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Pivik RT, Andres A, Tennal KB, Gu Y, Cleves MA, Badger TM. Infant diet, gender and the development of vagal tone stability during the first two years of life. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 96:104-14. [PMID: 25746938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal nutrition influences neurodevelopment, but it is not known whether the development of individual differences in physiologic measures is related to variations in early postnatal diet. To address this issue we studied the stability of vagal tone (V)--an index of individual differences in parasympathetic heart rate control-by measuring resting V quarterly during infancy and again at 2 years in 146 breast-fed (BF), 143 milk formula-fed (MF), and 137 soy formula-fed (SF) infants. Stability of V across infancy was more consistently significant for BF than formula-fed infants. Stability was similar for boys and girls in BF and SF groups but was generally higher in boys than girls in the MF group. Significant stability between infancy and 2 years emerged later in SF than other groups and later in boys than girls. Stability generally peaked between 6 and 9 months-a time when postnatal vagal myelination slows and which may represent a pivotal stage in the development of V stability. These findings indicate that infant diet and gender are important modulators of the early development of autonomic state control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pivik
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Kevin B Tennal
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Yuyuan Gu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Mario A Cleves
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Thomas M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Pivik R, Andres A, Tennal KB, Gu Y, Armbya N, Cleves MA, Badger TM. Infant diet, gender and the normative development of vagal tone and heart period during the first two years of life. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:311-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Morgan KH, Groer MW, Smith LJ. The Controversy About What Constitutes Safe and Nurturant Infant Sleep Environments. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2006; 35:684-91. [PMID: 17105632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1999, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission stated that cribs provide the safest sleep environment for infants. Scientific data fails to support that statement and controversy continues in the scientific, medical, and parenting communities. Recent data demonstrate that cribs may represent the most unsafe sleep. This article seeks to inform health care professionals of the issues involved in the controversy and to offer guidelines for educating parents about safe and unsafe sleep practices.
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