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Tissue Bioengineering with Fibrin Scaffolds and Deproteinized Bone Matrix Associated or Not with the Transoperative Laser Photobiomodulation Protocol. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010407. [PMID: 36615601 PMCID: PMC9824823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extending the range of use of the heterologous fibrin biopolymer, this pre-clinical study showed a new proportionality of its components directed to the formation of scaffold with a lower density of the resulting mesh to facilitate the infiltration of bone cells, and combined with therapy by laser photobiomodulation, in order to accelerate the repair process and decrease the morphofunctional recovery time. Thus, a transoperative protocol of laser photobiomodulation (L) was evaluated in critical bone defects filled with deproteinized bovine bone particles (P) associated with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HF). The groups were: BCL (blood clot + laser); HF; HFL; PHF (P+HF); PHFL (P+HF+L). Microtomographically, bone volume (BV) at 14 days, was higher in the PHF and PHFL groups (10.45 ± 3.31 mm3 and 9.94 ± 1.51 mm3), significantly increasing in the BCL, HFL and PHFL groups. Histologically, in all experimental groups, the defects were not reestablished either in the external cortical bone or in the epidural, occurring only in partial bone repair. At 42 days, the bone area (BA) increased in all groups, being significantly higher in the laser-treated groups. The quantification of bone collagen fibers showed that the percentage of collagen fibers in the bone tissue was similar between the groups for each experimental period, but significantly higher at 42 days (35.71 ± 6.89%) compared to 14 days (18.94 ± 6.86%). It can be concluded that the results of the present study denote potential effects of laser radiation capable of inducing functional bone regeneration, through the synergistic combination of biomaterials and the new ratio of heterologous fibrin biopolymer components (1:1:1) was able to make the resulting fibrin mesh less dense and susceptible to cellular permeability. Thus, the best fibrinogen concentration should be evaluated to find the ideal heterologous fibrin scaffold.
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Chacon EL, Bertolo MRV, de Guzzi Plepis AM, da Conceição Amaro Martins V, dos Santos GR, Pinto CAL, Pelegrine AA, Teixeira ML, Buchaim DV, Nazari FM, Buchaim RL, Sugano GT, da Cunha MR. Collagen-chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone repair in ovariectomized rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:28. [PMID: 36593236 PMCID: PMC9807587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesions with bone loss may require autologous grafts, which are considered the gold standard; however, natural or synthetic biomaterials are alternatives that can be used in clinical situations that require support for bone neoformation. Collagen and hydroxyapatite have been used for bone repair based on the concept of biomimetics, which can be combined with chitosan, forming a scaffold for cell adhesion and growth. However, osteoporosis caused by gonadal hormone deficiency can thus compromise the expected results of the osseointegration of scaffolds. The aim of this study was to investigate the osteoregenerative capacity of collagen (Co)/chitosan (Ch)/hydroxyapatite (Ha) scaffolds in rats with hormone deficiency caused by experimental bilateral ovariectomy. Forty-two rats were divided into non-ovariectomized (NO) and ovariectomized (O) groups, divided into three subgroups: control (empty defect) and two subgroups receiving collagen/chitosan/hydroxyapatite scaffolds prepared using different methods of hydroxyapatite incorporation, in situ (CoChHa1) and ex situ (CoChHa2). The defect areas were submitted to macroscopic, radiological, and histomorphometric analysis. No inflammatory processes were found in the tibial defect area that would indicate immune rejection of the scaffolds, thus confirming the biocompatibility of the biomaterials. Bone formation starting from the margins of the bone defect were observed in all rats, with a greater volume in the NO groups, particularly the group receiving CoChHa2. Less bone formation was found in the O subgroups when compared to the NO. In conclusion, collagen/chitosan/hydroxyapatite scaffolds stimulate bone growth in vivo but abnormal conditions of bone fragility caused by gonadal hormone deficiency may have delayed the bone repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erivelto Luís Chacon
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundiai Medical School, Jundiai, 13202-550 Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria de Guzzi Plepis
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Sao Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, 13566-590 Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Interunits Graduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, 13566-970 Brazil
| | | | | | | | - André Antônio Pelegrine
- grid.456544.20000 0004 0373 160XDepartment of Implant Dentistry, Faculdade Sao Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, 13045-755 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lucchesi Teixeira
- grid.456544.20000 0004 0373 160XProsthodontics Department, Faculdade Sao Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, 13045-755 Brazil
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia, 17525-902 Brazil ,Teaching and Research Coordination of the Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina, 17800-000 Brazil
| | | | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Bauru, 17012-901 Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, 05508-270 Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tenório Sugano
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundiai Medical School, Jundiai, 13202-550 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundiai Medical School, Jundiai, 13202-550 Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Interunits Graduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, 13566-970 Brazil
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Pomini KT, Buchaim DV, Bighetti ACC, Andreo JC, Rosso MPDO, Escudero JSB, Della Coletta BB, Alcalde MP, Duarte MAH, Pitol DL, Issa JPM, Ervolino E, Moscatel MBM, Bellini MZ, de Souza AT, Soares WC, Buchaim RL. Use of Photobiomodulation Combined with Fibrin Sealant and Bone Substitute Improving the Bone Repair of Critical Defects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194170. [PMID: 36236116 PMCID: PMC9572221 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this preclinical protocol, an adjunct method is used in an attempt to overcome the limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches applied to bone repair of large bone defects filled with scaffolds. Thus, we evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the bone repair process on defects filled with demineralized bovine bone (B) and fibrin sealant (T). The groups were BC (blood clot), BT (B + T), BCP (BC + PBMT), and BTP (B + T + PBMT). Microtomographically, BC and BCP presented a hypodense cavity with hyperdense regions adjacent to the border of the wound, with a slight increase at 42 days. BT and BTP presented discrete hyperdensing areas at the border and around the B particles. Quantitatively, BCP and BTP (16.96 ± 4.38; 17.37 ± 4.38) showed higher mean bone density volume in relation to BC and BT (14.42 ± 3.66; 13.44 ± 3.88). Histologically, BC and BCP presented deposition of immature bone at the periphery and at 42 days new bone tissue became lamellar with organized total collagen fibers. BT and BTP showed inflammatory infiltrate along the particles, but at 42 days, it was resolved, mainly in BTP. In the birefringence analysis, BT and BTP, the percentage of red birefringence increased (9.14% to 20.98% and 7.21% to 27.57%, respectively), but green birefringence was similar in relation to 14 days (3.3% to 3.5% and 3.5% to 4.2%, respectively). The number of osteocytes in the neoformed bone matrix proportionally reduced in all evaluated groups. Immunostaining of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP—2/4), osteocalcin (OCN), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in BCP and BTP when compared to the BC and BT groups (p < 0.05). An increased number of TRAP positive cells (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) was observed in BT and BTP. We conclude that PBMT positively influenced the repair of bone defects filled with B and T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil
- Teaching and Research Coordination of the Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Cestari Bighetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | - José Stalin Bayas Escudero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Botteon Della Coletta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius Leonardo Pitol
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mardegan Issa
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FORP/USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16066-840, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Zilioli Bellini
- Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | | | - Wendel Cleber Soares
- Vice-Rector/President, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3235-8220
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Therapeutic Effects of Citrus Flavonoids Neohesperidin, Hesperidin and Its Aglycone, Hesperetin, on Bone Health. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050626. [PMID: 35625554 PMCID: PMC9138288 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are natural phytochemicals that have therapeutic effects and act in the prevention of several pathologies. These phytochemicals can be found in seeds, grains, tea, coffee, wine, chocolate, cocoa, vegetables and, mainly, in citrus fruits. Neohesperidin, hesperidin and hesperetin are citrus flavonoids from the flavanones subclass that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Neohesperidin, in the form of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), also has dietary properties as a sweetener. In general, these flavanones have been investigated as a strategy to control bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. In this literature review, we compiled studies that investigated the effects of neohesperidin, hesperidin and its aglycone, hesperetin, on bone health. In vitro studies showed that these flavanones exerted an antiosteoclastic and anti- inflammatory effects, inhibiting the expression of osteoclastic markers and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase levels. Similarly, such studies favored the osteogenic potential of preosteoblastic cells and induced the overexpression of osteogenic markers. In vivo, these flavanones favored the regeneration of bone defects and minimized inflammation in arthritis- and periodontitis-induced models. Additionally, they exerted a significant anticatabolic effect in ovariectomy models, reducing trabecular bone loss and increasing bone mineral density. Although research should advance to the clinical field, these flavanones may have therapeutic potential for controlling the progression of metabolic, autoimmune or inflammatory bone diseases.
