Dyslipidemia and reduced total antioxidant status in young adult Saudis with prediabetes

Patterns of Dyslipidemia in the Anemic and Nonanemic Hypertensive Saudi Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Risk factors of cardiovascular disease include dyslipidemia, hypertension (HTN), and anemia. Our objective is to assess the patterns of dyslipidemia in the anemic and non-anemic hypertensive Saudi population.

Methods

A retrospective, cross-sectional study of the gender, blood pressure, lipid markers, and CBC parameters of 3111 subjects, which were retrieved from the database of Al-Borg Medical Laboratories over a six-year period (2014-2019), was carried out. Means were compared among study groups and the prevalence, association, and diagnostic accuracy of lipid markers for HTN were evaluated.

Results

TG, LDL/HDL, and TG/HDL were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in hypertensives. Anemia reduces TC and LDL (P < 0.0001) in both genders, and reduces all markers and increases HDL (P < 0.01) in male hypertensives. HTN was more prevalent in anemics with high TC than normal TC (38.23% vs 11.17%, P < 0.001) and in non-anemics with high TG than normal TG (56.31% vs 21.22%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, non-anemics with high TG/HDL had the highest risk for HTN (RR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.1551-1.2473, P < 0.0001). Elevated TC (P = 0.0142), TG (P < 0.0001), TC/HDL (P < 0.0001), LDL/HDL (P < 0.0001), and TG/HDL (P < 0.0001), and low HDL (P < 0.0001) were risk factors for HTN as shown by ORs. In anemics, high TC/HDL, LDL/HDL, and TG/HDL were not. Importantly, only TG and TG/HDL had a discriminating capacity for HTN.

Conclusion

The anemic state of hypertensive Saudi patients influences dyslipidemia which warrants further investigation.

The Effects of Antioxidants from Natural Products on Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Diabetes and Their Molecular Signaling Mechanism

Obesity is a risk factor that leads to the development of other diseases such as dyslipidemia and diabetes. These three metabolic disorders can occur simultaneously, hence, the treatment requires many drugs. Antioxidant compounds have been reported to have activities against obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes via several mechanisms. This review aims to discuss the antioxidant compounds that have activity against obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes together with their molecular signaling mechanism. The literature discussed in this review was obtained from the PUBMED database. Based on the collection of literature obtained, antioxidant compounds having activity against the three disorders (obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes) were identified. The activity is supported by various molecular signaling pathways that are influenced by these antioxidant compounds, further study of which would be useful in predicting drug targets for a more optimal effect. This review provides insights on utilizing one of these antioxidant compounds as opposed to several drugs. It is hoped that in the future, the number of drugs in treating obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes altogether can be minimized consequently reducing the risk of side effects.

Recent Trends of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Military Recruits from Saudi Arabia

Metabolic syndrome (Met-S) constitutes the risk factors and abnormalities that markedly increase the probability of developing diabetes and coronary heart disease. An early detection of Met-S, its components and risk factors can be of great help in preventing or controlling its adverse consequences. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of cardio-metabolic risk factors in young army recruits from Saudi Arabia. A total of 2010 Saudis aged 18-30 years were randomly selected from groups who had applied to military colleges. In addition to designed questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected to measure Met-S components according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Met-S prevalence was 24.3% and it was higher in older subjects than the younger ones. There were significant associations between Met-S and age, education level and marital status. The most common Met-S components were high fasting blood sugar (63.6%) followed by high blood pressure (systolic and diastolic, 63.3% and 37.3% respectively) and high body mass index (57.5%). The prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes were found to be 55.2% and 8.4%, respectively. Hypertriglyceridemia was found in 19.3% and low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in 11.7% of subjects. In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of Met-S in young adults of Saudi Arabia. There is a need for regular monitoring of Met-S in young populations to keep them healthy and fit for nation building. It is also important to design and launch community-based programs for educating people about the importance of physical activity, cessation of smoking and eating healthy diet in prevention of chronic diseases.

