy P. Baquero
- Department of Basic Sciences, BIOMIGEN Research Group, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
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Are antibacterial effects of non-antibiotic drugs random or purposeful because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial and mammalian targets? Infection 2020; 49:569-589. [PMID: 33325009 PMCID: PMC7737717 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Advances in structural biology, genetics, bioinformatics, etc. resulted in the availability of an enormous pool of information enabling the analysis of the ancestry of pro- and eukaryotic genes and proteins. Methods This review summarizes findings of structural and/or functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic enzymes catalysing analogous biological reactions because of their highly conserved active centres so that non-antibiotics interacted with bacterial targets. Results Protease inhibitors such as staurosporine or camostat inhibited bacterial serine/threonine or serine/tyrosine protein kinases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and serine/threonine kinases, to which penicillin-binding-proteins are linked, so that these drugs synergized with β-lactams, reverted aminoglycoside-resistance and attenuated bacterial virulence. Calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine or verapamil blocked not only prokaryotic ion channels but interacted with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes thus disrupting membrane energetics and inducing membrane stress response resulting in inhibition of P-glycoprotein such as bacterial pumps thus improving anti-mycobacterial activities of rifampicin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, bedaquilin and imipenem-activity against Acinetobacter spp. Ciclosporine and tacrolimus attenuated bacterial virulence. ACE-inhibitors like captopril interacted with metallo-β-lactamases thus reverting carbapenem-resistance; prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited as well resulting in growth impairment. In general, non-antibiotics exerted weak antibacterial activities on their own but synergized with antibiotics, and/or reverted resistance and/or attenuated virulence. Conclusions Data summarized in this review support the theory that prokaryotic proteins represent targets for non-antibiotics because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial- and mammalian targets resulting in highly conserved active centres of both, pro- and eukaryotic proteins with which the non-antibiotics interact and exert antibacterial actions.
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 7-Oxo-7 H-thiazolo[3,2- b]-1,2,4-triazine-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061307. [PMID: 32182992 PMCID: PMC7144117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 7-oxo-7H-thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives was synthesized in good yields by a multi-step procedure that included the generation of the S-alkylated derivatives from 6-substituted arylmethyl-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazin-5-ones with ethyl 2-chloroacetoacetate, intramolecular cyclization with microwave irradiation, hydrolysis and amidation. All of the target compounds were fully characterized through 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS spectra. The intramolecular cyclization occurred regioselectively at the N2-position of 1,2,4-triazine ring, which was confirmed by compound 3e using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The antibacterial and antitubercular activities of the target compounds were evaluated. Compared with Ciprofloxacin and Rifampicin, compounds 5d, 5f and 5g containing the terminal amide fragment exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity, and carboxylic acid derivatives or its corresponding ethyl esters had less effect on antibacterial properties. The most potent compound 5f also displayed excellent in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 50 μg/mL) and better growth inhibition activity of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (78.24 ± 4.05% at 15 μg/mL).
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Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:118. [PMID: 31346459 PMCID: PMC6636059 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance to classical antibiotics and its rapid progression have raised serious concern in the treatment of infectious diseases. Recently, many studies have been directed towards finding promising solutions to overcome these problems. Phytochemicals have exerted potential antibacterial activities against sensitive and resistant pathogens via different mechanisms of action. In this review, we have summarized the main antibiotic resistance mechanisms of bacteria and also discussed how phytochemicals belonging to different chemical classes could reverse the antibiotic resistance. Next to containing direct antimicrobial activities, some of them have exerted in vitro synergistic effects when being combined with conventional antibiotics. Considering these facts, it could be stated that phytochemicals represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Khameneh
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Iranshahy
- 2Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,3Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Soheili
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- 3Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ranieri MR, Whitchurch CB, Burrows LL. Mechanisms of biofilm stimulation by subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 45:164-169. [PMID: 30053750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are a typical mode of growth for most microorganisms and provide them with a variety of survival benefits. Biofilms can pose medical and industrial challenges due to their increased tolerance of antimicrobials and disinfectants. Exposure of bacteria to subinhibitory concentrations of those compounds can further exacerbate the problem, as they provoke physiological changes that lead to increased biofilm production and potential therapeutic failure. The protected niche of a biofilm provides conditions that promote selection for persisters and resistant mutants. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying biofilm stimulation in response to subinhibitory antimicrobials, and how we might exploit this 'anti-antibiotic' phenotype to treat biofilm-related infections and discover new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rm Ranieri
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | - Lori L Burrows
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Canada.
