Behavioral disinhibition in mice bred for high drinking in the dark (HDID) and HS controls increases following ethanol

Animal Models of the Behavioral Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders

To more effectively manage substance use disorders, it is imperative to understand the neural, genetic, and psychological underpinnings of addictive behavior. To contribute to this understanding, considerable efforts have been made to develop translational animal models that capture key behavioral characteristics of addiction on the basis of DSM5 criteria of substance use disorders. In this review, we summarize empirical evidence for the occurrence of addiction-like behavior in animals. These symptoms include escalation of drug use, neurocognitive deficits, resistance to extinction, exaggerated motivation for drugs, increased reinstatement of drug seeking after extinction, preference for drugs over nondrug rewards, and resistance to punishment. The occurrence of addiction-like behavior in laboratory animals has opened the opportunity to investigate the neural, genetic, and psychological background of key aspects of addiction, which may ultimately contribute to the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders.

Alcohol-Preferring P Rats Exhibit Elevated Motor Impulsivity Concomitant with Operant Responding and Self-Administration of Alcohol

BACKGROUND

Increased levels of impulsivity are associated with increased illicit drug use and alcoholism. Previous research in our laboratory has shown that increased levels of delay discounting (a decision-making form of impulsivity) are related to appetitive processes governing alcohol self-administration as opposed to purely consummatory processes. Specifically, the high-seeking/high-drinking alcohol-preferring P rats showed increased delay discounting compared to nonselected Long Evans rats (LE) whereas the high-drinking/moderate-seeking HAD2 rats did not. The P rats also displayed a perseverative pattern of behavior such that during operant alcohol self-administration they exhibited greater resistance to extinction.

METHODS

One explanation for the previous findings is that P rats have a deficit in response inhibition. This study followed up on this possibility by utilizing a countermanding paradigm (stop signal reaction time [SSRT] task) followed by operant self-administration of alcohol across increasing fixed ratio requirements (FR; 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 responses). In separate animals, 24-hour access 2-bottle choice (10% EtOH vs. water) drinking was assessed.

RESULTS

In the SSRT task, P rats exhibited an increased SSRT compared to both LE and HAD2 rats indicating a decrease in behavioral inhibition in the P rats. Also, P rats showed increased operant self-administration across all FRs and the greatest increase in responding with increasing FR requirements. Conversely, the HAD2 and LE had shorter SSRTs and lower levels of operant alcohol self-administration. However, for 2-bottle choice drinking HAD2s and P rats consumed more EtOH and had a greater preference for EtOH compared to LE.

CONCLUSIONS

These data extend previous findings showing the P rats to have increased delay discounting (decision-making impulsivity) and suggest that P rats also have a lack of behavioral inhibition (motor impulsivity). This supports the notion that P rats are a highly impulsive as well as "high-seeking" model of alcoholism, and that the HAD2s' elevated levels of alcohol consumption are not mediated via appetitive processes or impulsivity.

Betel quid dependence is associated with functional connectivity changes of the anterior cingulate cortex: a resting-state fMRI study

OBJECTIVE

It is generally acknowledged that drug dependence is connected with abnormal functional organization in the individual's brain. The present study aimed to identify the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) abnormality with the cerebral networks involved in betel quid dependence (BQD) by resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

METHODS

With fMRI data measured from 33 resting-state BQD individuals and 32 non-addicted and age-, sex-, education-matched healthy controls, we inquired into the BQD-related changes in FC between the regions of ACC with the whole brain involved in BQD individuals using a region of interest vised method, and to identify the relation of the alteration with the severity of BQD and duration.

RESULTS

Compared to controls, the BQD group showed increased connectivity from ACC to the regions of the reward network (brainstem including midbrain regions such as the ventral tegmental area and pons, caudate, thalamus) and cerebellum. Decreased connectivity was observed in the BQD group in regions from ACC to the default mode network (medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus) and para Hippocampal/hypothalamus. Specifically, the BQD scale was positively correlated with increased FC of right ACC to left thalamus and left ACC to pons; the durations were negatively correlated with FC of right ACC to left precuneus.

CONCLUSION

These disturbances in rsFC from ACC to the reward network and DMN revealed by fMRI may have a key function in providing insights into the neurological pathophysiology underlying BQD-associated executive dysfunction and disinhibition. These findings may contribute to our better understanding of the mechanisms underlying BQD.