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Liu J, Ding C, Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Huang L, Fang Q, Shuai C, Gao Y, Wu J. Advances in Mechanism of HIV-1 Immune Reconstitution Failure: Understanding Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Interventions for Immunological Nonresponders. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1609-1620. [PMID: 38768409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In individuals diagnosed with AIDS, the primary method of sustained suppression of HIV-1 replication is antiretroviral therapy, which systematically increases CD4+ T cell levels and restores immune function. However, there is still a subset of 10-40% of people living with HIV who not only fail to reach normal CD4+ T cell counts but also experience severe immune dysfunction. These individuals are referred to as immunological nonresponders (INRs). INRs have a higher susceptibility to opportunistic infections and non-AIDS-related illnesses, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, it is crucial to gain new insights into the primary mechanisms of immune reconstitution failure to enable early and effective treatment for individuals at risk. This review provides an overview of the dynamics of key lymphocyte subpopulations, the main molecular mechanisms of INRs, clinical diagnosis, and intervention strategies during immune reconstitution failure, primarily from a multiomics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Liu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiyu Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lina Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Central Laboratory of HIV Molecular and Immunology, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Chenxi Shuai
- Central Laboratory of HIV Molecular and Immunology, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Central Laboratory of HIV Molecular and Immunology, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
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Shmakova A, Tsimailo I, Kozhevnikova Y, Gérard L, Boutboul D, Oksenhendler E, Tuaillon E, Rivault A, Germini D, Vassetzky Y, Beaumelle B. HIV-1 Tat is present in the serum of people living with HIV-1 despite viral suppression. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 142:106994. [PMID: 38447753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), individuals with HIV still face health risks, including cancers, cardiovascular and neurocognitive diseases. An HIV protein, Tat, is potentially involved in these HIV-related diseases. Previous studies demonstrated circulating Tat in the blood of untreated people with HIV. Here, we measured Tat levels in the serum of cART-treated people with HIV to examine the effect of cART on Tat production. METHODS Serum samples from 63 HIV-positive and 20 HIV-seronegative individuals were analyzed using an ELISA assay that detected Tat concentrations above 2.5 ng/mL. RESULTS Among HIV-positive individuals, the Tat level ranged from 0 to 14 ng/mL. 25.4% (16 out of 63) exceeded the 2.5 ng/mL cut-off, with a median HIV Tat level of 4.518 [3.329-8.120] ng/mL. No correlation was revealed between Tat levels and CD4+ T cell counts, serum HIV RNA, p24 antigen, or anti-Tat levels. CONCLUSIONS Despite cART, circulating HIV Tat persists and may contribute to HIV-related diseases. This emphasizes the need for further research on the mechanisms of Tat action in non-infected cells where it can penetrate upon circulation in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shmakova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - Ivan Tsimailo
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France
| | - Yana Kozhevnikova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France
| | - Laurence Gérard
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, 75012 France
| | - David Boutboul
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, 75012 France
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, 75012 France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Montpellier University, INSERM U1058, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Rivault
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
| | - Diego Germini
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800 France; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, 119334 Russia.