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Nogueira DMB, Figadoli ALDF, Alcantara PL, Pomini KT, Santos German IJ, Reis CHB, Rosa Júnior GM, Rosso MPDO, Santos PSDS, Zangrando MSR, Pereira EDSBM, de Marchi MÂ, Trazzi BFDM, Rossi JDO, Salmeron S, Pastori CM, Buchaim DV, Buchaim RL. Biological Behavior of Xenogenic Scaffolds in Alcohol-Induced Rats: Histomorphometric and Picrosirius Red Staining Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:584. [PMID: 35160573 PMCID: PMC8839833 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this experimental protocol, the objective was to evaluate the biological behavior of two xenogenic scaffolds in alcohol-induced rats through histomorphometric and Picrosirius Red staining analysis of non-critical defects in the tibia of rats submitted or not to alcohol ingestion at 25% v/v. Eighty male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20 each): CG/B (water diet + Bio-Oss® graft, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland), CG/O (water diet + OrthoGen® graft, Baumer, Mogi Mirim, Brazil), AG/B (25% v/v alcohol diet + Bio-Oss® graft), and AG/O (25% v/v alcohol diet + OrthoGen® graft). After 90 days of liquid diet, the rats were surgically obtained, with a defect in the tibia proximal epiphysis; filled in according to their respective groups; and euthanized at 10, 20, 40 and 60 days. In two initial periods (10 and 20 days), all groups presented biomaterial particles surrounded by disorganized collagen fibrils. Alcoholic animals (AG/B and AG/O) presented, in the cortical and medullary regions, a reactive tissue with inflammatory infiltrate. In 60 days, in the superficial area of the surgical cavities, particles of biomaterials were observed in all groups, with new compact bone tissue around them, without complete closure of the lesion, except in non-alcoholic animals treated with Bio-Oss® xenograft (CG/B), where the new cortical interconnected the edges of the defect. Birefringence transition was observed in the histochemical analysis of collagen fibers by Picrosirius Red, in which all groups in periods of 10 and 20 days showed red-orange birefringence, and from 40 days onwards greenish-yellow birefringence, which demonstrates the characteristic transition from the formation of thin and disorganized collagen fibers initially to more organized and thicker later. In histomorphometric analysis, at 60 days, CG/B had the highest volume density of new bone (32.9 ± 1.15) and AG/O the lowest volume density of new bone (15.32 ± 1.71). It can be concluded that the bone neoformation occurred in the defects that received the two biomaterials, in all periods, but the Bio-Oss® was superior in the results, with its groups CG/B and AG/B displaying greater bone formation (32.9 ± 1.15 and 22.74 ± 1.15, respectively) compared to the OrthoGen® CG/O and AG/O groups (20.66 ± 2.12 and 15.32 ± 1.71, respectively), and that the alcoholic diet interfered negatively in the repair process and in the percentage of new bone formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane Maria Braz Nogueira
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (D.M.B.N.); (M.S.R.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - André Luiz de Faria Figadoli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (A.L.d.F.F.); (K.T.P.); (I.J.S.G.); (C.H.B.R.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Patrícia Lopes Alcantara
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (P.L.A.); (P.S.d.S.S.)