Clinical effectiveness of zinc supplementation on the biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence of chronic diseases. Zinc supplementation is also known to be an antioxidant agent. While, there is no review on the effects of zinc supplementation on oxidative stress, this study aimed to systematically summarize randomized clinical trials (RCTs) which have evaluated the impacts of zinc supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers.

METHODS

Systematic searches were performed using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, up to April 2020. All RCTs assessed the effect of oral zinc supplementation on serum malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) levels, were included. For each variable, mean differences (MD) and standard deviations (SDs) were combined using the random-effects model, and the fractional polynomial model was used to implement the dose-response analysis.

RESULTS

Ten RCTs were included. The pooled analysis of data showed that zinc supplementation significantly reduced MDA levels (MD: -0.42 μmol/L; 95 % CI: -0.71 to -0.13), increased serum TAC (MD: 225.96 mmol/L; 95 % CI: 68.42-383.5) and GSH levels (MD: 49.99 μmol/L; 95 % CI: 2.25 t 97.73), compared with the placebo group. In contrast, no significant changes were seen in NO levels following zinc supplementation (MD: -1.66 μmol/L; 95 % CI: -5.89 to 2.57). Dose-response analysis showed a significant non-linear relationship between zinc supplementation dosage and serum levels of MDA (p < 0.01), but not other biomarkers.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study showed that zinc supplementation would significantly decrease MDA and increase TAC and GSH, but not NO levels. Thus, it encourages the use of zinc supplementation in oxidative stress-related diseases.

Potency of Okra flour (Abelmoschus esculentus) in improving adiponectin level and total antioxidant capacity of high fat diet streptozotocin rat model

T2DM has increase in global-morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress and adiponectin-levels are important for insulin-resistance and pancreatic-b-cell-dysfunction in T2DM. Okra fruit is rich of quercetin and phytosterol which have positive-effect for T2DM. Research aimed was to study the effect of okra-flour to adiponectin-levels and total-antioxidant-capacity (TAC) in T2DM. Thirty Wistar-rats were divided randomly in five groups. K1 and (X1, X2 and X3)-treated-groups were in T2DM-condition-induced by high-fat-diet-(HFD)-Streptozotochin-(STZ)-nicotinamid-(NA). Healthy-controls-(K2)-group was also used. Okra-flour was given orally for 28 days at doses of 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3 g/Kg-body-weight/d to X1, X2 and X3-groups, respectively. Statistical program was used to analyse the different between pre-post-intervention, and between groups. Correlations between variables were also analysed. The serum-adiponectin and TAC-levels were measured by ELISA and ABTS-methods, respectively. By comparing pre and post-intervention, adiponectin levels of all-intervention-(X1, X2, X3)-group were  increase (p = 0.027 for X1 and X2; p = 0.028 for X3), while in the same period the decrease were found in group K1 (p = 0.026) and K2 (p = 0.028). Increase-TAC-levels pre-post-intervention was observed in group all-intervention-groups (p = 0.027), while no change in K1 (p = 0.66) and the decrease in group K2 (p = 0.039). Reduce-fasting-blood-glucose-levels pre-post-intervention were shown in the all-intervention-groups (p = 0.028), while for the K1 groups was increase (p = 0.028). There were significant differences between the five-groups on fasting-blood-glucose-levels, adiponectin and TAC-levels, and X3-group showed the highest adiponectin and TAC-levels. Very-strong-correlations were found between glucose-adiponectin-TAC-levels-post-intervention. Okra-flour make better glucose-adiponectin and TAC-levels in T2DM-conditions. Okra dose of 0.30 g/Kg-body-weight/day is the best in increasing adiponectin and TAC-levels.

