1
|
Wang F, Liao W, Li C, Zhu L. Silencing BMAL1 promotes M1/M2 polarization through the LDHA/lactate axis to promote GBM sensitivity to bevacizumab. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112187. [PMID: 38733825 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma (GBM) has poor clinical prognosis due to limited treatment options. In addition, the current treatment regimens for GBM may only slightly prolong patient survival. The aim of this study was to assess the role of BMAL1 in the immune microenvironment and drug resistance of GBM. METHODS GBM cell lines with stable BMAL1 knockdown or LDHA overexpression were constructed, and functionally characterized by the CCK8, EdU incorporation, and transwell assays. In vivo GBM model was established in C57BL/6J mice. Flow cytometry, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and RT-qPCR were performed to detect macrophage polarization. Lactate production, pathological changes, and the expression of glycolytic proteins were analyzed by HE staining, immunohistochemistry, biochemical assays, and Western blotting. RESULTS BMAL1 silencing inhibited the malignant characteristics, lactate production, and expression of glycolytic proteins in GBM cells, and these changes were abrogated by overexpression of LDHA or exogenous lactate supplementation. Furthermore, BMAL1 knockdown induced M1 polarization of macrophages, and inhibited M2 polarization and angiogenesis in GBM cells in conditioned media. Overexpression of LDHA or presence of exogenous lactate inhibited BMAL1-induced M1 polarization and angiogenesis. Finally, BMAL1 silencing and bevacizumab synergistically inhibited glycolysis, angiogenesis and M2 polarization, and promoted M1 polarization in vivo, thereby suppressing GBM growth. CONCLUSION BMAL1 silencing can sensitize GBM cells to bevacizumab by promoting M1/M2 polarization through the LDHA/lactate axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Central Hospital, No. 168 Xiangshan Avenue, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei province, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Central Hospital, No. 168 Xiangshan Avenue, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei province, China
| | - Caiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Central Hospital, No. 168 Xiangshan Avenue, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei province, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Central Hospital, No. 168 Xiangshan Avenue, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo B, Song J, Zhang J, Han J, Zhou X, Chen L. The contribution of circadian clock to the biological processes. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1387576. [PMID: 38903177 PMCID: PMC11187296 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1387576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
All organisms have various circadian, behavioral, and physiological 24-h periodic rhythms, which are controlled by the circadian clock. The circadian clock controls various behavioral and physiological rhythms. In mammals, the primary circadian clock is present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The rhythm of the circadian clock is controlled by the interaction between negative and positive feedback loops, consisting of crucial clock regulators (including Bmal1 and Clock), three cycles (mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3), and two cryptochromes (Cry1 and Cry2). The development of early mammalian embryos is an ordered and complex biological process that includes stages from fertilized eggs to blastocysts and undergoes important morphological changes, such as blastocyst formation, cell multiplication, and compaction. The circadian clock affects the onset and timing of embryonic development. The circadian clock affects many biological processes, including eating time, immune function, sleep, energy metabolism, and endocrinology, therefore, it is also crucial for overall health, growth and development after birth. This review summarized the effects of the circadian clock in the body's physiological activities. A new strategy is proposed for the prevention of malformations or diseases by regulating the circadian clock or changing circadian rhythms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyuan Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng H, Wu T, Lin Z, Wang D, Zhang J, Zeng T, Liu L, Shen J, Zhao M, Li JD, Yang M. Targeting BMAL1 reverses drug resistance of acute myeloid leukemia cells and promotes ferroptosis through HMGB1-GPX4 signaling pathway. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:231. [PMID: 38703241 PMCID: PMC11069489 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a refractory hematologic malignancy that poses a serious threat to human health. Exploring alternative therapeutic strategies capable of inducing alternative modes of cell death, such as ferroptosis, holds great promise as a viable and effective intervention. METHODS We analyzed online database data and collected clinical samples to verify the expression and function of BMAL1 in AML. We conducted experiments on AML cell proliferation, cell cycle, ferroptosis, and chemotherapy resistance by overexpressing/knocking down BMAL1 and using assays such as MDA detection and BODIPY 581/591 C11 staining. We validated the transcriptional regulation of HMGB1 by BMAL1 through ChIP assay, luciferase assay, RNA level detection, and western blotting. Finally, we confirmed the results of our cell experiments at the animal level. RESULTS BMAL1 up-regulation is an observed phenomenon in AML patients. Furthermore, there existed a strong correlation between elevated levels of BMAL1 expression and inferior prognosis in individuals with AML. We found that knocking down BMAL1 inhibited AML cell growth by blocking the cell cycle. Conversely, overexpressing BMAL1 promoted AML cell proliferation. Moreover, our research results revealed that BMAL1 inhibited ferroptosis in AML cells through BMAL1-HMGB1-GPX4 pathway. Finally, knocking down BMAL1 can enhance the efficacy of certain first-line cancer therapeutic drugs, including venetoclax, dasatinib, and sorafenib. CONCLUSION Our research results suggest that BMAL1 plays a crucial regulatory role in AML cell proliferation, drug resistance, and ferroptosis. BMAL1 could be a potential important therapeutic target for AML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/genetics
- ARNTL Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Ferroptosis/drug effects
- HMGB1 Protein/metabolism
- HMGB1 Protein/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Mice, Nude
- Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
- Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase/genetics
- Prognosis
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Leping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Minghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corrias G, Lai E, Ziranu P, Mariani S, Donisi C, Liscia N, Saba G, Pretta A, Persano M, Fanni D, Spanu D, Balconi F, Loi F, Deidda S, Restivo A, Pusceddu V, Puzzoni M, Solinas C, Massa E, Madeddu C, Gerosa C, Zorcolo L, Faa G, Saba L, Scartozzi M. Prediction of Response to Anti-Angiogenic Treatment for Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients: From Biological Factors to Functional Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1364. [PMID: 38611042 PMCID: PMC11011199 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading tumor worldwide. In CRC, the angiogenic pathway plays a crucial role in cancer development and the process of metastasis. Thus, anti-angiogenic drugs represent a milestone for metastatic CRC (mCRC) treatment and lead to significant improvement of clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, not all patients respond to treatment and some develop resistance. Therefore, the identification of predictive factors able to predict response to angiogenesis pathway blockade is required in order to identify the best candidates to receive these agents. Unfortunately, no predictive biomarkers have been prospectively validated to date. Over the years, research has focused on biologic factors such as genetic polymorphisms, circulating biomarkers, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and microRNA. Moreover, research efforts have evaluated the potential correlation of molecular biomarkers with imaging techniques used for tumor assessment as well as the application of imaging tools in clinical practice. In addition to functional imaging, radiomics, a relatively newer technique, shows real promise in the setting of correlating molecular medicine to radiological phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Corrias
- Department of Radiology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Lai
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Pina Ziranu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Clelia Donisi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicole Liscia
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Saba
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Pretta
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Mara Persano
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Daniela Fanni
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (D.F.); (C.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Dario Spanu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesca Balconi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Loi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Simona Deidda