| | - Bruno Beaumelle
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
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Shi J, Ying G, Zheng R, Zhang Z. Clinical significance and management of low-level HIV viremia in the era of integrase strand transfer inhibitors. HIV Med 2024; 25:361-369. [PMID: 37990782 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV (PLWH) and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a goal of achieving and maintaining viral suppression; however, the existence of PLWH that show events of low-level viremia (LLV) between 50 and 1000 copies/mL and with different virological consequences have been observed. Moreover, some reports indicate that LLV status can lead to residual immune activation and inflammation, leading to a higher occurrence of non-AIDS-defining events (nADEs) and other adverse clinical outcomes. Until now, however, published data have shown controversial results that hinder understanding of this phenomenon's actual cause(s) and origin(s). Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)-based therapies could lead to lower LLV over time and, therefore, more effective virological control. OBJECTIVES This review aims to assess recent findings to provide a view of the clinical significance and management of low-level HIV viremia in the era of INSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Shi
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Gaoxiang Ying
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Rongrong Zheng
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhongdong Zhang
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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Shmakova A, Hugot C, Kozhevnikova Y, Schwager Karpukhina A, Tsimailo I, Gérard L, Boutboul D, Oksenhendler E, Szewczyk-Roszczenko O, Roszczenko P, Buzun K, Sheval EV, Germini D, Vassetzky Y. Chronic HIV-1 Tat action induces HLA-DR downregulation in B cells: A mechanism for lymphoma immune escape in people living with HIV. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29423. [PMID: 38285479 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) still have an increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B cell malignancies. In the HIV setting, B cell physiology is altered by coexistence with HIV-infected cells and the chronic action of secreted viral proteins, for example, HIV-1 Tat that, once released, efficiently penetrates noninfected cells. We modeled the chronic action of HIV-1 Tat on B cells by ectopically expressing Tat or TatC22G mutant in two lymphoblastoid B cell lines. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that Tat deregulated the expression of hundreds of genes in B cells, including the downregulation of a subset of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-related genes. Tat-induced downregulation of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 genes led to a decrease in HLA-DR surface expression; this effect was reproduced by coculturing B cells with Tat-expressing T cells. Chronic Tat presence decreased the NF-ᴋB pathway activity in B cells; this downregulated NF-ᴋB-dependent transcriptional targets, including MHC class II genes. Notably, HLA-DRB1 and surface HLA-DR expression was also decreased in B cells from people with HIV. Tat-induced HLA-DR downregulation in B cells impaired EBV-specific CD4+ T cell response, which contributed to the escape from immune surveillance and could eventually promote B cell lymphomagenesis in people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shmakova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Coline Hugot
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yana Kozhevnikova
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anna Schwager Karpukhina
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsimailo
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Gérard
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Service d'Immunopathologie Clinique, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Olga Szewczyk-Roszczenko
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Roszczenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kamila Buzun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diego Germini
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
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Cafaro A, Schietroma I, Sernicola L, Belli R, Campagna M, Mancini F, Farcomeni S, Pavone-Cossut MR, Borsetti A, Monini P, Ensoli B. Role of HIV-1 Tat Protein Interactions with Host Receptors in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1704. [PMID: 38338977 PMCID: PMC10855115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression. Here, we review the role of extracellular Tat in both the virus life cycle and on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, and we provide epidemiological and experimental evidence of the importance of targeting Tat to block residual HIV expression and replication. Finally, we briefly review vaccine studies showing that a therapeutic Tat vaccine intensifies ART, while its inclusion in a preventative vaccine may blunt escape from neutralizing antibodies and block early events in HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
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Zhang W, Ruan L. Recent advances in poor HIV immune reconstitution: what will the future look like? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236460. [PMID: 37608956 PMCID: PMC10440441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy has demonstrated proved effectiveness in suppressing viral replication and significantly recovering CD4+ T cell count in HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, contributing to a dramatic reduction in AIDS morbidity and mortality. However, the factors affecting immune reconstitution are extremely complex. Demographic factors, co-infection, baseline CD4 cell level, abnormal immune activation, and cytokine dysregulation may all affect immune reconstitution. According to report, 10-40% of HIV-1-infected patients fail to restore the normalization of CD4+ T cell count and function. They are referred to as immunological non-responders (INRs) who fail to achieve complete immune reconstitution and have a higher mortality rate and higher risk of developing other non-AIDS diseases compared with those who achieve complete immune reconstitution. Heretofore, the mechanisms underlying incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV remain elusive, and INRs are not effectively treated or mitigated. This review discusses the recent progress of mechanisms and factors responsible for incomplete immune reconstitution in AIDS and summarizes the corresponding therapeutic strategies according to different mechanisms to improve the individual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianguo Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Seboka BT, Yehualashet DE, Tesfa GA. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Based Prediction of Viral Load and CD4 Status of People Living with HIV (PLWH) on Anti-Retroviral Treatment in Gedeo Zone Public Hospitals. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:435-451. [PMID: 36760682 PMCID: PMC9904219 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s397031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the success made in scaling up HIV treatment activities, there remains a tremendous unmet demand for the monitoring of the disease progression and treatment success, which threatens HIV/AIDS treatment and control. This research presented the assessments of viral load and CD4 classification of adults enrolled in ART care using machine learning algorithms. Methods We trained, validated, and tested eight machine learning (ML) classifier algorithms with historical data, including demographics, clinical, and laboratory data. Data were extracted from the ART registry database of Yirgacheffe Primary Hospital and Dilla University Referral Hospital. ML classifiers were trained to predict virological failure (viral load >1000 copies/mL) and poor CD4 (CD4 cell count <200 cells/mL). The model predictive performances were evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, f1-score, F-beta scores, and AUC. Results The mean age of the sample participants was 41.6 years (SD = 10.9). The experimental results showed that XGB classifier ranked as the best algorithm for viral load prediction in terms of sensitivity (97%), f1-score (96%), AUC (0.99), accuracy (96%), followed by RF. The GB classifier exhibited a better predictive capability in predicting participants with a CD4 cell count <200 cells/mL. Conclusion In this study, the XGB and RF models had the highest accuracy and outperformed on various evaluation metrics among the models examined for viral load classification. In the prediction of participants CD4, GB model had the highest accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyam Tariku Seboka
- School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Binyam Tariku Seboka, School of public health, Dilla University, P.O Box: 419, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia, Tel +251 920612180, Fax +251 46-331-2568, Email
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T-cell evasion and invasion during HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cafaro A, Ensoli B. HIV-1 therapeutic vaccines in clinical development to intensify or replace antiretroviral therapy: the promising results of the Tat vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1243-1253. [PMID: 35695268 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2089119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Upon the introduction of the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV infection has become a chronic disease. However, cART is unable to eradicate the virus and fails to restore the CD4 counts in about 30% of the treated individuals. Furthermore, treatment is life-long, and it does not protect from morbidities typically observed in the elderly. Therapeutic vaccines represent the most cost-effective intervention to intensify or replace cART. AREAS COVERED Here, we briefly discuss the obstacles to the development and evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines and review recent approaches evaluated in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Although vaccines were generally safe and immunogenic, evidence of efficacy was negligible or marginal in most trials. A notable exception is the therapeutic Tat vaccine approach showing promising results of cART intensification, with CD4 T-cell increase and proviral load reduction beyond those afforded by cART alone. Rationale and evidence in support of choosing Tat as the vaccine target are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Ensoli B, Moretti S, Borsetti A, Maggiorella MT, Buttò S, Picconi O, Tripiciano A, Sgadari C, Monini P, Cafaro A. New insights into pathogenesis point to HIV-1 Tat as a key vaccine target. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2955-2974. [PMID: 34390393 PMCID: PMC8363864 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 30 years of enormous effort and progress in the field, no preventative and/or therapeutic vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are available. Here, we briefly summarize the vaccine strategies and vaccine candidates that in recent years advanced to efficacy trials with mostly unsatisfactory results. Next, we discuss a novel and somewhat contrarian approach based on biological and epidemiological evidence, which led us to choose the HIV protein Tat for the development of preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines. Toward this goal, we review here the role of Tat in the virus life cycle as well as experimental and epidemiological evidence supporting its key role in the natural history of HIV infection and comorbidities. We then discuss the preclinical and clinical development of a Tat therapeutic vaccine, which, by improving the functionality and homeostasis of the immune system and by reducing the viral reservoir in virologically suppressed vaccinees, helps to establish key determinants for intensification of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and a functional cure. Future developments and potential applications of the Tat therapeutic vaccine are also discussed, as well as the rationale for its use in preventative strategies. We hope this contribution will lead to a reconsideration of the current paradigms for the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines, with a focus on targeting of viral proteins with key roles in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Buttò
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tripiciano
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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11
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Deciphering the association between HIV-specific immunity and immune reconstitution. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103350. [PMID: 33965872 PMCID: PMC8114122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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