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (A.L.d.F.F.); (K.T.P.); (I.J.S.G.); (C.H.B.R.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil; (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Iris Jasmin Santos German
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (A.L.d.F.F.); (K.T.P.); (I.J.S.G.); (C.H.B.R.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Carlos Henrique Bertoni Reis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (A.L.d.F.F.); (K.T.P.); (I.J.S.G.); (C.H.B.R.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
- Technical Board, UNIMAR Beneficent Hospital (HBU), University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-160, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Marco Rosa Júnior
- Anatomy Discipline, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Sacred Heart University Center (UNISAGRADO), Bauru 17011-160, Brazil;
| | - Marcelie Priscila de Oliveira Rosso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (A.L.d.F.F.); (K.T.P.); (I.J.S.G.); (C.H.B.R.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (P.L.A.); (P.S.d.S.S.)
| | - Mariana Schutzer Ragghianti Zangrando
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (D.M.B.N.); (M.S.R.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil; (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Miguel Ângelo de Marchi
- Coordination of the Medical School, Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Jéssica de Oliveira Rossi
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Samira Salmeron
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (D.M.B.N.); (M.S.R.Z.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil; (E.d.S.B.M.P.); (D.V.B.)
- Teaching and Research Coordination, Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB/USP), University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil; (A.L.d.F.F.); (K.T.P.); (I.J.S.G.); (C.H.B.R.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
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In Vivo Study of Nasal Bone Reconstruction with Collagen, Elastin and Chitosan Membranes in Abstainer and Alcoholic Rats. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14010188. [PMID: 35012210 PMCID: PMC8747723 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of collagen, elastin, or chitosan biomaterial for bone reconstruction in rats submitted or not to experimental alcoholism. Wistar male rats were divided into eight groups, submitted to chronic alcohol ingestion (G5 to G8) or not (G1 to G4). Nasal bone defects were filled with clot in animals of G1 and G5 and with collagen, elastin, and chitosan grafts in G2/G6, G3/G7, and G4/G8, respectively. Six weeks after, all specimens underwent radiographic, tomographic, and microscopic evaluations. Bone mineral density was lower in the defect area in alcoholic animals compared to the abstainer animals. Bone neoformation was greater in the abstainer groups receiving the elastin membrane and in abstainer and alcoholic rats receiving the chitosan membrane (15.78 ± 1.19, 27.81 ± 0.91, 47.29 ± 0.97, 42.69 ± 1.52, 13.81 ± 1.60, 18.59 ± 1.37, 16.54 ± 0.89, and 37.06 ± 1.17 in G1 to G8, respectively). In conclusion, osteogenesis and bone density were more expressive after the application of the elastin matrix in abstainer animals and of the chitosan matrix in both abstainer and alcoholic animals. Chronic alcohol ingestion resulted in lower bone formation and greater formation of fibrous connective tissue.
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Buchaim DV, Andreo JC, Pomini KT, Barraviera B, Ferreira Júnior RS, Duarte MAH, Alcalde MP, Reis CHB, Teixeira DDB, Bueno CRDS, Detregiachi CRP, Araujo AC, Buchaim RL. A biocomplex to repair experimental critical size defects associated with photobiomodulation therapy. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210056. [PMID: 35261617 PMCID: PMC8863337 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- University of Marilia, Brazil; University Center of Adamantina, Brazil; São Paulo State University, Brazil
| | | | | | - Benedito Barraviera
- São Paulo State University, Brazil; São Paulo State University, Brazil; São Paulo State University, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Júnior
- São Paulo State University, Brazil; São Paulo State University, Brazil; São Paulo State University, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rogério Leone Buchaim
- São Paulo State University, Brazil; University of São Paulo, Brazil; University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Application of β-Tricalcium Phosphate in Adhesive Dentin Bonding. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172855. [PMID: 34502894 PMCID: PMC8434446 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at synthesizing β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanoparticles and comparing the mechanical properties and dentin interaction of two adhesives: experimental adhesive (EA) and EA with 5 wt.% β-TCP nanoparticles (β-TCP-5%). These filler nanoparticles were synthesized and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The β-TCP nanoparticles were incorporated in the adhesives to form two groups: gp-1: EA (control) and gp-2: β-TCP-5%. These adhesives were characterized by SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and were also assessed for their micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) with (TC) and without thermocycling (NTC). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC) of two adhesives. The β-TCP filler was seen as irregularly shaped agglomerates on SEM. The micro-Raman spectra revealed characteristic peaks associated with β-TCP nanoparticles. Both adhesives presented suitable dentin interaction, which was demonstrated by the formation of resin tags of variable depths. The EDX analysis verified the existence of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) for the β-TCP-5% group. The greatest μTBS values were shown by β-TCP-5% group samples when they were non-thermocycled (NTC) (β-TCP-5%-NTC: 34.11 ± 3.46) followed by the thermocycled (TC) samples of the same group (β-TCP-5%-TC: 30.38 ± 3.66), compared with the EA group. Although the DC presented by β-TCP-5% group was comparable to the EA group, it was still lower. The addition of β-TCP nanoparticles in the adhesive improved its μTBS and resulted in a suitable dentin interaction, seen in the form of hybrid layer and resin tag formation. Nonetheless, a decreased DC was observed for the β-TCP-5% adhesive. Future studies probing the effect of different filler concentrations on various properties of the adhesive are warranted.