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, A.O.U. Cagliari, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.D.); (A.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Angelo Restivo
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, A.O.U. Cagliari, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.D.); (A.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Valeria Pusceddu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Marco Puzzoni
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Elena Massa
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Clelia Madeddu
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Clara Gerosa
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (D.F.); (C.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Luigi Zorcolo
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, A.O.U. Cagliari, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (S.D.); (A.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Gavino Faa
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (D.F.); (C.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (E.L.); (P.Z.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (G.S.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (D.S.); (F.B.); (F.L.); (V.P.); (M.P.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim SY, Ryu S, Jhon M, Kang HJ, Lee JY, Kim JM, Shin IS, Shim HJ, Hwang JE, Bae WK, Choi HW, Shin MG, Kim SW. The moderating role of circadian gene polymorphisms in the relationship between sleep disturbance and circulating lymphocyte subsets in colorectal cancer patients. J Psychosom Res 2024; 177:111562. [PMID: 38113795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the impact of sleep disturbance on immune status in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with consideration of the moderating role of circadian clock gene polymorphisms. METHODS A prospective longitudinal study design was used to collect information regarding sleep disturbance. Blood samples for immunologic assays were obtained the day before the first (baseline) and last cycles of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) chemotherapy. Clinical sleep disturbance was compared between the two-time points using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score. We analysed single-nucleotide polymorphisms in rs2278749, rs3749474, rs2291738, rs17031614, and rs2287161. The dependent variables included changes in the percentages of CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD16/56+ lymphocytes between the two-time points. The results were analysed using moderated regression analysis; the p-values were adjusted using the false discovery rate. RESULTS Among the 104 patients, no significant dyadic associations were observed between changes in lymphocyte percentages and the PSQI global score. However, the moderated regression analysis revealed five significant associations (rs2287161 with CD8+, rs2278749 and rs2291738 with CD19+, and rs17031614 with CD4+ and CD16/56+ lymphocytes). The inclusion of each interaction resulted in a significant increase (5.7-10.7%) in the variance explained by changes in lymphocyte percentage. CONCLUSION Patients with specific circadian gene allele types may be more susceptible to immune dysregulation when experiencing sleep disturbances. Considering that sleep disturbance is a modifiable factor that can impact immune regulation, it is essential to prioritise the management of sleep disturbances in CRC patients receiving FOLFOX chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Mental Health Clinic, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Mental Health Clinic, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Seon Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Shim
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Eul Hwang
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyun Bae
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu H, Chen J, Wen Z, Li J, Yu Q, Liao W, Luo X. The role of circadian clock genes in colorectal carcinoma: Novel insights into regulatory mechanism and implications in clinical therapy. Life Sci 2023; 333:122145. [PMID: 37797685 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a lethal malignancy with limited treatment strategies. Accumulating evidence indicates that CRC tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis are intimately associated with circadian clock, an inherent 24-h cycle oscillation of biochemical, physiological functions in almost every eukaryote. In the present review, we summarize the altered expression level of circadian genes in CRC and the prognosis associated with gene abundance switch. We illustrate the function and potential mechanisms of circadian genes in CRC pathogenesis and progression. Moreover, circadian based-therapeutic strategies including chronotherapy, therapeutics targeting potential circadian components, and melatonin treatment in CRC are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
| | - Zeqin Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
| | - Jinfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
| | - Qinyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang C, Huang M, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Pan J, Jiang C, Cheng M, Li S, He W, Li Z, Tu Z, Fan J, Zeng H, Lin J, Wang Y, Yao N, Liu T, Qi Q, Liu X, Zhang Z, Chen M, Xia L, Zhang D, Ye W. ENO2-derived phosphoenolpyruvate functions as an endogenous inhibitor of HDAC1 and confers resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1765-1786. [PMID: 37667133 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is associated with resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in cancer. However, its molecular mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. Here, we identify the glycolytic enzyme enolase 2 (ENO2) as a driver of resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse models and human participants. ENO2 overexpression induces neuroendocrine differentiation, promotes malignant behaviour in CRC and desensitizes CRC to antiangiogenic drugs. Mechanistically, the ENO2-derived metabolite phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) selectively inhibits histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) activity, which increases the acetylation of β-catenin and activates the β-catenin pathway in CRC. Inhibition of ENO2 with enolase inhibitors AP-III-a4 or POMHEX synergizes the efficacy of antiangiogenic drugs in vitro and in mice bearing drug-resistant CRC xenograft tumours. Together, our findings reveal that ENO2 constitutes a useful predictive biomarker and therapeutic target for resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in CRC, and uncover a previously undefined and metabolism-independent role of PEP in regulating resistance to antiangiogenic therapy by functioning as an endogenous HDAC1 inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuning Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minjing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huhu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yao
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liangping Xia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wencai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Wang Z, Hao H, Wang Y, Hua L. Insight into immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for colorectal cancer from the perspective of circadian clocks. Immunology 2023; 170:13-27. [PMID: 37114514 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumours and the third most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. Circadian clocks are widespread in humans and temporally regulate physiologic functions to maintain homeostasis. Recent studies showed that circadian components were strong regulators of the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) and the immunogenicity of CRC cells. Therefore, insight into immunotherapy from the perspective of circadian clocks can be promising. Although immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, has been a milestone in cancer treatment, greater accuracy is still needed for selecting patients who will respond positively to immunotherapy with minimal side effects. In addition, there were few reviews focusing on the role of the circadian components in the TIME and the immunogenicity of CRC cells. Therefore, this review highlights the crosstalk between the TIME in CRC and the immunogenicity of CRC cells based on the circadian clocks. With the goal to achieve the possibility that patients with CRC can benefit most from the ICI treatment, we provide potential evidence and a novel idea for building a predictive framework combined with circadian factors, searching for enhancers of ICIs targeting circadian components and clinically implementing the timing of ICI treatment for patients with CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeqin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hankun Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luchun Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pan Y, van der Watt PJ, Kay SA. E-box binding transcription factors in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1223208. [PMID: 37601651 PMCID: PMC10437117 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1223208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
