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Fernandes GFS, Manieri KF, Bonjorno AF, Campos DL, Ribeiro CM, Demarqui FM, Ruiz DAG, Nascimento-Junior NM, Denny WA, Thompson AM, Pavan FR, Dos Santos JL. Synthesis and Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity of Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine Derivatives against Multidrug-Resistant Strains. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300015. [PMID: 37002895 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has raised concerns due to the greater difficulties in patient treatment and higher mortality rates. Herein, we revisited the 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine scaffold and identified potent new carbamate derivatives having MIC90 values of 0.18-1.63 μM against Mtb H37Rv. Compounds 47-49, 51-53, and 55 exhibited remarkable activity against a panel of clinical isolates, displaying MIC90 values below 0.5 μM. In Mtb-infected macrophages, several compounds demonstrated a 1-log greater reduction in mycobacterial burden than rifampicin and pretomanid. The compounds tested did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity against three cell lines or any toxicity to Galleria mellonella. Furthermore, the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine derivatives did not show substantial activity against other bacteria or fungi. Finally, molecular docking studies revealed that the new compounds could interact with the deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) in a similar manner to pretomanid. Collectively, our findings highlight the chemical universe of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines and their promising potential against MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Karyn F Manieri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Andressa F Bonjorno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Debora L Campos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Camila M Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Demarqui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Daniel A G Ruiz
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800060, Brazil
| | - Nailton M Nascimento-Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800060, Brazil
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fernando R Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
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2
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Shukla S, Nishanth Rao R, Bhuktar H, Edwin RK, Jamma T, Medishetti R, Banerjee S, Giliyaru VB, Shenoy GG, Oruganti S, Misra P, Pal M. Wang resin catalysed sonochemical synthesis of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidinones and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones: Identification of chorismate mutase inhibitors having effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell viability. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106452. [PMID: 36889201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme chorismate mutase (or CM that is vital for the survival of bacteria) is an interesting pharmacological target for the identification of new anti-tubercular agents. The 5,5-disibstituted pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidinone derivatives containing the fragment based on 4-amino-1-methyl-3-propyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide were designed and explored as the potential inhibitors of chorismate mutase. Based on encouraging docking results of two representative molecules evaluated in silico against MtbCM (PDB: 2FP2) the Wang resin catalysed sonochemical synthesis of target N-heteroarenes were undertaken. The methodology involved the reaction of 4-amino-1-methyl-3-propyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide with the appropriate cyclic/acyclic ketones to afford the desired products in acceptable (51-94%) yields. The methodology was also extended successfully towards the synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones in excellent (85-90%) yields. In vitro MTT assay against the RAW 264.7 cell line followed by enzymatic assay against MtbCM identified 3b and 3c as active compounds that showed two H-bonding via their NH (at position 6) and CO group with MtbCM in silico and encouraging (54-57%) inhibition at 30 µM in vitro. Notably, none of the 2,2-disubstituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones showed any significant inhibition of MtbCM suggesting the favourable role of the pyrazole moiety in case of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidinones. The favourable role of cyclopentyl ring attached to the pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidinone moiety and that of two methyl groups in place of cyclopentyl ring was also indicated by the SAR study. Besides showing effects against MtbCM in the concentration response study, 3b and 3c showed little or no effects on mammalian cell viability up to 100 µM in an MTT assay but decreased the % Mtb cell viability at 10-30 µM with > 20% decrease at 30 µM in an Alamar Blue Assay. Moreover, no adverse effects were noted for these compounds when tested for teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity in zebrafish at various concentrations. Overall, being the only example of MtbCM inhibitors that showed effects on Mtb cell viability the compound 3b and 3c are of further interest form the view point of discovery and development of new anti-tubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Shukla
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - R Nishanth Rao
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Harshavardhan Bhuktar
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rebecca Kristina Edwin
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Trinath Jamma
- Department of Biological Sciences, B-225, BITS Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Raghavender Medishetti
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Varadaraj Bhat Giliyaru
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gautham G Shenoy
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Misra
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manojit Pal
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India.