Poor Glycaemic Control Is Associated with Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Glycaemic control is the main focus of managing diabetes and its complications. Hyperglycaemia induces oxidative stress favouring cellular damage and subsequent diabetic complications. The present study was conducted to compare the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and individual antioxidant marker antioxidant status of type 2 diabetics (T2D) with good ((+) GC) and poor ((-) GC) glycaemic control with prediabetic (PDM) and normoglycaemic (NG) individuals. T2D (n = 147), PDM (n = 47), and NGC (n = 106) were recruited as subjects. T2D and PDM had lower plasma TAG than NG subjects. T2D and PDM had significantly higher GPx activity and plasma MDA concentrations than NG. PDM showed the highest SOD activity. T2D (-) GC showed significantly elevated GPx activity and higher MDA level and significantly lower SOD activity among all study groups. Lower plasma TAC and higher plasma MDA indicate the presence of oxidative stress in T2D and PDM. Elevated GPx activity in T2D, PDM, and particularly in T2D (-) GC suggests a compensatory response to counteract excess lipid peroxidation in the hyperglycaemic state. Decline in SOD activity advocates the presence of glycation and excess lipid peroxidation in T2D.

Comparative analysis of plasma total antioxidant capacity in patients with hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia plus dyslipidemia

AIMS

The aim of this study was to measure plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in order to assess the oxidative stress status and the antioxidant defense system in patients with hyperglycemia and both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty blood samples of hyperglycemia, 60 blood samples of both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and 60 blood samples of normoglycemia and normolipidemia (controls) were collected into study. All samples were measured for the levels of plasma TAC and SOD by colorimetric method using microtiter-plate reader.

RESULTS

Plasma TAC significantly decreased in patients with hyperglycemia (0.42 ± 0.1 mM) and both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia 0.41 ± 0.1 mM) compared to those of controls (0.47 ± 0.14) (P < 0.05), whereas plasma SOD significantly increased in patients with hyperglycemia (81.0 ± 17.9 U/ml) and both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (83.7 ± 21.3 U/ml) compared to those of controls (73.7 ± 17.4 U/ml) (P < 0.05). However, the levels of plasma TAC and SOD had no significant difference between patients with hyperglycemia and both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study showed the significant difference of plasma TAC and SOD levels in hyperglycemic patients with and without dyslipidemia compared to those of controls. There was no additive or synergistic effect in terms of decreased plasma TAC levels and elevated SOD activities between hyperglycemic patients with and without dyslipidemia.

Potency of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis Peruviana) Juice in Improving Antioxidant and Adiponectin Level of High Fat Diet Streptozotocin Rat Model

Background and aims: Quercetin belonging flavonoid has a role to improve diabetic condition. Research aimed to examine and to compare Cape Gooseberry (CG) juice and quercetin supplement on Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and adiponectin level of high fat diet-Streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) induced rat.

Material and method: CG juice 5 ml/kg/d (X1) and 25 ml/kg/d (X2) groups; and quercetin supplement 2.2 mg/kg/d (X3) and 30 mg/kg/d (X4) groups were compared with both of positive (K+) and negative (K-) control. Treatments were given by orally gavage for 28 days to 36 Wistar rats which each group consisted of 6 rats. TAC and adiponectin level were measured by ABTS and ELISA method respectively.

Results: There was significantly increase of TAC in treatment groups compared with K(+) (p<0.05). X2 had TAC level significantly higher than X1 (p=0.025). Moreover, adiponectin level of treatment groups were significantly higher than K(+) (p<0.05). Furthermore, X2 had adiponectin level significantly higher than X3 (p<0.001).

Conclusion: CG juice 25 ml/kg/d presented better effect than CG juice 5 ml/kg/d, although quercetin 30 mg/kg/d showed the best effects toward both of TAC and adiponectin.

Oxidative DNA Damage and Carotid Intima Media Thickness as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease in Prediabetic Subjects