E-boxes are important regulatory elements in the eukaryotic genome. Transcription factors can bind to E-boxes through their basic helix-loop-helix or zinc finger domain to regulate gene transcription. E-box-binding transcription factors (EBTFs) are important regulators of development and essential for physiological activities of the cell. The fundamental role of EBTFs in cancer has been highlighted by studies on the canonical oncogene MYC, yet many EBTFs exhibit common features, implying the existence of shared molecular principles of how they are involved in tumorigenesis. A comprehensive analysis of TFs that share the basic function of binding to E-boxes has been lacking. Here, we review the structure of EBTFs, their common features in regulating transcription, their physiological functions, and their mutual regulation. We also discuss their converging functions in cancer biology, their potential to be targeted as a regulatory network, and recent progress in drug development targeting these factors in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pauline J. van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steve A. Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mokhtari K, Peymani M, Rashidi M, Hushmandi K, Ghaedi K, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M. Colon cancer transcriptome. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:49-82. [PMID: 37059270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last four decades, methodological innovations have continuously changed transcriptome profiling. It is now feasible to sequence and quantify the transcriptional outputs of individual cells or thousands of samples using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). These transcriptomes serve as a connection between cellular behaviors and their underlying molecular mechanisms, such as mutations. This relationship, in the context of cancer, provides a chance to unravel tumor complexity and heterogeneity and uncover novel biomarkers or treatment options. Since colon cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies, its prognosis and diagnosis seem to be critical. The transcriptome technology is developing for an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of cancer which can provide better protectivity and prognostic utility to medical teams and patients. A transcriptome is a whole set of expressed coding and non-coding RNAs in an individual or cell population. The cancer transcriptome includes RNA-based changes. The combined genome and transcriptome of a patient may provide a comprehensive picture of their cancer, and this information is beginning to affect treatment decision-making in real-time. A full assessment of the transcriptome of colon (colorectal) cancer has been assessed in this review paper based on risk factors such as age, obesity, gender, alcohol use, race, and also different stages of cancer, as well as non-coding RNAs like circRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and siRNAs. Similarly, they have been examined independently in the transcriptome study of colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khatere Mokhtari
- Department of Modern Biology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan Branch), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Zhou L, Xu Y, Zhou J, Jiang T, Wang J, Li C, Sun X, Song H, Song J. Targeting SMYD2 inhibits angiogenesis and increases the efficiency of apatinib by suppressing EGFL7 in colorectal cancer. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:1-18. [PMID: 35503397 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential factor affecting the occurrence and development of solid tumors. SET And MYND Domain Containing 2 (SMYD2) serves as an oncogene in various cancers. However, whether SMYD2 is involved in tumor angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report that SMYD2 expression is associated with microvessel density in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues. SMYD2 promotes CRC angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SMYD2 physically interacts with HNRNPK and mediates lysine monomethylation at K422 of HNRNPK, which substantially increases RNA binding activity. HNRNPK acts by binding and stabilizing EGFL7 mRNA. As an angiogenic stimulant, EGFL7 enhances CRC angiogenesis. H3K4me3 maintained by PHF8 mediates the abnormal overexpression of SMYD2 in CRC. Moreover, targeting SMYD2 blocks CRC angiogenesis in tumor xenografts. Treatment with BAY-598, a functional inhibitor of SMYD2, can also synergize with apatinib in patient-derived xenografts. Overall, our findings reveal a new regulatory axis of CRC angiogenesis and provide a potential strategy for antiangiogenic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyu Zhou
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shan L, Zheng W, Bai B, Hu J, Lv Y, Chen K, Wang X, Pan Y, Huang X, Zhu H, Dai S. BMAL1 promotes colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion through ERK- and JNK-dependent c-Myc expression. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4472-4485. [PMID: 36806631 PMCID: PMC9972036 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer metastasis is still a life threat to patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) is an important biological proteins that can regulate the behavior of cancer cells and their response to chemotherapy. However, the role of BMAL1 in the tumorigenic phenotype of CRC remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the functional role and mechanisms of BMAL1 in CRC. METHODS The mRNA expression of BMAL1 was studied using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. The protein level in clinical tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The effects of BMAL1 on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proliferation of CRC cell lines (including BMAL1 overexpressed or silencing cells) were studied by Transwell, wound healing, CCK-8 and colony formation experiments. A series of experiments were conducted to demonstrate the mechanisms of BMAL1 regulating EMT and cancer proliferation in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that BMAL1 expression was closely related to the poor prognosis of CRC. BMAL1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, we found that BMAL1 may activate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway and induce the β-catenin release further promotes the expression of oncogene c-Myc and the migration of colorectal cells by activating MAPK pathway. However, BMAL1 silencing achieved the opposite effect. In addition, blocking MAPK-signaling pathway with specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK can also downregulate the expressions of c-Myc in vitro. Taken together, these results suggested that the BMAL1/ c-Myc-signaling pathway may regulate the metastasis of CRC through the JNK/ERK1/2 MAPK-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that BMAL1 promotes CRC metastasis through MAPK-c-Myc pathway. These results deepen our understanding of the relationship between BMAL1 and tumorigenic phenotypes, which may become a promising therapeutic target for BMAL1 overexpressing CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Shan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjun Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Lv
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangtao Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang C, Zhang C, Cao Y, Li J, Bi F. Major roles of the circadian clock in cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0474. [PMID: 36647780 PMCID: PMC9843445 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are natural rhythms that widely exist in all creatures, and regulate the processes and physiological functions of various biochemical reactions. The circadian clock is critical for cancer occurrence and progression. Its function is regulated by metabolic activities, and the expression and transcription of various genes. This review summarizes the composition of the circadian clock; the biological basis for its function; its relationship with, and mechanisms in, cancer; its various functions in different cancers; the effects of anti-tumor treatment; and potential therapeutic targets. Research in this area is expected to advance understanding of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) in tumor diseases, and contribute to the development of new anti-tumor treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chenliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jian Li
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Niu Y, Tang S. Circadian clock-mediated nuclear receptors in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4428-4442. [PMID: 36250982 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Circadian system coordinates the daily periodicity of physiological and biochemical functions to adapt to environmental changes. Circadian disruption has been identified to increase the risk of cancer and promote cancer progression, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. And further mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk between clock components and cancer is urgent to achieve clinical anticancer benefits from chronochemotherapy. Recent studies discover that several nuclear receptors regulating circadian clock, also play crucial roles in mediating multiple cancer processes. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest developments of clock-related nuclear receptors in cancer biology and dissect mechanistic insights into how nuclear receptors coordinate with circadian clock to regulate tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. A better understanding of circadian clock-related nuclear receptors in cancer could help prevent tumorigenesis and improve anticancer efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Niu
