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Sheean ME, Naumann-Winter F, Capovilla G, Kalland ME, Malikova E, Mariz S, Matusevicius D, Nistico R, Schwarzer-Daum B, Tsigkos S, Tzogani K, Larsson K, Magrelli A, Stoyanova-Beninska V. Defining Satisfactory Methods of Treatment in Rare Diseases When Evaluating Significant Benefit-The EU Regulator's Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:744625. [PMID: 34513895 PMCID: PMC8429787 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.744625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of the EU Orphan Regulation in 2000, the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products at the European Medicines Agency has been evaluating the benefits of proposed orphan medicines vs. satisfactory treatment methods. This type of evaluation is foreseen in the Orphan Regulation as the orphan designation criterion called the "significant benefit." In this article, based on 20 years of experience, we provide a commentary explaining what is considered a satisfactory method of treatment in the context of the EU Orphan Regulation and for the purpose of the assessment of significant benefit. We discuss the challenges posed by continuously changing clinical practise, which is associated with the increasing number of treatment options, evolving nature of medicinal therapeutic indications and our understanding of them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frauke Naumann-Winter
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Bonn, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Capovilla
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy.,Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabeth Kalland
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Statens Legemiddelverk, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Malikova
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Darius Matusevicius
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Läkemedelsverket, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Nistico
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Malta Medicines Authority, San Gwann, Malta
| | - Brigitte Schwarzer-Daum
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Armando Magrelli
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Violeta Stoyanova-Beninska
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Tsigkos S, Mariz S, Sheean ME, Larsson K, Magrelli A, Stoyanova-Beninska V. Regulatory Standards in Orphan Medicinal Product Designation in the EU. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:698534. [PMID: 34249982 PMCID: PMC8268149 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.698534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty years of orphan regulation in Europe have now elapsed, with almost 2,400 orphan designated medicinal products and more than 190 orphan products authorised in the EU. Alongside the evolution in understanding of rare diseases, considerable regulatory knowledge has also been accumulated regarding the level of evidence that would support inclusion of products into the framework. This article reviews publications and regulatory documents pertaining to orphan medicinal product designation in the EU and discusses the general expectations in submitted applications as reflected in the current regulatory practise. Important elements to recommend granting a European orphan designation are the key considerations of orphan condition, medical plausibility, seriousness, and prevalence, while significant benefit is also assessed when there are authorised medicinal products for the sought indication. This review attempts to clarify the specific concepts currently used in that regard and discusses how the available data can be used to justify the criteria for designation. Moving away from theoretical expectations or assumptions, it stresses that the applications have to be complemented with nosological and epidemiological justifications pertaining to the proposed condition, as well as relevant data in specific non-clinical in vivo models or in affected patients to support inclusion into the orphan scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Tsigkos
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Segundo Mariz
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kristina Larsson
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Armando Magrelli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Violeta Stoyanova-Beninska
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Ferreira GS, Veening-Griffioen DH, Boon WPC, Moors EHM, van Meer PJK. Levelling the Translational Gap for Animal to Human Efficacy Data. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1199. [PMID: 32679706 PMCID: PMC7401509 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of a reproducibility crisis combined with a high attrition rate in the pharmaceutical industry have put animal research increasingly under scrutiny in the past decade. Many researchers and the general public now question whether there is still a justification for conducting animal studies. While criticism of the current modus operandi in preclinical research is certainly warranted, the data on which these discussions are based are often unreliable. Several initiatives to address the internal validity and reporting quality of animal studies (e.g., Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) and Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence (PREPARE) guidelines) have been introduced but seldom implemented. As for external validity, progress has been virtually absent. Nonetheless, the selection of optimal animal models of disease may prevent the conducting of clinical trials, based on unreliable preclinical data. Here, we discuss three contributions to tackle the evaluation of the predictive value of animal models of disease themselves. First, we developed the Framework to Identify Models of Disease (FIMD), the first step to standardise the assessment, validation and comparison of disease models. FIMD allows the identification of which aspects of the human disease are replicated in the animals, facilitating the selection of disease models more likely to predict human response. Second, we show an example of how systematic reviews and meta-analyses can provide another strategy to discriminate between disease models quantitatively. Third, we explore whether external validity is a factor in animal model selection in the Investigator's Brochure (IB), and we use the IB-derisk tool to integrate preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data in early clinical development. Through these contributions, we show how we can address external validity to evaluate the translatability and scientific value of animal models in drug development. However, while these methods have potential, it is the extent of their adoption by the scientific community that will define their impact. By promoting and adopting high quality study design and reporting, as well as a thorough assessment of the translatability of drug efficacy of animal models of disease, we will have robust data to challenge and improve the current animal research paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme S. Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.J.K.v.M.)
| | - Désirée H. Veening-Griffioen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.J.K.v.M.)
| | - Wouter P. C. Boon
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (W.P.C.B.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Ellen H. M. Moors
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (W.P.C.B.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Peter J. K. van Meer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.V.-G.); (P.J.K.v.M.)
- Medicines Evaluation Board, 3531 AH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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