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3
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Grassi L, Fantaccini S. An overview of Fintech applications to solve the puzzle of health care funding: state-of-the-art in medical crowdfunding. FINANCIAL INNOVATION 2022; 8:84. [PMID: 36158456 PMCID: PMC9483272 DOI: 10.1186/s40854-022-00388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crowdfunding is emerging as an alternative form of funding for medical purposes, with capital being raised directly from a broader and more diverse audience of investors. In this paper, we have systematically researched and reviewed the literature on medical crowdfunding to determine how crowdfunding connects with the health care industry. The health care industry has been struggling to develop sustainable research and business models for economic systems and investors alike, especially in pharmaceuticals. The research results have revealed a wealth of evidence concerning the way crowdfunding is applied in real life. Patients and caregivers utilize web platform-based campaigns all over the world to fund their medical expenses, generally on a spot basis, using donation-based or even reward-based schemes, regardless of the health care system archetype (public, private insurance-based or hybrid). Academics have also focused on funding campaigns and the predictors of success (which range from social behaviour and environment to the basic demographics of the campaigners and their diseases) and on social and regulatory concerns, including heightened social inequality and stigma. While equity crowdfunding is disrupting the way many ventures/businesses seek capital in the market, our research indicates that there are no relevant or consistent data on the practice of medical equity crowdfunding in health care, apart from a few anecdotal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grassi
- School of Management, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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4
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Fernandes GFS, Thompson AM, Castagnolo D, Denny WA, Dos Santos JL. Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Challenges and New Horizons. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7489-7531. [PMID: 35612311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 2000 years, tuberculosis (TB) has claimed more lives than any other infectious disease. In 2020 alone, TB was responsible for 1.5 million deaths worldwide, comparable to the 1.8 million deaths caused by COVID-19. The World Health Organization has stated that new TB drugs must be developed to end this pandemic. After decades of neglect in this field, a renaissance era of TB drug discovery has arrived, in which many novel candidates have entered clinical trials. However, while hundreds of molecules are reported annually as promising anti-TB agents, very few successfully progress to clinical development. In this Perspective, we critically review those anti-TB compounds published in the last 6 years that demonstrate good in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, we highlight the main challenges and strategies for developing new TB drugs and the current global pipeline of drug candidates in clinical studies to foment fresh research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil
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5
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Lane TR, Urbina F, Rank L, Gerlach J, Riabova O, Lepioshkin A, Kazakova E, Vocat A, Tkachenko V, Cole S, Makarov V, Ekins S. Machine Learning Models for Mycobacterium tuberculosisIn Vitro Activity: Prediction and Target Visualization. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:674-689. [PMID: 34964633 PMCID: PMC9121329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health challenge, with approximately 1.4 million deaths per year. There is still a need to develop novel treatments for patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). There have been many large-scale phenotypic screens that have led to the identification of thousands of new compounds. Yet, there is very limited investment in TB drug discovery which points to the need for new methods to increase the efficiency of drug discovery against Mtb. We have used machine learning approaches to learn from the public Mtb data, resulting in many data sets and models with robust enrichment and hit rates leading to the discovery of new active compounds. Recently, we have curated predominantly small-molecule Mtb data and developed new machine learning classification models with 18 886 molecules at different activity cutoffs. We now describe the further validation of these Bayesian models using a library of over 1000 molecules synthesized as part of EU-funded New Medicines for TB and More Medicines for TB programs. We highlight molecular features which are enriched in these active compounds. In addition, we provide new regression and classification models that can be used for scoring compound libraries or used to design new molecules. We have also visualized these molecules in the context of known molecular targets and identified clusters in chemical property space, which may aid in future target identification efforts. Finally, we are also making these data sets publicly available, representing a significant increase to the available Mtb inhibition data in the public domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Laura Rank
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jacob Gerlach
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Olga Riabova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena Kazakova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Valery Tkachenko
- Science Data Experts, 14909 Forest Landing Cir, Rockville, MD 20850
| | | | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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6