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Tang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bignucolo A, Scarabel L, Toffoli G, Cecchin E, De Mattia E. Predicting drug response and toxicity in metastatic colorectal cancer: the role of germline markers. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:689-713. [PMID: 35829762 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the introduction of targeted agents leading to therapeutic advances, clinical management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is still challenged by significant interindividual variability in treatment outcomes, both in terms of toxicity and therapy efficacy. The study of germline genetic variants could help to personalize and optimize therapeutic approaches in mCRC. AREAS COVERED A systematic review of pharmacogenetic studies in mCRC patients published on PubMed between 2011 and 2021, evaluating the role of germline variants as predictive markers of toxicity and efficacy of drugs currently approved for treatment of mCRC, was perfomed. EXPERT OPINION Despite the large amount of pharmacogenetic data published to date, only a few genetic markers (i.e., DPYD and UGT1A1 variants) reached the clinical practice, mainly to prevent the toxic effects of chemotherapy. The large heterogeneity of available studies represents the major limitation in comparing results and identifying potential markers for clinical use, the role of which remains exploratory in most cases. However, the available published findings are an important starting point for future investigations. They highlighted new promising pharmacogenetic markers within the network of inflammatory and immune response signaling. In addition, the emerging role of previously overlooked rare variants has been pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bignucolo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Lucia Scarabel
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Erika Cecchin
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Elena De Mattia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Niu Y, Fan X, Wang Y, Lin J, Hua L, Li X, Qian R, Lu C. Genome-wide CRISPR Screening Reveals Pyrimidine Metabolic Reprogramming in 5-FU Chronochemotherapy of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:949715. [PMID: 35903686 PMCID: PMC9316589 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.949715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Disruption of the circadian rhythm is associated with cancer occurrence, response to chemotherapy, and poor prognosis. Thus, using internal clock-based chronotherapy to optimize the administration time may improve the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs while reducing the side effects. Chronotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been observed in colorectal cancer (CRC) for a long time, but its effect is under controversial and the mechanism remains unclear. Methods Genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screening and RNA-sequencing were combined to identify the potential genes or pathways involved in 5-FU chronochemotherapy. Genetic deletion or overexpression of pyrimidine metabolic pathway genes were conducted to examine cellular viability with or without 5-FU via flow cytometry. Western blotting, qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays of several CRC cell lines in vitro and in vivo were used to elaborate and validate the mechanism of 5-FU chronotherapeutic effects. Results Chronochemotherapeutic effects of 5-FU on CRC in vivo were verified. Furthermore, 5-FU chronochemotherapy related genes such as UPP2, UCK2 and UMPS in the pyrimidine metabolic pathway were identified. Disturbance in these genes, especially UMPS, perturbs 5-FU treatment outcomes in CRC cells. Mechanistically, the core circadian gene, brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein-1 (BMAL1), extensively regulate gene expression in pyrimidine metabolic pathway by binding to E-box element in the promoter region of key genes such as UMPS and perturb their enzymatic activities, thereby maintain diurnal efficacy of 5-FU in CRC cells. Conclusion This study uncovered a new mechanism by which a core circadian gene BMAL1 increases the effectiveness of 5-FU by enhancing the expression and enzymatic activities of key genes in the pyrimidine metabolic pathway in CRC cells. The findings suggest a novel strategy for CRC chemotherapy by targeting chrono-modulated genes of the 5-FU metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Niu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Fan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luchun Hua
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhe Qian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Lu, ; Ruizhe Qian,
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute of Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Lu, ; Ruizhe Qian,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang M, Lin Y, Wang C, Deng L, Chen M, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Ye W, Zhang D. New insights into antiangiogenic therapy resistance in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic aspects. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 64:100849. [PMID: 35842983 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer and is required for tumor growth and progression. Antiangiogenic therapy has been revolutionarily developing and was approved for the treatment of various types of cancer for nearly two decades, among which bevacizumab and sorafenib continue to be the two most frequently used antiangiogenic drugs. Although antiangiogenic therapy has brought substantial survival benefits to many cancer patients, resistance to antiangiogenic drugs frequently occurs during clinical treatment, leading to poor outcomes and treatment failure. Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that the intricate interplay among tumor cells, bone marrow-derived cells, and local stromal cells critically allows for tumor escape from antiangiogenic therapy. Currently, drug resistance has become the main challenge that hinders the therapeutic efficacies of antiangiogenic therapy. In this review, we describe and summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms conferring tumor drug resistance to antiangiogenic therapy, which was predominantly associated with redundancy in angiogenic signaling molecules (e.g., VEGFs, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL17), alterations in biological processes of tumor cells (e.g., tumor invasiveness and metastasis, stemness, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, vessel co-option, and vasculogenic mimicry), increased recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells (e.g., myeloid-derived suppressive cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor-associated neutrophils), and changes in the biological functions and features of local stromal cells (e.g., pericytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells). We also review potential biomarkers to predict the response to antiangiogenic therapy in cancer patients, which mainly consist of imaging biomarkers, cellular and extracellular proteins, a certain type of bone marrow-derived cells, local stromal cell content (e.g., pericyte coverage) as well as serum or plasma biomarkers (e.g., non-coding RNAs). Finally, we highlight the recent advances in combination strategies with the aim of enhancing the response to antiangiogenic therapy in cancer patients and mouse models. This review introduces a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and biomarkers associated with the evasion of antiangiogenic therapy in cancer, providing an outlook for developing more effective approaches to promote the therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuning Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chenran Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Wencai Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang J, Huang Q, Hu X, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Yao G, Hu K, Xu X, Liang B, Wu Q, Ma Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Wu Z, Rong X, Liao W, Shi M. Disrupting Circadian Rhythm via the PER1-HK2 Axis Reverses Trastuzumab Resistance in Gastric Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1503-1517. [PMID: 35255118 PMCID: PMC9662874 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is the only approved targeted drug for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer, but the high rate of primary resistance and rapid emergence of secondary resistance limit its clinical benefits. We found that trastuzumab-resistant (TR) gastric cancer cells exhibited high glycolytic activity, which was controlled by hexokinase 2 (HK2)-dependent glycolysis with a circadian pattern [higher at zeitgeber time (ZT) 6, lower at ZT18]. Mechanistically, HK2 circadian oscillation was regulated by a transcriptional complex composed of PPARγ and the core clock gene PER1. