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Hope VD, McVeigh J, Begley E, Glass R, Edmundson C, Heinsbroek E, Kean J, Campbell J, Whitfield M, Morgan G, Acreman D, Smith J. Factors associated with hepatitis C and HIV testing uptake among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 40:586-596. [PMID: 33164293 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Historically, people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs (IPED) were not perceived as being at high risk of HIV or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, recent studies indicate HCV and HIV prevalences are elevated, with many HCV infections undiagnosed. DESIGN AND METHODS Men who inject IPEDs recruited from community settings and specialist services, including needle-syringe programs, across UK during 2016 self-completed a questionnaire. Multivariate analyses examined factors associated with HCV/HIV testing. RESULTS The participants' (n=562; 24% service recruited) median age was 31 years, 4% identified as gay or bisexual, 18% had ever been imprisoned and 6% had ever injected a psychoactive drug. Those community recruited more often reported sharing drugs vials (16% vs. 8%, P=0.021) and, among those with 2+ sexual partners, poor condom use (50% vs. 36%, P=0.063), than those service recruited. Overall, one-third had ever been tested for HCV (31%) and/or HIV (34%). Testing uptake was associated with other risk factors for HCV/HIV, being recruited through services and having received metabolic tests. Participants' motivations for using IPEDs were associated with recruitment setting and HIV/HCV testing uptake. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The majority were untested for HCV/HIV. HCV/HIV testing and risks were associated with recruitment through services. Previous needle and syringe program-based studies have potentially overestimated testing uptake and underestimated risk. Targeted interventions are needed, particularly for those not accessing services. The association between HCV/HIV testing uptake and receipt of metabolic tests suggests that developing a combined offer of these tests as part of health monitoring could improve uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian D Hope
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James McVeigh
- Department of Sociology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Emma Begley
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel Glass
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | - Joseph Kean
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, National Health Service Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Mark Whitfield
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Commissioning Team, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dean Acreman
- Substance Misuse Programme, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Josie Smith
- Substance Misuse Programme, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
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McVeigh J, Salinas M, Ralphs R. A sentinel population: The public health benefits of monitoring enhanced body builders. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 95:102890. [PMID: 32912824 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is heightened recognition of the public health implications of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) for the use of image and performance enhancement; with increasing evidence of their long-term negative health impacts, the hazards associated with their administration (often via injection), and the variability and unpredictability of their contents. In order to optimise the effects of these drugs, together with strict dietary and training regimes, AAS users typically supplement their use with an expansive and continually evolving range of ancillary drugs. The discovery and subsequent adoption of these drugs by the broader AAS user population is largely dependent upon a minority of social influencers within the bodybuilding community. Pioneering enhanced bodybuilders who self-experiment with a diverse range of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) and ancillary drugs have been the forerunners in the development of an underground user-led literature, online discussion forums, and were early adopters of internet-facilitated drug markets. Yet the impact of their self-experimentations extends well beyond the enhanced bodybuilding community, particularly in their use of ancillary drugs. Most significantly has been their role in the diffusion of various enhancement and psychoactive drugs to the wider population. Using the theoretical framework of the 'diffusion of innovation' we consider the role that pioneering enhanced bodybuilders have played in the diffusion of various enhancement and psychoactive drugs to the wider population through a focus on three substances: dinitrophenol (DNP), melanotan II and gamma-hydroxybtyrate (GHB). With an increasing range of drugs used by bodybuilders, coupled with an expansion in the use of online forums and online platforms to purchase pharmacological and new psychoactive drugs, we anticipate this trend of diffusion amongst the wider population will continue to flourish. Therefore, we highlight the need for policy makers to monitor emergent trends, not only in the general AAS population but particularly amongst enhanced bodybuilders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim McVeigh
- Substance Use and Associated Behaviours, Department of Sociology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Geoffrey Manton Building, Rosamond Street West, Manchester M15 6LL, United Kingdom.