Prediabetes is considered as a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The present study was conducted with the aim of finding out the relationship between oxidative DNA damage and carotid intima media thickness for the prediction of cardiovascular disease in prediabetic subjects. The study included 100 prediabetic subjects and 100 normal individuals as controls. In both cases and controls, 8-OHdG was measured by ELISA, and CIMT was measured by B mode ultrasonography. Both 8-OHdG and CIMT were significantly higher in subjects with prediabetes as compared to controls (185.80 ± 10.72 pg/mL vs. 126.13 ± 16.01 pg/mL, p < 0.001 and 0.70 ± 0.04 mm vs. 0.57 ± 0.03 mm, p < 0.001, respectively). There was significant and positive correlation of IGT with 8-OHdG (r = 0.783; p < 0.001) and CIMT (r = 0.787; p < 0.001) in prediabetic subjects. Moreover, 8-OHdG showed significant positive correlation with CIMT (r = 0.704; p < 0.001) in prediabetic subjects. In conclusion, increased 8-OHdG and CIMT in prediabetic subjects indicate that biochemical changes of atherosclerosis start even before the onset of diabetes mellitus. Hence, 8-OHdG and CIMT could be used as indicators of cardiovascular disease risk in these subjects.

Factors associated with pre-diabetes in Tehranian men and women: A structural equations modeling

Objective

To examine associations of sex-specific related factors with pre-diabetes in Tehranian non-diabetic adults.

Methods

This study has been conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) between 2008–2010. A total of 5568 (55.4% female) non-diabetic adults, aged ≥20 years, selected from among participants of the TLGS, were recruited for the study. Data on socio-behavioral factors, family history of diabetes and cardio-metabolic risk factors were included in the hypothesized model to test their direct and indirect associations with pre-diabetes in men and women separately, using structural equation modeling.

Results

Pre-diabetes was diagnosed in 23.6% of participants, with significantly higher prevalence in men compared to women (27.4% and 20.5%, respectively; p<0.001). Body mass index (BMI) and triglycerides (TG) in both sexes and hypertension and high density lipoprotein only in women, were directly associated with pre-diabetes (p<0.05). Poor diet in women was the only behavioral factor directly associated with pre-diabetes (p<0.05). Age in both sexes and education, only in women, were directly associated with pre-diabetes. In both genders, age, marital status, education, employment, poor diet and leisure time physical activity were indirectly associated with pre-diabetes through cardio-metabolic risk factors.

Conclusions

The main modifiable factors directly associated with pre-diabetes were TG in women and BMI in men, which need to be prioritized in health policies for diabetes prevention programs in Tehranian adults. Future research should focus on the gender-specific determinants and underlying mechanisms for TG levels and BMI status among this population.

Significant relationships between a simple marker of redox balance and lifestyle behaviours; Relevance to the Framingham risk score

Oxidative stress has been closely linked to the progressive cell damage associated with emerging non-communicable disease (NCDs). Early detection of these biochemical abnormalities before irreversible cell damage occurs may therefore be useful in identifying disease risk at an individual level. In order to test this hypothesis, this study assessed the relationship between a simple measure of redox status and lifestyle risk factors for NCDs, and the population-based risk score of Framingham. In a cross-sectional study design, 100 apparently healthy middle-aged males (n = 48) and females (n = 52) were asked to complete a comprehensive lifestyle assessment questionnaire, followed by body fat percentage and blood pressure measurements, and blood collection. The ratio of plasma total antioxidant capacity to hydroperoxide (TAC/HPX) was used as an index of redox balance. One-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to analyse the association between TAC/HPX, lifestyle components and other plasma biomarkers. The TAC/HPX ratio was higher in males compared to females (t96 = 2.34, P = 0.021). TAC/HPX was also lower in participants with poor sleep quality (t93 = 2.39, P = 0.019), with high sleep apnoea risk (t62.2 = 3.32, P = 0.002), with high caffeine (F(2, 93) = 3.97, P = 0.022) and red meat intake (F(2, 93) = 5.55, P = 0.005). These associations were independent of gender. Furthermore, the TAC/HPX ratio decreased with increasing body fat percentage (F(2, 95) = 4.74, P = 0.011) and depression score (t94 = 2.38, P = 0.019), though these associations were dependent on gender. Importantly, a negative association was observed between TAC/HPX levels and the Framingham risk score in both males (r(45) = -0.39, P = 0.008) and females (r(50) = -0.33, P = 0.019) that was independent of other Framingham risk score components. Findings from this study suggests that a relatively simple measure of redox balance such as the TAC/HPX ratio may be a sensitive indicator of redox stress, and may therefore serve as a useful biomarker for assessing an individual's specific NCD risk linked to unhealthy lifestyle practices.

