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Pastwińska J, Karwaciak I, Karaś K, Bachorz RA, Ratajewski M. RORγT agonists as immune modulators in anticancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189021. [PMID: 37951483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
RORγT is a transcription factor that directs the development of Th17 lymphocytes and other IL-17-expressing cells (e.g., Tc17 and ILC3 cells). These cells are involved in the body's defense against pathogenic bacteria and fungi, but they also participate in maintaining the proinflammatory environment in some autoimmune diseases and play a role in the immune system's response to cancer. Similar to other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the activity of RORγT is regulated by low-molecular-weight ligands. Therefore, extensive efforts have been dedicated to identifying inverse agonists that diminish the activity of this receptor and subsequently inhibit the development of autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, in the pursuit of an ideal inverse agonist, the development of agonists has been overlooked. It is important to remember that these types of compounds, by stimulating lymphocytes expressing RORγT (Th17 and Tc17), can enhance the immune system's response to tumors. In this review, we present recent advancements in the biology of RORγT agonists and their potential application in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pastwińska
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Karwaciak
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kaja Karaś
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał A Bachorz
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
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Khatri R, Lohiya B, Kaur G, Maithil V, Goswami A, Sarmadhikari D, Asthana S, Samal S. Understanding the role of conserved proline and serine residues in the SARS-CoV-2 spike cleavage sites in the virus entry, fusion, and infectivity. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:323. [PMID: 37663753 PMCID: PMC10469153 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to the host cell receptor and promotes the virus's entry into the target host cell. This interaction is primed by host cell proteases like furin and TMPRSS2, which act at the S1/S2 and S2´ cleavage sites, respectively. Both cleavage sites have serine or proline residues flanking either the single or polybasic region and were found to be conserved in coronaviruses. Unravelling the effects of these conserved residues on the virus entry and infectivity might facilitate the development of novel therapeutics. Here, we have investigated the role of the conserved serine and proline residues in the SARS-CoV-2 spike mediated entry, fusogenicity, and viral infectivity by using the HIV-1/spike-based pseudovirus system. A conserved serine residue mutation to alanine (S2´S-A) at the S2´ cleavage site resulted in the complete loss of spike cleavage. Exogenous treatment with trypsin or overexpression of TMPRSS2 protease could not rescue the loss of spike cleavage and biological activity. The S2´S-A mutant showed no significant responses against E-64d, TMPRSS2 or other relevant inhibitors. Taken together, serine at the S2´ site in the spike protein was indispensable for spike protein cleavage and virus infectivity. Thus, novel interventions targeting the conserved serine at the S2´ cleavage site should be explored to reduce severe disease caused by SARS-CoV-2-and novel emerging variants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03749-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Bharat Lohiya
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Vikas Maithil
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Abhishek Goswami
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Debapriyo Sarmadhikari
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
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Zeng J, Li M, Zhao Q, Chen M, Zhao L, Wei S, Yang H, Zhao Y, Wang A, Shen J, Du F, Chen Y, Deng S, Wang F, Zhang Z, Li Z, Wang T, Wang S, Xiao Z, Wu X. Small molecule inhibitors of RORγt for Th17 regulation in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:545-562. [PMID: 37440911 PMCID: PMC10334362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a ligand-dependent transcription factor, retinoid-associated orphan receptor γt (RORγt) that controls T helper (Th) 17 cell differentiation and interleukin (IL)-17 expression plays a critical role in the progression of several inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. An emerging novel approach to the therapy of these diseases thus involves controlling the transcriptional capacity of RORγt to decrease Th17 cell development and IL-17 production. Several RORγt inhibitors including both antagonists and inverse agonists have been discovered to regulate the transcriptional activity of RORγt by binding to orthosteric- or allosteric-binding sites in the ligand-binding domain. Some of small-molecule inhibitors have entered clinical evaluations. Therefore, in current review, the role of RORγt in Th17 regulation and Th17-related inflammatory and autoimmune diseases was highlighted. Notably, the recently developed RORγt inhibitors were summarized, with an emphasis on their optimization from lead compounds, efficacy, toxicity, mechanisms of action, and clinical trials. The limitations of current development in this area were also discussed to facilitate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Qianyun Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Shulin Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Tiangang Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
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Raj S, Vishwakarma P, Saxena S, Kumar V, Khatri R, Kumar A, Singh M, Mishra S, Asthana S, Ahmed S, Samal S. Intradermal Immunization of Soluble Influenza HA Derived from a Lethal Virus Induces High Magnitude and Breadth of Antibody Responses and Provides Complete Protection In Vivo. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040780. [PMID: 37112692 PMCID: PMC10141624 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogens mimicking the native-like structure of surface-exposed viral antigens are considered promising vaccine candidates. Influenza viruses are important zoonotic respiratory viruses with high pandemic potential. Recombinant soluble hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein-based protein subunit vaccines against Influenza have been shown to induce protective efficacy when administered intramuscularly. Here, we have expressed a recombinant soluble trimeric HA protein in Expi 293F cells and purified the protein derived from the Inf A/Guangdong-Maonan/ SWL1536/2019 virus which was found to be highly virulent in the mouse. The trimeric HA protein was found to be in the oligomeric state, highly stable, and the efficacy study in the BALB/c mouse challenge model through intradermal immunization with the prime-boost regimen conferred complete protection against a high lethal dose of homologous and mouse-adapted InfA/PR8 virus challenge. Furthermore, the immunogen induced high hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titers and showed cross-protection against other Inf A and Inf B subtypes. The results are promising and warrant trimeric HA as a suitable vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Raj
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Mrityunjay Singh
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Surbhi Mishra
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
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Maddipati VC, Mittal L, Kaur J, Rawat Y, Koraboina CP, Bhattacharyya S, Asthana S, Gundla R. Discovery of non-nucleoside oxindole derivatives as potent inhibitors against dengue RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106277. [PMID: 36444792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiazole linked Oxindole-5-Sulfonamide (OSA) derivatives were designed as inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity of Dengue virus. These were synthesized and then evaluated for their efficacy in ex-vivo virus replication assay using human cell lines. Among 20 primary compounds in the series, OSA-15 was identified as a hit. A series of analogues were synthesized by replacing the difluoro benzyl group of OSA-15 with different substituted benzyl groups. The efficacy of OSA-15derivatives was less than that of the parent compound, except OSA-15-17, which has shown improved efficacy than OSA-15. The further optimization was carried out by adding dimethyl (DM) groups to both the sulfonamide and oxindole NH's to produce OSA-15-DM and OSA-15-17-DM. These two compounds were showing no detectable cytotoxicity and the latter was more efficacious. Further, both these compounds were tested for inhibition in all the serotypes of the Dengue virus using an ex-vivo assay. The EC50 of OSA-15-17-DM was observed in a low micromolar range between 2.5 and 5.0 µg/ml. Computation docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies confirmed the binding of identified hits to DENV RdRp. OSA15-17-DM blocks the RNA entrance and elongation site for their biological activity with high binding affinity. Overall, the identified oxindole derivatives are novel compounds that can inhibit Dengue replication, working as non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNI) to explore as anti-viral RdRp activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lovika Mittal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd)Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Jaskaran Kaur
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd)Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Yogita Rawat
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd)Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Koraboina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Telangana 502 329, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd)Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3(rd)Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Telangana 502 329, India.
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