| | - Mike Salinas
- Substance Use and Associated Behaviours, Department of Sociology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Geoffrey Manton Building, Rosamond Street West, Manchester M15 6LL, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Ralphs
- Substance Use and Associated Behaviours, Department of Sociology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Geoffrey Manton Building, Rosamond Street West, Manchester M15 6LL, United Kingdom
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Mullen C, Whalley BJ, Schifano F, Baker JS. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in the United Kingdom: An update. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2180-2198. [PMID: 31989581 PMCID: PMC7174889 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are prescribed for medical conditions related to low testosterone. Abuse of AASs has surged as they become recognised as potent image enhancement drugs. The primary goal of most abusers is to obtain a more attractive outward appearance. Abuse is complex. There are a vast range of AAS substances illegally available, the nature of their true composition is difficult to evaluate. Users follow dosing patterns which incorporate a number of different AASs, in addition to other pharmaceutical substances believed to complement the desired physical effects or manage unwanted effects. Animal work and medical case reports suggest potential to cause serious hepatotoxicity, plus possible neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and damage to the cardiovascular and reproductive systems. As the long-term AASs users reach maturity, further controlled experimentation, with larger sample sizes, is required. Data gathering should be directed towards the most vulnerable group of AAS users, females and adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Mullen
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of the West of ScotlandPaisleyUK
| | - Benjamin J. Whalley
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and PharmacyThe University of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldUK
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and HealthHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong Kong
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Jacka B, Larance B, Copeland J, Burns L, Farrell M, Jackson E, Degenhardt L. Health care engagement behaviors of men who use performance- and image-enhancing drugs in Australia. Subst Abus 2019; 41:139-145. [PMID: 31545138 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1635954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although people who inject performance- and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs) report fewer unsafe injecting practices, stigma and discrimination may negatively impact their access to help and information. Engagement with health care services, compared with social networks (friends, relatives, and gym associates) and the Internet and media (steroid user forums, information sites, and magazines), may be important for harm minimization. Methods: A cross-sectional Internet or in-person survey of men who use PIEDs in Australia in 2014-2015 examined differences in sources for PIEDs, injecting equipment, and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) information and factors associated with having periodical medical checks related to PIEDs issues using multivariate logistic regression. Results: In total, 267 men (mean age: 25 years, SD: 8.7 years; 246 of 267 [92%] reported recent AAS injection) were recruited. Most participants sourced injecting equipment from health professionals, PIEDs from their social networks, and AAS information from the Internet and media. Self-reported AAS knowledge was high and frequent. Higher income (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 4.00), ≥2 different PIEDs used in addition to AAS (AOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.08, 3.49), and sourcing AAS information from health care professionals (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.81, 5.46) were independently associated with periodical medical checks. Participants nominated preference for improved health services through needle-syringe programs, primary care services, and peer educator support groups. Conclusion: Men who use PIEDs in Australia consider themselves well informed but tend to use Internet and media sources, providing potentially misleading or inaccurate information. Increasing trust between men who use PIEDs and health care providers may enable delivery of PIEDs-specific information to those at greatest need.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jacka
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Larance
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Copeland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - E Jackson
- Nepean/Blue Mountains Sexual Health & HIV Clinics, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, Australia
| | - L Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Harvey O, Keen S, Parrish M, van Teijlingen E. Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1024. [PMID: 31366349 PMCID: PMC6670144 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since there is a paucity of research on support for people using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), we aimed to identify and synthesise the available evidence in this field. Gaining an understanding of the support both accessed and wanted by recreational AAS users will be of use to professionals who provide services to intravenous substance users and also to those working in the fields of public health and social care, with the aim to increase engagement of those using AAS. METHODS A systematic scoping review of the literature to explore and identify the nature and scope of information and support both accessed and wanted by non-prescribed AAS users. Any support services or information designed to help people who use AAS were considered. RESULTS We identified 23 papers and one report for review, which indicated that AAS users access a range of sources of information on: how to inject, substance effectiveness, dosages and side effects, suggesting this is the type of information users want. AAS users sought support from a range of sources including medical professionals, needle and syringe programmes, friends, dealers, and via the internet, suggesting that, different sources were used dependent on the information or support sought. DISCUSSION AAS users tended to prefer peer advice and support over that of professionals, and access information online via specialist forums, reflecting the stigma that is experienced by AAS users. These tendencies can act as barriers to accessing services provided by professionals. CONCLUSIONS Support needs to be specific and targeted towards AAS users. Sensitivity to their perceptions of their drug-use and the associated stigma of being classified in the same sub-set as other illicit drug users is relevant to facilitating successful engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlanda Harvey
- Bournemouth University, Lansdowne Campus, Royal London House, 109 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH1 3LT UK
| | - Steve Keen
- Bournemouth University, Lansdowne Campus, Royal London House, 109 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH1 3LT UK
| | - Margarete Parrish
- Bournemouth University, Lansdowne Campus, Royal London House, 109 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH1 3LT UK
| | - Edwin van Teijlingen
- Bournemouth University, CMMPH, Bournemouth House, 19 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, BH1 3LH UK