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Cvijetić IN, Verbić TŽ, Ernesto de Resende P, Stapleton P, Gibbons S, Juranić IO, Drakulić BJ, Zloh M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel aryldiketo acids with enhanced antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacterial strains. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1474-1488. [PMID: 29133041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health problem worldwide, because of ability of bacteria, fungi and viruses to evade known therapeutic agents used in treatment of infections. Aryldiketo acids (ADK) have shown antimicrobial activity against several resistant strains including Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Our previous studies revealed that ADK analogues having bulky alkyl group in ortho position on a phenyl ring have up to ten times better activity than norfloxacin against the same strains. Rational modifications of analogues by introduction of hydrophobic substituents on the aromatic ring has led to more than tenfold increase in antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Gram positive strains. To elucidate a potential mechanism of action for this potentially novel class of antimicrobials, several bacterial enzymes were identified as putative targets according to literature data and pharmacophoric similarity searches for potent ADK analogues. Among the seven bacterial targets chosen, the strongest favorable binding interactions were observed between most active analogue and S. aureus dehydrosqualene synthase and DNA gyrase. Furthermore, the docking results in combination with literature data suggest that these novel molecules could also target several other bacterial enzymes, including prenyl-transferases and methionine aminopeptidase. These results and our statistically significant 3D QSAR model could be used to guide the further design of more potent derivatives as well as in virtual screening for novel antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija N Cvijetić
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tatjana Ž Verbić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Paul Stapleton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Gibbons
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ivan O Juranić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko J Drakulić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mire Zloh
- University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
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Kromann S, Kudirkiene E, Li L, Thoefner I, Daldorph E, Christensen JP, Meng H, Olsen RH. Treatment with high-dose antidepressants severely exacerbates the pathological outcome of experimental Escherichia coli infections in poultry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185914. [PMID: 29020098 PMCID: PMC5636113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel antibiotics as the current antibiotics are losing their value due to increased resistance among clinically important bacteria. Sertraline, an on-marked anti-depressive drug, has been shown to modify bacterial activity in vitro, including increasing the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the antimicrobial activity of sertraline could be documented under clinical settings, hereunder if sertraline could potentiate the effect of tetracycline in treatment of an experimentally induced ascending infection in poultry. A total of 40 chickens were divided in four groups of 10 chickens each. All chickens were challenged with 4x103 colony forming units (CFU) of a tetracycline resistant E. coli strain using a surgical infection model, and subsequently treated with either high-dose sertraline, tetracycline, a combination hereof or received no treatment. Seven days post challenge all birds were submitted to necropsy and scored pathologically for lesions. The average lesion scores were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups that were treated with high-dose sertraline or high-dose sertraline combined with tetracycline. In conclusion high-dose treatments (four times the maximum therapeutic dose for treating human depression) with sertraline as an adjuvant for treatment of antibiotic resistant E. coli infections exacerbate the pathological outcome of infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kromann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lili Li
- Research Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ida Thoefner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Daldorph
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hecheng Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Insight into synergetic mechanisms of tetracycline and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, sertraline, in a tetracycline-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:944-953. [PMID: 28698674 PMCID: PMC5589974 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sertraline, an antidepressive drug, has been reported to inhibit general bacterial efflux pumps. In the present study, we report for the first time a synergistic effect of sertraline and tetracycline in a TetA-encoded tetracycline-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. Synergy between sertraline and tetracycline in an E. coli strain with TetA-mediated tetracycline resistance (E. coli APEC_O2) was assessed by the MIC and checkerboard assays. The global transcriptome of E. coli APEC_O2 exposed to ½ MIC concentrations of sertraline and/or tetracycline was analyzed to elucidate the interaction mechanism between sertraline and tetracycline. The fractional inhibitory concentration index for tetracycline and sertraline in E. coli APEC_O2 was 0.5. In addition, in the presence of ½ MIC of sertraline, the sensitivity of E. coli APEC_O2 to tetracycline could be restored according to clinical standards (from 64 to 4 mg l−1). RNA data suggest changes in respiration that is likely to decrease intracellular pH and thereby the proton-motive force, which provides the energy for the tetracycline efflux pump. Furthermore, sertraline and tetracycline may induce a change from oxidation to fermentation in the E.coli, which further decreases pH, resulting in cell death. This study shows that sertraline interacts with tetracycline in a synergistic and AcrAB-TolC pump-independent manner. The combinational treatment was further shown to induce many changes in the global transcriptome, including altered tetA and tetR expression. The results indicate that sertraline may be used as a helper compound with the aim to reverse tetracycline resistance encoded by tetA.
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Ahamad S, Rahman S, Khan FI, Dwivedi N, Ali S, Kim J, Imtaiyaz Hassan M. QSAR based therapeutic management of M. tuberculosis. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:676-694. [PMID: 28456911 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for severe mortality and morbidity worldwide but, under-developed and developing countries are more prone to infection. In search of effective and wide-spectrum anti-tubercular agents, interdisciplinary approaches are being explored. Of the several approaches used, computer based quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) have gained momentum. Structure-based drug design and discovery implies a combined knowledge of accurate prediction of ligand poses with the good prediction and interpretation of statistically validated models derived from the 3D-QSAR approach. The validated models are generally used to screen a small combinatorial library of potential synthetic candidates to identify hits which further subjected to docking to filter out compounds as novel potential emerging drug molecules to address multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Several newer models are integrated to QSAR methods which include different types of chemical and biological data, and simultaneous prediction of pharmacological activities including toxicities and/or other safety profiles to get new compounds with desired activity. In the process, several newer molecules have been identified which are now being assessed for their clinical efficacy. Present review deals with the advances made in the field highlighting overall future prospects of the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzaib Ahamad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad, India
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Henan, 450001, China.,Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Neeraja Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad, India
| | - Sher Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 10025, India
| | - Jihoe Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 10025, India.
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