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Benazzouz SM, Malkinson J, Tóth G. Current trends in and future potential of crowdfunding to finance R&D of treatments for neglected tropical diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1563-1568. [PMID: 33640317 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A serious lack of funding exists for the research and development (R&D) of therapeutics, diagnostics, and preventive measures for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Hence, crowdfunding to finance R&D for NTDs has high importance, because it is a new and alternate source of capital. This study explores current trends of crowdfunding for R&D for NTDs. Our study showed that, although the number of crowdfunding campaigns for NTDs has been increasing since 2010, crowdfunding overall has not reached its full potential. Several factors contributing positively to the success of crowdfunding campaigns were identified. These and the promotion of the crowdfunding ecosystem could aid the unlocking of its potential as a complementary financing source to conventional funding practices of R&D for NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safouane M Benazzouz
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, UK; University of Algiers 1, 2 Didouche Mourad Street, Algiers 16000, Algeria; Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Petit Staoueli Street, Dely Ibrahim, Algiers 16320, Algeria
| | - John Malkinson
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Gergely Tóth
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, UK; Cantabio Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; TTK-NAP B, Drug Discovery Research Group, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
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7
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Lane T, Russo DP, Zorn KM, Clark AM, Korotcov A, Tkachenko V, Reynolds RC, Perryman AL, Freundlich JS, Ekins AS. Comparing and Validating Machine Learning Models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Discovery. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4346-4360. [PMID: 29672063 PMCID: PMC6167198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global health dilemma. In 2016, the WHO reported 10.4 million incidences and 1.7 million deaths. The need to develop new treatments for those infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) has led to many large-scale phenotypic screens and many thousands of new active compounds identified in vitro. However, with limited funding, efforts to discover new active molecules against Mtb needs to be more efficient. Several computational machine learning approaches have been shown to have good enrichment and hit rates. We have curated small molecule Mtb data and developed new models with a total of 18,886 molecules with activity cutoffs of 10 μM, 1 μM, and 100 nM. These data sets were used to evaluate different machine learning methods (including deep learning) and metrics and to generate predictions for additional molecules published in 2017. One Mtb model, a combined in vitro and in vivo data Bayesian model at a 100 nM activity yielded the following metrics for 5-fold cross validation: accuracy = 0.88, precision = 0.22, recall = 0.91, specificity = 0.88, kappa = 0.31, and MCC = 0.41. We have also curated an evaluation set ( n = 153 compounds) published in 2017, and when used to test our model, it showed the comparable statistics (accuracy = 0.83, precision = 0.27, recall = 1.00, specificity = 0.81, kappa = 0.36, and MCC = 0.47). We have also compared these models with additional machine learning algorithms showing Bayesian machine learning models constructed with literature Mtb data generated by different laboratories generally were equivalent to or outperformed deep neural networks with external test sets. Finally, we have also compared our training and test sets to show they were suitably diverse and different in order to represent useful evaluation sets. Such Mtb machine learning models could help prioritize compounds for testing in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel P. Russo
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
| | - Kimberley M. Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Alex M. Clark
- Molecular Materials Informatics, Inc., 1900 St. Jacques #302, Montreal H3J 2S1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandru Korotcov
- Science Data Software, LLC, 14914 Bradwill Court, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Valery Tkachenko
- Science Data Software, LLC, 14914 Bradwill Court, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Robert C. Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2540 J, 1720 2Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
| | - Alexander L. Perryman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - and Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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8
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Ekins S. A summary of some EU funded Tuberculosis drug discovery collaborations. Drug Discov Today 2018; 22:479-480. [PMID: 28325272 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 5616 Hilltop Needmore Road, Fuquay-Varina, NC 27526, USA
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9
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Mori G, Orena BS, Franch C, Mitchenall LA, Godbole AA, Rodrigues L, Aguilar-Pérez C, Zemanová J, Huszár S, Forbak M, Lane TR, Sabbah M, Deboosere N, Frita R, Vandeputte A, Hoffmann E, Russo R, Connell N, Veilleux C, Jha RK, Kumar P, Freundlich JS, Brodin P, Aínsa JA, Nagaraja V, Maxwell A, Mikušová K, Pasca MR, Ekins S. The EU approved antimalarial pyronaridine shows antitubercular activity and synergy with rifampicin, targeting RNA polymerase. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 112:98-109. [PMID: 30205975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The search for compounds with biological activity for many diseases is turning increasingly to drug repurposing. In this study, we have focused on the European Union-approved antimalarial pyronaridine which was found to have in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC 5 μg/mL). In macromolecular synthesis assays, pyronaridine resulted in a severe decrease in incorporation of 14C-uracil and 14C-leucine similar to the effect of rifampicin, a known inhibitor of M. tuberculosis RNA polymerase. Surprisingly, the co-administration of pyronaridine (2.5 μg/ml) and rifampicin resulted in in vitro synergy with an MIC 0.0019-0.0009 μg/mL. This was mirrored in a THP-1 macrophage infection model, with a 16-fold MIC reduction for rifampicin when the two compounds were co-administered versus rifampicin alone. Docking pyronaridine in M. tuberculosis RNA polymerase suggested the potential for it to bind outside of the RNA polymerase rifampicin binding pocket. Pyronaridine was also found to have activity against a M. tuberculosis clinical isolate resistant to rifampicin, and when combined with rifampicin (10% MIC) was able to inhibit M. tuberculosis RNA polymerase in vitro. All these findings, and in particular the synergistic behavior with the antitubercular rifampicin, inhibition of RNA polymerase in combination in vitro and its current use as a treatment for malaria, may suggest that pyronaridine could also be used as an adjunct for treatment against M. tuberculosis infection. Future studies will test potential for in vivo synergy, clinical utility and attempt to develop pyronaridine analogs with improved potency against M. tuberculosis RNA polymerase when combined with rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Mori
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Silvia Orena
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clara Franch
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lesley A Mitchenall
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adwait Anand Godbole
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Liliana Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, and BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, and IIS-Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clara Aguilar-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, and BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, and IIS-Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Júlia Zemanová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Huszár
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Forbak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Mohamad Sabbah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nathalie Deboosere
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Rosangela Frita
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nancy Connell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Courtney Veilleux
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Rajiv K Jha
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Joel S Freundlich
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jose Antonio Aínsa
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, and BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, and IIS-Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Rosalia Pasca
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; Collaborative Drug Discovery, 1633 Bayshore Highway, Suite 342, Burlingame, CA 94403, USA.
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Cyclipostins and Cyclophostin analogs as promising compounds in the fight against tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11751. [PMID: 28924204 PMCID: PMC5603573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A new class of Cyclophostin and Cyclipostins (CyC) analogs have been investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (M. tb) grown either in broth medium or inside macrophages. Our compounds displayed a diversity of action by acting either on extracellular M. tb bacterial growth only, or both intracellularly on infected macrophages as well as extracellularly on bacterial growth with very low toxicity towards host macrophages. Among the eight potential CyCs identified, CyC17 exhibited the best extracellular antitubercular activity (MIC50 = 500 nM). This compound was selected and further used in a competitive labelling/enrichment assay against the activity-based probe Desthiobiotin-FP in order to identify its putative target(s). This approach, combined with mass spectrometry, identified 23 potential candidates, most of them being serine or cysteine enzymes involved in M. tb lipid metabolism and/or in cell wall biosynthesis. Among them, Ag85A, CaeA and HsaD, have previously been reported as essential for in vitro growth of M. tb and/or survival and persistence in macrophages. Overall, our findings support the assumption that CyC17 may thus represent a novel class of multi-target inhibitor leading to the arrest of M. tb growth through a cumulative inhibition of a large number of Ser- and Cys-containing enzymes participating in important physiological processes.
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Sellamuthu S, Singh M, Kumar A, Singh SK. Type-II NADH Dehydrogenase (NDH-2): a promising therapeutic target for antitubercular and antibacterial drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:559-570. [PMID: 28472892 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1327577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is highly dangerous due to the development of resistance to first-line drugs. Moreover, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has also developed resistance to newly approved antitubercular drug bedaquiline. This necessitates the search for drugs acting on newer molecular targets. The energy metabolism of mycobacteria is the prime focus for the discovery of novel antitubercular drugs. Targeting type-2 NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) involved in the production of respiratory ATP could, therefore, be effective in treating the disease. Areas covered: This review describes the energetics of mycobacteria and the role of NDH-2 in ATP synthesis. Special attention has been given for genetic and chemical validations of NDH-2 as a molecular target. The reported kinetics and crystal structures of NDH-2 have been given in detail for better understanding of the enzyme. Expert opinion: NDH-2 is an essential enzyme for ATP synthesis and has a potential role in dormancy and persistence of Mtb. The human counterpart lacks this enzyme and hence NDH-2 inhibitors could have more clinical importance. Phenothiazines are potent inhibitor of NDH-2 and are effective against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant Mtb. Thus, it is highly desirable to optimize phenothiazine class of compounds for the development of next generation anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheeshkumar Sellamuthu
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- a Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
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