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Xue PP, Yuan JD, Yao Q, Zhao YZ, Xu HL. Bioactive Factors-imprinted Scaffold Vehicles for Promoting Bone Healing: The Potential Strategies and the Confronted Challenges for Clinical Production. BIO INTEGRATION 2020. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Wound repair of bone is a complicated multistep process orchestrated by inflammation, angiogenesis, callus formation, and bone remodeling. Many bioactive factors (BFs) including cytokine and growth factors (GFs) have previously been reported to be involved in regulating
wound healing of bone and some exogenous BFs such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were proven to be helpful for improving bone healing. In this regard, the BFs reported for boosting bone repair were initially categorized according to their regulatory mechanisms. Thereafter, the challenges
including short half-life, poor stability, and rapid enzyme degradation and deactivation for these exogenous BFs in bone healing are carefully outlined in this review. For these issues, BFs-imprinted scaffold vehicles have recently been reported to promote the stability of BFs and enhance
their half-life in vivo. This review is focused on the incorporation of BFs into the modulated biomaterials with various forms of bone tissue engineering applications: firstly, rigid bone graft substitutes (BGSs) were used to imprint BFs for large scale bone defect repair; secondly,
the soft sponge-like scaffold carrying BFs is discussed as filling materials for the cavity of bone defects; thirdly, various injectable vehicles including hydrogel, nanoparticles, and microspheres for the delivery of BFs were also introduced for irregular bone fracture repair. Meanwhile,
the challenges for BFs-imprinted scaffold vehicles are also analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Peng Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Jian-dong Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - He-Lin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
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10
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Rezk AI, Bhattarai DP, Park J, Park CH, Kim CS. Polyaniline-coated titanium oxide nanoparticles and simvastatin-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) composite nanofibers scaffold for bone tissue regeneration application. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 192:111007. [PMID: 32388027 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers loaded with polyaniline coated titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2/PANI) and simvastatin (SIM) drug were produced by the electrospinning method. As-prepared samples were investigated in terms of morphology characterization, mechanical properties, physiochemical properties, drug release, biomimetic mineralization, and biocompatibility. in vitro drug release studies were conducted in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. The results suggest that varying the concentrations of TiO2/PANI nanoparticles could change the rate of drug release. The release mechanism was studied using several kinetic models, including the Higuchi model, the Hixson-Crowell model, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, to clarify the mechanism of SIM release from the composite nanofibers. The assessment of in vitro mineralization of the composite nanofibers for the growth of hydroxyapatite was performed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Field scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imagery and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses indicated that after soaking in SBF, a hydroxyapatite layer was formed on the surface of the nanofibrous webs. These novel composite nanofibers release simvastatin in a controlled manner with profound cell proliferation and attachment compared to that in pure PCL nanofiber, which indicates their potential for bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman I Rezk
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Deval Prasad Bhattarai
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeesoo Park
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Park
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea; Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Sang Kim
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea; Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Munhoz MDAES, Pomini KT, Plepis AMDG, Martins VDCA, Machado EG, de Moraes R, Cunha FB, Santos Junior AR, Camargo Cardoso GB, Duarte MAH, Alcalde MP, Buchaim DV, Buchaim RL, da Cunha MR. Elastin-derived scaffolding associated or not with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or hydroxyapatite (HA) in the repair process of metaphyseal bone defects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231112. [PMID: 32310975 PMCID: PMC7170266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering represents a promising alternative for reconstructive surgical procedures especially for the repair of bone defects that do not regenerate spontaneously. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the elastin matrix (E24/50 and E96/37) incorporated with hydroxyapatite (HA) or morphogenetic protein (BMP) on the bone repair process in the distal metaphysis of rat femur. The groups were: control group (CG), hydrolyzed elastin matrix at 50°C/24h (E24/50), E24/50 + HA (E24/50/HA), E24/50 + BMP (E24/50/BMP), hydrolyzed elastin matrix at 37°C/96h (E96/37), E96/37 + HA (E96/37/HA), E96/37 + BMP (E96/37/BMP). Macroscopic and radiographic analyses showed longitudinal integrity of the femur in all groups without fractures or bone deformities. Microtomographically, all groups demonstrated partial closure by mineralized tissue except for the E96/37/HA group with hyperdense thin bridge formation interconnecting the edges of the ruptured cortical. Histologically, there was no complete cortical recovery in any group, but partial closure with trabecular bone. In defects filled with biomaterials, no chronic inflammatory response or foreign body type was observed. The mean volume of new bone formed was statistically significant higher in the E96/37/HA and E24/50 groups (71.28 ± 4.26 and 66.40 ± 3.69, respectively) than all the others. In the confocal analysis, it was observed that all groups presented new bone markings formed during the experimental period, being less evident in the CG group. Von Kossa staining revealed intense calcium deposits distributed in all groups. Qualitative analysis of collagen fibers under polarized light showed a predominance of red-orange birefringence in the newly regenerated bone with no difference between groups. It was concluded that the E24/50 and E96/37/HA groups promoted, with greater speed, the bone repair process in the distal metaphysis of rat femur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Azevedo e Sousa Munhoz
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Medical College of Jundiai, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Guzzi Plepis
- Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Gomes Machado
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Medical College of Jundiai, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato de Moraes
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Medical College of Jundiai, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bento Cunha
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Medical College of Jundiai, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Guinea Brasil Camargo Cardoso
- Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- University Center Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio (CEUNSP), Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- Health Sciences Center, Sacred Heart University Center (UNISAGRADO), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOB/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues da Cunha
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Medical College of Jundiai, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioengineering (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- University Center Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio (CEUNSP), Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Santos German IJ, Pomini KT, Bighetti ACC, Andreo JC, Reis CHB, Shinohara AL, Rosa Júnior GM, Teixeira DDB, Rosso MPDO, Buchaim DV, Buchaim RL. Evaluation of the Use of an Inorganic Bone Matrix in the Repair of Bone Defects in Rats Submitted to Experimental Alcoholism. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E695. [PMID: 32033088 PMCID: PMC7040897 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of chronic alcoholism on the repair of bone defects associated with xenograft. Forty male rats were distributed in: control group (CG, n = 20) and experimental group (EG, n = 20), which received 25% ethanol ad libitum after a period of adaptation. After 90 days of liquid diet, the rats were submitted to 5.0-mm bilateral craniotomy on the parietal bones, subdividing into groups: CCG (control group that received only water with liquid diet and the defect was filled with blood clot), BCG (control group that received only water with liquid diet and the defect was filled with biomaterial), CEG (alcoholic group that received only ethanol solution 25% v/v with liquid diet and the defect was filled with blood clot), and BEG (alcoholic group that received only ethanol solution 25% v/v with liquid diet and the defect was filled with biomaterial). In the analysis of body mass, the drunk animals presented the lowest averages in relation to non-drunk animals during the experimental period. Histomorphologically all groups presented bone formation restricted to the defect margins at 60 days, with bone islets adjacent to the BCG biomaterial particles. CEG showed significant difference compared to BEG only at 40 days (17.42 ± 2.78 vs. 9.59 ± 4.59, respectively). In the birefringence analysis, in early periods all groups showed red-orange birefringence turning greenish-yellow at the end of the experiment. The results provided that, regardless of clinical condition, i.e., alcoholic or non-alcoholic, in the final period of the experiment, the process of bone defect recomposition was similar with the use of xenograft or only clot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Jasmin Santos German
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (I.J.S.G.); (K.T.P.); (A.C.C.B.); (J.C.A.); (A.L.S.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE), Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic
- Mother and Teacher Pontifical Catholic University (PUCMM), Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (I.J.S.G.); (K.T.P.); (A.C.C.B.); (J.C.A.); (A.L.S.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Ana Carolina Cestari Bighetti
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (I.J.S.G.); (K.T.P.); (A.C.C.B.); (J.C.A.); (A.L.S.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (I.J.S.G.); (K.T.P.); (A.C.C.B.); (J.C.A.); (A.L.S.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Carlos Henrique Bertoni Reis
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo 17525-902, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (D.d.B.T.); (D.V.B.)