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that silencing PER1 disrupted the circadian rhythm of PER1-HK2 and reversed trastuzumab resistance. Moreover, metformin, which inhibits glycolysis and PER1, combined with trastuzumab at ZT6, significantly improved trastuzumab efficacy in gastric cancer. Collectively, these data introduce the circadian clock into trastuzumab therapy and propose a potentially effective chronotherapy strategy to reverse trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer. SIGNIFICANCE In trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive gastric cancer, glycolysis fluctuates with a circadian oscillation regulated by the BMAL1-CLOCK-PER1-HK2 axis, which can be disrupted with a metformin-based chronotherapy to overcome trastuzumab resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingbin Hu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Breast Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongzhen Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bishan Liang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qijing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Rong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Corresponding Author: Min Shi, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dong P, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhu C, Lin J, Qian R, Hua L, Lu C. BMAL1 induces colorectal cancer metastasis by stimulating exosome secretion. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:373-384. [PMID: 34727291 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To adapt to daily changes in the external environment, organisms have developed circadian rhythm systems with a period of approximately 24 h. Many studies have reported that both circadian rhythms and exosomes play important roles in the development and metastasis of tumors. However, whether circadian clock genes can affect the progression of tumors by regulating exosomes remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we isolated exosomes from the supernatant of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, including SW480, SW620, and HCT116 cells, by differential centrifugation and characterized exosomes by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot analysis. Then, we found that exosomes derived from SW480, SW620 and HCT116 cells could promote the migration of HCT116 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Exosomes derived from SW620 cells showed increased stimulating effects when we increased the expression of BMAL1, a core circadian protein. In contrast, exosomes derived from SW480 and HCT116 cells showed decreased stimulating effects when we knocked down the expression of BMAL1. Furthermore, we discovered that BMAL1 promotes the release of exosomes by HCT116 and SW620 cells. In addition, by luciferase assay, we confirmed that BMAL1 transcriptionally regulates the expression of Rab27a, a key molecule related to the secretion of exosomes. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a new mechanism by which BMAL1 induces CRC metastasis by stimulating exosome secretion. This finding may help further clarify the role of circadian rhythm in the progression of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunting Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruizhe Qian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Luchun Hua
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang F, Li C, Han F, Chen L, Zhu L. BMAL1 may be involved in angiogenesis and peritumoral cerebral edema of human glioma by regulating VEGF and ANG2. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24675-24685. [PMID: 34815366 PMCID: PMC8660602 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rhythm gene BMAL1 (Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like 1) may play an important role in glioma tolerance for anti-angiogenesis therapy. In humans with glioma of different pathological grades, BMAL1 expression was significantly different, and the expression of ANG2 (Angiopoietin 2) and VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) was positively correlated with the expression of BMAL1. Additionally, BMAL1 expression is positively correlated with the microvascular density and peritumoral edema of glioma. According to in vitro experiments, silencing the expression of BMAL1 in primary glioma cells results in a decrease in the expression of VEGF. In contrast, overexpression of BMAL1 promotes the expression of ANG2 and VEGF via HIF-1a pathway. Therefore, BMAL1 likely participates in the angiogenesis of glioma by modulating ANG2 and VEGF expression, alters the therapeutic effect of anti-angiogenic treatments, and promotes peritumoral brain edema of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Jingmen First People's Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Jingmen, China
| | - CaiYan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - LvAn Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Jingmen First People's Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Jingmen, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Jingmen First People's Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Jingmen, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xuan W, Khan F, James CD, Heimberger AB, Lesniak MS, Chen P. Circadian regulation of cancer cell and tumor microenvironment crosstalk. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:940-950. [PMID: 34272133 PMCID: PMC8526375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate a remarkable variety of physiologic functions in living organisms. Circadian disruption is associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression through effects on cancer cell biological properties, including proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, metabolism, and stemness. Emerging evidence indicates that circadian clocks also play an influential role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review outlines recent discoveries on how cancer cell clock components (including circadian clock and clock genes/proteins) regulate TME biology and, reciprocally, how TME clock components affect tumor growth, metastasis, and therapeutic response. An improved understanding of how clock components regulate the symbiosis between cancer cells and the TME will inform the development of novel clock-oriented therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xuan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang T, Ashrafi A, Modareszadeh P, Deese AR, Chacon Castro MDC, Alemi PS, Zhang L. An Analysis of the Multifaceted Roles of Heme in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Related Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4142. [PMID: 34439295 PMCID: PMC8393563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential prosthetic group in proteins and enzymes involved in oxygen utilization and metabolism. Heme also plays versatile and fascinating roles in regulating fundamental biological processes, ranging from aerobic respiration to drug metabolism. Increasing experimental and epidemiological data have shown that altered heme homeostasis accelerates the development and progression of common diseases, including various cancers, diabetes, vascular diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of heme on the pathogenesis of these diseases may be mediated via its action on various cellular signaling and regulatory proteins, as well as its function in cellular bioenergetics, specifically, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Elevated heme levels in cancer cells intensify OXPHOS, leading to higher ATP generation and fueling tumorigenic functions. In contrast, lowered heme levels in neurons may reduce OXPHOS, leading to defects in bioenergetics and causing neurological deficits. Further, heme has been shown to modulate the activities of diverse cellular proteins influencing disease pathogenesis. These include BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), tumor suppressor P53 protein, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 protein (PGRMC1), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitric oxide synthases (NOS). This review provides an in-depth analysis of heme function in influencing diverse molecular and cellular processes germane to disease pathogenesis and the modes by which heme modulates the activities of cellular proteins involved in the development of cancer and other common diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (T.W.); (A.A.); (P.M.); (A.R.D.); (M.D.C.C.C.); (P.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fatty acids and evolving roles of their proteins in neurological, cardiovascular disorders and cancers. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101116. [PMID: 34293403 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of fat metabolism is involved in various disorders, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and cancers. The uptake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) with 14 or more carbons plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, the uptake and metabolism of LCFAs must constantly be in tune with the cellular, metabolic, and structural requirements of cells. Many metabolic diseases are thought to be driven by the abnormal flow of fatty acids either from the dietary origin and/or released from adipose stores. Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of fatty acids are facilitated ubiquitously with unique combinations of fatty acid transport proteins and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in every tissue. Extensive data are emerging on the defective transporters and metabolism of LCFAs and their clinical implications. Uptake and metabolism of LCFAs are crucial for the brain's functional development and cardiovascular health and maintenance. In addition, data suggest fatty acid metabolic transporter can normalize activated inflammatory response by reprogramming lipid metabolism in cancers. Here we review the current understanding of how LCFAs and their proteins contribute to the pathophysiology of three crucial diseases and the mechanisms involved in the processes.
