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Ezike TC, Okpala US, Onoja UL, Nwike CP, Ezeako EC, Okpara OJ, Okoroafor CC, Eze SC, Kalu OL, Odoh EC, Nwadike UG, Ogbodo JO, Umeh BU, Ossai EC, Nwanguma BC. Advances in drug delivery systems, challenges and future directions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17488. [PMID: 37416680 PMCID: PMC10320272 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular pharmacology and an improved understanding of the mechanism of most diseases have created the need to specifically target the cells involved in the initiation and progression of diseases. This is especially true for most life-threatening diseases requiring therapeutic agents which have numerous side effects, thus requiring accurate tissue targeting to minimize systemic exposure. Recent drug delivery systems (DDS) are formulated using advanced technology to accelerate systemic drug delivery to the specific target site, maximizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing off-target accumulation in the body. As a result, they play an important role in disease management and treatment. Recent DDS offer greater advantages when compared to conventional drug delivery systems due to their enhanced performance, automation, precision, and efficacy. They are made of nanomaterials or miniaturized devices with multifunctional components that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and have high viscoelasticity with an extended circulating half-life. This review, therefore, provides a comprehensive insight into the history and technological advancement of drug delivery systems. It updates the most recent drug delivery systems, their therapeutic applications, challenges associated with their use, and future directions for improved performance and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobechukwu Christian Ezike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu Solomon Okpala
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ufedo Lovet Onoja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinenye Princess Nwike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Chimeh Ezeako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Osinachi Juliet Okpara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Chinkwere Okoroafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Shadrach Chinecherem Eze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Onyinyechi Loveth Kalu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ugochukwu Gideon Nwadike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - John Onyebuchi Ogbodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bravo Udochukwu Umeh
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Chekwube Ossai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bennett Chima Nwanguma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Bunker A, Róg T. Mechanistic Understanding From Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Pharmaceutical Research 1: Drug Delivery. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:604770. [PMID: 33330633 PMCID: PMC7732618 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.604770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we outline the growing role that molecular dynamics simulation is able to play as a design tool in drug delivery. We cover both the pharmaceutical and computational backgrounds, in a pedagogical fashion, as this review is designed to be equally accessible to pharmaceutical researchers interested in what this new computational tool is capable of and experts in molecular modeling who wish to pursue pharmaceutical applications as a context for their research. The field has become too broad for us to concisely describe all work that has been carried out; many comprehensive reviews on subtopics of this area are cited. We discuss the insight molecular dynamics modeling has provided in dissolution and solubility, however, the majority of the discussion is focused on nanomedicine: the development of nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Here we focus on three areas where molecular dynamics modeling has had a particularly strong impact: (1) behavior in the bloodstream and protective polymer corona, (2) Drug loading and controlled release, and (3) Nanoparticle interaction with both model and biological membranes. We conclude with some thoughts on the role that molecular dynamics simulation can grow to play in the development of new drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Yang Y, Ye Z, Su Y, Zhao Q, Li X, Ouyang D. Deep learning for in vitro prediction of pharmaceutical formulations. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:177-185. [PMID: 30766789 PMCID: PMC6362259 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current pharmaceutical formulation development still strongly relies on the traditional trial-and-error methods of pharmaceutical scientists. This approach is laborious, time-consuming and costly. Recently, deep learning has been widely applied in many challenging domains because of its important capability of automatic feature extraction. The aim of the present research is to apply deep learning methods to predict pharmaceutical formulations. In this paper, two types of dosage forms were chosen as model systems. Evaluation criteria suitable for pharmaceutics were applied to assess the performance of the models. Moreover, an automatic dataset selection algorithm was developed for selecting the representative data as validation and test datasets. Six machine learning methods were compared with deep learning. Results showed that the accuracies of both two deep neural networks were above 80% and higher than other machine learning models; the latter showed good prediction of pharmaceutical formulations. In summary, deep learning employing an automatic data splitting algorithm and the evaluation criteria suitable for pharmaceutical formulation data was developed for the prediction of pharmaceutical formulations for the first time. The cross-disciplinary integration of pharmaceutics and artificial intelligence may shift the paradigm of pharmaceutical research from experience-dependent studies to data-driven methodologies.
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Key Words
- ANNs, artificial neural networks
- APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients
- Automatic dataset selection algorithm
- DNNs, deep neural networks
- Deep learning
- ESs, expert systems
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylene cellulose
- MAE, mean absolute error
- MD-FIS, the Maximum Dissimilarity algorithm with the small group filter and representative initial set selection
- MLR, multiple linear regression
- OFDF, oral fast disintegrating films
- Oral fast disintegrating films
- Oral sustained release matrix tablets
- PLSR, partial least squared regression
- Pharmaceutical formulation
- QSAR, quantitative structure activity relationships
- QbD, quality by design
- RF, random forest
- RMSE, root mean squared error
- SRMT, sustained release matrix tablets
- SVM, support vector machine
- Small data
- k-NN, k-nearest neighbors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhuyifan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoshan Li
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
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Zhong H, Chan G, Hu Y, Hu H, Ouyang D. A Comprehensive Map of FDA-Approved Pharmaceutical Products. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E263. [PMID: 30563197 PMCID: PMC6321070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing research and development (R&D) difficulty of new molecular entities (NMEs), novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) are attracting widespread attention. This review investigated the current distribution of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmaceutical products and evaluated the technical barrier for the entry of generic drugs and highlighted the success and failure of advanced drug delivery systems. According to the ratio of generic to new drugs and the four-quadrant classification scheme for evaluating the commercialization potential of DDSs, the results showed that the traditional dosage forms (e.g., conventional tablets, capsules and injections) with a lower technology barrier were easier to reproduce, while advanced drug delivery systems (e.g., inhalations and nanomedicines) with highly technical barriers had less competition and greater market potential. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into FDA-approved products and deep analysis of the technical barriers for advanced drug delivery systems. In the future, the R&D of new molecular entities may combine advanced delivery technologies to make drug candidates into more therapeutically effective formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Ging Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
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