| | - André Luis Shinohara
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (I.J.S.G.); (K.T.P.); (A.C.C.B.); (J.C.A.); (A.L.S.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Geraldo Marco Rosa Júnior
- University of the Ninth of July (UNINOVE), Bauru, São Paulo 17011-102, Brazil;
- University of the Sacred Heart (USC), Bauru, São Paulo 17011-160, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Bortoli Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo 17525-902, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (D.d.B.T.); (D.V.B.)
| | - Marcelie Priscila de Oliveira Rosso
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (I.J.S.G.); (K.T.P.); (A.C.C.B.); (J.C.A.); (A.L.S.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo 17525-902, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (D.d.B.T.); (D.V.B.)
- Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina, São Paulo 17800-000, Brazil
| | - Rogério Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo 17012-901, Brazil; (I.J.S.G.); (K.T.P.); (A.C.C.B.); (J.C.A.); (A.L.S.); (M.P.d.O.R.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo 17525-902, Brazil; (C.H.B.R.); (D.d.B.T.); (D.V.B.)
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13
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Pomini KT, Buchaim DV, Andreo JC, Rosso MPDO, Della Coletta BB, German ÍJS, Biguetti ACC, Shinohara AL, Rosa Júnior GM, Cosin Shindo JVT, Alcalde MP, Duarte MAH, de Bortoli Teixeira D, Buchaim RL. Fibrin Sealant Derived from Human Plasma as a Scaffold for Bone Grafts Associated with Photobiomodulation Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1761. [PMID: 30974743 PMCID: PMC6479442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin sealants derived from human blood can be used in tissue engineering to assist in the repair of bone defects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the support system formed by a xenograft fibrin sealant associated with photobiomodulation therapy of critical defects in rat calvaria. Thirty-six rats were divided into four groups: BC (n = 8), defect filled with blood clot; FSB (n = 10), filled with fibrin sealant and xenograft; BCPBMT (n = 8), blood clot and photobiomodulation; FSBPBMT (n = 10), fibrin sealant, xenograft, and photobiomodulation. The animals were killed after 14 and 42 days. In the histological and microtomographic analysis, new bone formation was observed in all groups, limited to the defect margins, and without complete wound closure. In the FSB group, bone formation increased between periods (4.3 ± 0.46 to 6.01 ± 0.32), yet with lower volume density when compared to the FSBPBMT (5.6 ± 0.45 to 10.64 ± 0.97) group. It was concluded that the support system formed by the xenograft fibrin sealant associated with the photobiomodulation therapy protocol had a positive effect on the bone repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Torres Pomini
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
- Department of Human Morphophysiology, Medical and Dentistry School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neuroanatomy, Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UniFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil.
| | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruna Botteon Della Coletta
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Íris Jasmin Santos German
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE), Santo Domingo 10203, Dominic Republic.
| | - Ana Carolina Cestari Biguetti
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - André Luis Shinohara
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Geraldo Marco Rosa Júnior
- Department of Health Science, University of the Sacred Heart (USC), Bauru 17011-160, Brazil.
- Department of Anatomy, University of the Ninth of July (UNINOVE), Bauru 17011-102, Brazil.
| | - João Vitor Tadashi Cosin Shindo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Health Science, University of the Sacred Heart (USC), Bauru 17011-160, Brazil.
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Marco Antônio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Daniel de Bortoli Teixeira
- Department of Human Morphophysiology, Medical and Dentistry School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Leone Buchaim
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil.
- Department of Human Morphophysiology, Medical and Dentistry School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, Brazil.
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