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Salinas M, Floodgate W, Ralphs R. Polydrug use and polydrug markets amongst image and performance enhancing drug users: Implications for harm reduction interventions and drug policy. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 67:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Making a difference? Applying Vitellone’s Social Science of the Syringe to performance and image enhancing drug injecting. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Van de Ven K, Maher L, Wand H, Memedovic S, Jackson E, Iversen J. Health risk and health seeking behaviours among people who inject performance and image enhancing drugs who access needle syringe programs in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37:837-846. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Van de Ven
- Drug Policy Modelling Program; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Lisa Maher
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Handan Wand
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Sonja Memedovic
- Drug Policy Modelling Program; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Eva Jackson
- Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, NSW Ministry of Health; Sydney Australia
| | - Jenny Iversen
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney; Sydney Australia
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Milano G, Chiappini S, Mattioli F, Martelli A, Schifano F. β-2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol- and Salbutamol-related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:182-187. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Milano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Stefania Chiappini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit; School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
- Casa di Cura Villa Rosa; Viterbo Italy
| | - Francesca Mattioli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Antonietta Martelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit; School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
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Jacka B, Peacock A, Degenhardt L, Bruno R, Clare P, Kemp R, Dev A, Larance B. Trends in PIEDs use among male clients of needle-syringe programs in Queensland, Australia; 2007-2015. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017. [PMID: 28651113 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Jacka
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Tasmania Australia
| | - L Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Tasmania Australia
| | - P Clare
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Kemp
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, QLD, Australia
| | - A Dev
- Chief Medical Officer and Healthcare Regulation Branch, Queensland Health, QLD Australia
| | - B Larance
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Rowe R, Berger I, Yaseen B, Copeland J. Risk and blood-borne virus testing among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs, Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 36:658-666. [PMID: 28244160 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Needle and syringe program (NSP) workers have highlighted that people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs (IPED) in Australia are a younger and more culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) group compared with other groups who inject drugs. Previous research has found riskier injecting practices and faster Hepatitis C acquisition rates among people who are new to injecting drugs and self-identify with CALD backgrounds, compared with their Anglo-Australian counterparts. Given recent indications of increasing IPED prevalence in Australia and elsewhere, this study sought to update knowledge of infection risk among a large group of IPED injectors, as well as explore sub-group differences. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey of men who inject IPEDs was conducted from September 2014 to January 2015 at nine NSP sites, across five local health districts in Sydney, Australia. RESULTS Six hundred and five people participated. Small proportions reported previous 12month needle or syringe sharing (2.3%), sharing vials (4.6%), injecting psychostimulants (5.1%) or personal needle or syringe reuse (5.2%). Participants from CALD backgrounds were more likely to report sharing needles or syringes (P = 0.004), and participants from Middle Eastern and North African backgrounds were less likely to have ever been tested for blood-borne viruses, compared with Anglo-Australian participants (P = 0.04). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The findings show that some groups who inject IPEDs may be more vulnerable to blood-borne virus transmission and/or less likely to know their blood-borne virus status. From design to delivery, IPED harm minimisation strategies should pay attention to the needs of CALD groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rowe
- Drug and Alcohol Multicultural Education Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Israel Berger
- Drug and Alcohol Multicultural Education Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bilal Yaseen
- Drug and Alcohol Multicultural Education Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jan Copeland
- National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, Australia
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Hanley Santos G, Coomber R. The risk environment of anabolic-androgenic steroid users in the UK: Examining motivations, practices and accounts of use. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 40:35-43. [PMID: 27955960 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The numbers using illicit anabolic-androgenic steroids are a cause of concern for those seeking to reduce health harms. Using the 'risk environment' as a conceptual framework to better comprehend how steroid users' practices and perspectives impact on health risks, this paper examines steroid user motivations, patterns of use, and the ways in which these practices are accounted for. METHODS As part of a wider mixed-method study into performance and image enhancing drug (PIED) use and supply in one mid-sized city in South West England, qualitative interviews were undertaken with 22 steroid users. Participants were recruited from a local safer injecting service, rather than bodybuilding gyms, in order to access a wider cross-section of steroid users. A limitation of this approach is potential sample bias towards those showing more health optimising behaviours. RESULTS The research findings highlight that patterns of steroid use varied according to motivation for use, experience and knowledge gained. Most reported having had little or no knowledge on steroids prior to use, with first use being based on information gained from fellow users or suppliers-sometimes inaccurate or incomplete. In accounting for their practices, many users differentiated themselves from other groups of steroid users-for example, older users expressed concern over patterns of use of younger and (what they saw as) inexperienced steroid users. Implicit in these accounts were intimations that the 'other' group engaged in riskier behaviour than they did. CONCLUSION Examining social contexts of use and user beliefs and motivations is vital to understanding how 'risk' behaviours are experienced so that this, in turn, informs harm reduction strategies. This paper examines the ways in which use of steroids is socially situated and the implications of this for policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella Hanley Santos
- School of Law, Criminology and Government, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Ross Coomber
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, Queensland 4122, Australia
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Access to needle and syringe programs by people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 31:199-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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van Beek I, Chronister KJ. Needs-based public health service provision ensures equity. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 31:201-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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