Collapse
|
24
|
González A, Alonso-González C, González-González A, Menéndez-Menéndez J, Cos S, Martínez-Campa C. Melatonin as an Adjuvant to Antiangiogenic Cancer Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3263. [PMID: 34209857 PMCID: PMC8268559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone with different functions, antitumor actions being one of the most studied. Among its antitumor mechanisms is its ability to inhibit angiogenesis. Melatonin shows antiangiogenic effects in several types of tumors. Combination of melatonin and chemotherapeutic agents have a synergistic effect inhibiting angiogenesis. One of the undesirable effects of chemotherapy is the induction of pro-angiogenic factors, whilst the addition of melatonin is able to overcome these undesirable effects. This protective effect of the pineal hormone against angiogenesis might be one of the mechanisms underlying its anticancer effect, explaining, at least in part, why melatonin administration increases the sensitivity of tumors to the inhibitory effects exerted by ordinary chemotherapeutic agents. Melatonin has the ability to turn cancer totally resistant to chemotherapeutic agents into a more sensitive chemotherapy state. Definitely, melatonin regulates the expression and/or activity of many factors involved in angiogenesis which levels are affected (either positively or negatively) by chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, the pineal hormone has been proposed as a radiosensitizer, increasing the oncostatic effects of radiation on tumor cells. This review serves as a synopsis of the interaction between melatonin and angiogenesis, and we will outline some antiangiogenic mechanisms through which melatonin sensitizes cancer cells to treatments, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Cos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria and Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain; (A.G.); (A.G.-G.); (J.M.-M.); (C.M.-C.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Loss of the transcriptional repressor Rev-erbα upregulates metabolism and proliferation in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12356. [PMID: 34117285 PMCID: PMC8196003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Rev-erbα is known to down-regulate fatty acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis gene expression. In animal models, disruption of Rev-erbα results in global changes in exercise performance, oxidative capacity, and blood glucose levels. However, the complete extent to which Rev-erbα-mediated transcriptional repression of metabolism impacts cell function remains unknown. We hypothesized that loss of Rev-erbα in a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) model would result in global changes in metabolism. MEFs lacking Rev-erbα exhibited a hypermetabolic phenotype, demonstrating increased levels of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Rev-erbα deletion increased expression of hexokinase II, transketolase, and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase genes involved in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and these effects were not mediated by the transcriptional activator BMAL1. Upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation was not accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis or numbers. Rev-erbα repressed proliferation via glycolysis, but not the PPP. When treated with H2O2, cell viability was reduced in Rev-erbα knockout MEFs, accompanied by increased ratio of oxidized/reduced NADPH, suggesting that perturbation of the PPP reduces capacity to mount an antioxidant defense. These findings uncover novel mechanisms by which glycolysis and the PPP are modulated through Rev-erbα, and provide new insights into how Rev-erbα impacts proliferation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu H, Gao Y, Hu S, Fan Z, Wang X, Li S. Bioinformatics Analysis of Differentially Expressed Rhythm Genes in Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:680528. [PMID: 34149816 PMCID: PMC8211427 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC), a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality, is one of the most common cancers in the world. Multiple studies have found that the aberrant expression of rhythm genes is closely related to the occurrence of LIHC. This study aimed to use bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed rhythm genes (DERGs) in LIHC. A total of 563 DERGs were found in LIHC, including 265 downregulated genes and 298 upregulated genes. KEGG pathway enrichment and GO analyses showed that DERGs were significantly enriched in rhythmic and metabolic processes. Survival analysis revealed that high expression levels of CNK1D, CSNK1E, and NPAS2 were significantly associated with the low survival rate in LIHC patients. Through cell experiment verification, the mRNA expression levels of CSNK1D, CSNK1E, and NPAS2 were found to be strongly upregulated, which was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis of LIHC patient samples. A total of 23 nodes and 135 edges were involved in the protein–protein interaction network of CSNK1D, CSNK1E, and NPAS2 genes. Clinical correlation analyses revealed that CSNK1D, CSNK1E, and NPAS2 expression levels were high-risk factors and independently connected with the overall survival rate in LIHC patients. In conclusion, the identification of these DERGs contributes to the exploration of the molecular mechanisms of LIHC occurrence and development and may be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and molecular targets for chronotherapy in LIHC patients in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaifeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shangshang Hu
- Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhengran Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xianggang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shujing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang Y, Devocelle A, Desterke C, de Souza LEB, Hadadi É, Acloque H, Foudi A, Xiang Y, Ballesta A, Chang Y, Giron-Michel J. BMAL1 Knockdown Leans Epithelial-Mesenchymal Balance toward Epithelial Properties and Decreases the Chemoresistance of Colon Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5247. [PMID: 34065633 PMCID: PMC8157026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates biological and physiological functions to day/night cycles. The perturbation of the circadian clock increases cancer risk and affects cancer progression. Here, we studied how BMAL1 knockdown (BMAL1-KD) by shRNA affects the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical early event in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In corresponding to a gene set enrichment analysis, which showed a significant enrichment of EMT and invasive signatures in BMAL1_high CRC patients as compared to BMAL1_low CRC patients, our results revealed that BMAL1 is implicated in keeping the epithelial-mesenchymal equilibrium of CRC cells and influences their capacity of adhesion, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance. Firstly, BMAL1-KD increased the expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin, CK-20, and EpCAM) but decreased the expression of Twist and mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and vimentin) in CRC cell lines. Finally, the molecular alterations after BMAL1-KD promoted mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition-like changes mostly appeared in two primary CRC cell lines (i.e., HCT116 and SW480) compared to the metastatic cell line SW620. As a consequence, migration/invasion and drug resistance capacities decreased in HCT116 and SW480 BMAL1-KD cells. Together, BMAL1-KD alerts the delicate equilibrium between epithelial and mesenchymal properties of CRC cell lines, which revealed the crucial role of BMAL1 in EMT-related CRC metastasis and chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- INSERM UMR-S 935, CNRS Campus, 94801 Villejuif, France; (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (L.E.B.d.S.); (É.H.); (H.A.); (A.F.); (Y.C.)