Vitamin E Deficiency and Oxidative Status are Associated with Prediabetes in Apparently Healthy Subjects

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have indicated that vitamin E deficiency and oxidative stress affect the beta cell function. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the association between vitamin E deficiency and oxidative status with prediabetes in apparently healthy subjects.

METHODS

Apparently healthy men and women aged 18-65 years were enrolled in a case-control study. Individuals with new diagnosis of prediabetes were considered as cases and compared with a control group of individuals with normal glucose tolerance. Smoking, alcohol intake, pregnancy, diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, glucocorticoid treatment and consumption of lipid-lowering drugs, antioxidants and vitamin supplements were exclusion criteria. Vitamin E deficiency was defined by serum levels of α-tocopherol <11.6 μmol/L, oxidative status was assessed by total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation, and prediabetes was considered by the presence of impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance.

RESULTS

A total of 148 subjects were allocated into the case (n = 74) and control (n = 74) groups. The frequency of vitamin E deficiency was higher in the case group (41.8%) compared with the control group (35.1%), p = 0.03. The logistic regression analysis adjusted by age, waist circumference and body mass index, revealed a significant association between vitamin E deficiency (OR 3.23; 95% CI: 1.34-7.79, p = 0.009), lipoperoxidation (OR 2.82; CI 95%: 1.42-5.59, p = 0.003) and total antioxidant capacity (OR 0.93; CI 95%: 0.90-0.96, p <0.001) with prediabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of the present study suggest that both vitamin E deficiency and oxidative status are associated with prediabetes in apparently healthy subjects.

Spectrophotometric assays for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in dog serum: an update

The aim of this review is to study the main spectrophotometric methods used to evaluate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum samples of dogs. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is an analyte frequently used to assess the antioxidant status of biological samples and can evaluate the antioxidant response against the free radicals produced in a given disease. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) are different assays described to determine TAC of a sample. This review explains the basis of each assay and their application in the determination of TAC in dogs, and also provides selected information about reports in humans for comparative purposes. It is concluded that, ideally, various different assays integrated in a panel should be used for TAC evaluation, since depending on the assay performed TAC results can be markedly different.

Validation of an automated assay for the measurement of cupric reducing antioxidant capacity in serum of dogs

BACKGROUND

The objective of the present study was to optimize and validate an automated method to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum of dogs using the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methodology (TACc) with bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt as chelating agent, evaluating also possible variations due to the use of two different automated analyzers. The method is based on the reduction of Cu(2+) into Cu(1+) by the action of the non-enzymatic antioxidants that are present in the sample.

RESULTS

Imprecision was low in both apparatus utilized, and the results were linear across serial Trolox and canine serum samples dilutions. Lipids did not interfere with the assay; however, hemolysis increased the TACc concentrations. When TACc concentrations were determined in ten healthy (control) dogs and in twelve dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), dogs with IBD had lower TACc concentrations when compared with the healthy dogs.

CONCLUSIONS

The method validated in this paper is precise, simple, and fast and can be easily adapted to automated analyzers.

Cardiovascular disease risk profile among young Saudi women of Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

STUDY OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to assess the level of risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among young Saudi women living in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

As part of "The Heart Protection Campaign" in the Al-Qassim region, data were collected from Saudi women using questionnaires as well as objective measurement of height, weight, blood pressure, and blood glucose. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Only 15% of the sample were free of risk factors, the majority had either one (57.5%) or two (20.8%) risk factors. Additionally, 6.7% were considered to be at high-risk with three or more risk factors. The most common risk factors were physical inactivity (74%) and overweight/obesity, (25%/29%). There was a significant increase in the number of risk factors across age groups. Women over the age of 30 were more likely to have a higher number of risk factors than the younger women (20-24 years).

CONCLUSIONS

Young women in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia have an unusually high risk for CVD. Since the number of risk factors increases substantially between the ages of 20 and 35, there is a need to develop prevention programs to lower the CVD risk through diet and exercise.