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Aurore Devocelle
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197/Ministry of the Armed Forces, Biomedical Research Institute of the Armed Forces (IRBA), Paul-Brousse Hospital Villejuif and CTSA Clamart, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- INSERM UMR-S 935, CNRS Campus, 94801 Villejuif, France; (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (L.E.B.d.S.); (É.H.); (H.A.); (A.F.); (Y.C.)
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Lucas Eduardo Botelho de Souza
- INSERM UMR-S 935, CNRS Campus, 94801 Villejuif, France; (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (L.E.B.d.S.); (É.H.); (H.A.); (A.F.); (Y.C.)
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Éva Hadadi
- INSERM UMR-S 935, CNRS Campus, 94801 Villejuif, France; (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (L.E.B.d.S.); (É.H.); (H.A.); (A.F.); (Y.C.)
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Hervé Acloque
- INSERM UMR-S 935, CNRS Campus, 94801 Villejuif, France; (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (L.E.B.d.S.); (É.H.); (H.A.); (A.F.); (Y.C.)
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Adlen Foudi
- INSERM UMR-S 935, CNRS Campus, 94801 Villejuif, France; (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (L.E.B.d.S.); (É.H.); (H.A.); (A.F.); (Y.C.)
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Yao Xiang
- INSERM UMR-S 1151, Department of Immunology, Infectiology and Hematology, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris Descartes University, CNRS UMR 8253, 75730 Paris, France;
| | - Annabelle Ballesta
- INSERM UMR-S 900, Institut Curie, MINES ParisTech CBIO, PSL Research University, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France;
| | - Yunhua Chang
- INSERM UMR-S 935, CNRS Campus, 94801 Villejuif, France; (Y.Z.); (C.D.); (L.E.B.d.S.); (É.H.); (H.A.); (A.F.); (Y.C.)
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- INSERM UMR-S 1151, Department of Immunology, Infectiology and Hematology, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris Descartes University, CNRS UMR 8253, 75730 Paris, France;
| | - Julien Giron-Michel
- Orsay-Vallée Campus, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197/Ministry of the Armed Forces, Biomedical Research Institute of the Armed Forces (IRBA), Paul-Brousse Hospital Villejuif and CTSA Clamart, 94807 Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lai E, Cascinu S, Scartozzi M. Are All Anti-Angiogenic Drugs the Same in the Treatment of Second-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer? Expert Opinion on Clinical Practice. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637823. [PMID: 34041019 PMCID: PMC8141840 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-driven angiogenesis is an effective strategy in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC); however, the choice of second-line therapy is complicated by the availability of several drugs, the occurrence of resistance and the lack of validated prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review examines the use of angiogenesis-targeted therapies for the second-line management of mCRC patients. Mechanisms of resistance and anti-placental growth factor agents are discussed, and the role of aflibercept, a recombinant fusion protein consisting of portions of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2, is highlighted. The novel mechanism of action of aflibercept makes it a useful second-line agent in mCRC patients progressing after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, as well as in those with resistance after bevacizumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lai
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Oncologia Medica, Università Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Battaglin F, Chan P, Pan Y, Soni S, Qu M, Spiller ER, Castanon S, Roussos Torres ET, Mumenthaler SM, Kay SA, Lenz HJ. Clocking cancer: the circadian clock as a target in cancer therapy. Oncogene 2021; 40:3187-3200. [PMID: 33846572 PMCID: PMC8549632 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the cellular pathway modulating endogenous 24-h rhythms, referred to as "the circadian clock", has been recently proven to be associated with cancer risk, development, and progression. This pathway operates through a complex network of transcription-translation feedback loops generated by a set of interplaying proteins. The expression of core circadian clock genes is frequently dysregulated in human tumors; however, the specific effects and underlying mechanisms seem to vary depending on the cancer types and are not fully understood. In addition, specific oncogenes may differentially induce the dysregulation of the circadian clock in tumors. Pharmacological modulation of clock components has been shown to result in specific lethality in certain types of cancer cells, and thus holds great promise as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic approach. Here we present an overview of the rationale and current evidence for targeting the clock in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla Chan
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meng Qu
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erin R Spiller
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sofi Castanon
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evanthia T Roussos Torres
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang Y, Zong S, Zeng H, Ruan X, Yao L, Han S, Hou F. MicroRNAs and angiogenesis: a new era for the management of colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:221. [PMID: 33865381 PMCID: PMC8052662 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules containing only 20–22 nucleotides. MiRNAs play a role in gene silencing and translation suppression by targeting and binding to mRNA. Proper control of miRNA expression is very important for maintaining a normal physiological environment because miRNAs can affect most cellular pathways, including cell cycle checkpoint, cell proliferation, and apoptosis pathways, and have a wide range of target genes. With these properties, miRNAs can modulate multiple signalling pathways involved in cancer development, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration pathways. MiRNAs that activate or inhibit the molecular pathway related to tumour angiogenesis are common topics of research. Angiogenesis promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by providing oxygen and diffusible nutrients and releasing proangiogenic factors and is one of the hallmarks of tumour progression. CRC is one of the most common tumours, and metastasis has always been a difficult issue in its treatment. Although comprehensive treatments, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, have prolonged the survival of CRC patients, the overall response is not optimistic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutic targets to improve CRC treatment. In a series of recent reports, miRNAs have been shown to bidirectionally regulate angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Many miRNAs can directly act on VEGF or inhibit angiogenesis through other pathways (HIF-1a, PI3K/AKT, etc.), while some miRNAs, specifically many exosomal miRNAs, are capable of promoting CRC angiogenesis. Understanding the mechanism of action of miRNAs in angiogenesis is of great significance for finding new targets for the treatment of tumour angiogenesis. Deciphering the exact role of specific miRNAs in angiogenesis is a challenge due to the high complexity of their actions. Here, we describe the latest advances in the understanding of miRNAs and their corresponding targets that play a role in CRC angiogenesis and discuss possible miRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Tang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Shaoqi Zong
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.,Graduate School of Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailun Zeng
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ruan
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Liting Yao
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Susu Han
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Fenggang Hou
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sung TY, Huang HL, Cheng CC, Chang FL, Wei PL, Cheng YW, Huang CC, Lee YC, HuangFu WC, Pan SL. EGFL6 promotes colorectal cancer cell growth and mobility and the anti-cancer property of anti-EGFL6 antibody. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:53. [PMID: 33726836 PMCID: PMC7962215 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of a reliable tumor target for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) therapeutic approaches is critical since current treatments are limited. Epidermal growth factor-like domain 6 (EGFL6) has been reported to be associated with cancer development. Here, we focused on the role of EGFL6 in CRC progression and its clinical relevance. In addition, an anti-EGFL6 antibody was generated by phage display technology to investigate its potential therapeutic efficacy in CRC. RESULTS EGFL6 expression significantly increased in the colon tissues from CRC patients and mice showing spontaneous tumorigenesis, but not in normal tissue. Under hypoxic condition, EGFL6 expression was enhanced at both protein and transcript levels. Moreover, EGFL6 could promote cancer cell migration invasion, and proliferation of CRC cells via up-regulation of the ERK/ AKT pathway. EGFL6 also regulated cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and self-renewal through EGFR/αvβ3 integrin receptors. Treatment with the anti-EGFL6 antibody EGFL6-E5-IgG showed tumor-inhibition and anti-metastasis abilities in the xenograft and syngeneic mouse models, respectively. Moreover, EGFL6-E5-IgG treatment had no adverse effect on angiogenesis and wound healing CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that EGFL6 plays a role in CRC tumorigenesis and tumor progression, indicating that EGFL6 is a potential therapeutic target worth further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yi Sung
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Li Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ling Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.,Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Cheng
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chiao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., 11031, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Small Molecules Targeting Biological Clock; A Novel Prospective for Anti-Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214937. [PMID: 33114496 PMCID: PMC7663518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythms are an intrinsic timekeeping system that regulates numerous physiological, biochemical, and behavioral processes at intervals of approximately 24 h. By regulating such processes, the circadian rhythm allows organisms to anticipate and adapt to continuously changing environmental conditions. A growing body of evidence shows that disruptions to the circadian rhythm can lead to various disorders, including cancer. Recently, crucial knowledge has arisen regarding the essential features that underlie the overt circadian rhythm and its influence on physiological outputs. This knowledge suggests that specific small molecules can be utilized to control the circadian rhythm. It has been discovered that these small molecules can regulate circadian-clock-related disorders such as metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, as well as cancer. This review examines the potential use of small molecules for developing new drugs, with emphasis placed on recent progress that has been made regarding the identification of small-molecule clock modulators and their potential use in treating cancer.
Collapse
|
33
|
Liang S, Hu J, Zhang A, Li F, Li X. miR-155 induces endothelial cell apoptosis and inflammatory response in atherosclerosis by regulating Bmal1. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:128. [PMID: 33082860 PMCID: PMC7557345 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death from vascular diseases worldwide, and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is the key cause of atherosclerosis. miR-155 was found to induce endothelial injury and to trigger atherosclerosis. In addition, brain and muscle ARNT-like protein-1 (Bmal1) has been found to be closely related to EC function. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the mechanism underlying the regulation of Bmal1 by miR-155 in the induction of EC apoptosis and inflammatory response in atherosclerosis. The atherosclerosis model in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)- / - mice was established. miR-155 and Bmal1 expression was quantified by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The role of miR-155 and Bmal1 in atherosclerosis was evaluated through changes in cardiac function, plaque area, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and inflammatory factor levels in mice. Moreover, the regulatory relationship between them was identified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay to explore the mechanism of action of miR-155. After the modeling, the expression of miR-155 was upregulated and Bmal1 was downregulated in aorta, and there was a significant linear correlation between them. Upregulation of miR-155 increased the atherosclerotic plaque area, cell apoptosis, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG), as well as weakened aortic diastolic function. However, opposite changes occurred after downregulation of miR-155 or an increase in Bmal1. In addition, the microRNA.org website predicted that there were targeted binding sites between miR-155 and Bmal1, which was verified with a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. miR-155 was able to inhibit the expression by targeting Bmal1. Moreover, a rescue experiment showed that Bmal1 hindered the promotion of miR-155 in regards to atherosclerosis. In conclusion, miR-155 induces EC apoptosis and inflammatory response, weakens aortic diastolic function, and promotes the progression of atherosclerosis through targeted inhibition of Bmal1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchao Liang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Jiqiong Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Andong Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Fangkuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rajendran S, Barbon S, Pucciarelli S. Spotlight on Circadian Genes and Colorectal Cancer Crosstalk. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:4-11. [PMID: 32579510 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200624192517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian physiology is regulated by circadian clock through oscillating feedback loops controlling cellular processes and behaviors. Recent findings have led to an interesting connection between circadian disruption and colorectal cancer progression and incidence through controlling the hallmarks of cancer, namely cell cycle, cell metabolism and cell death. Deeper understanding of the circadian mechanisms that define the colorectal cancer pathophysiology is the need of the hour to define a chronotherapy for improving colorectal cancer patient survival. This review identifies the key areas in which circadian genes interact with cellular pathways to modify the outcome with respect to colorectal cancer incidence and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pucciarelli
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Della-Morte D. Deregulation of the circadian clock machinery: A novel biomarker for anti-angiogenic drug resistance in colorectal cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:17-18. [PMID: 31395501 PMCID: PMC6712062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Della-Morte
- The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami 33136, FL, USA; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|